PLANT KINGDOM

GENERAL CHARACTERS The Kingdom includes Autotrophic,Akevyotic,Multicellular Organism. They inhabit Land,Sea shore,Freshwater etc. They contain Pegment Chlorophyll a,Chlorophyll b and Carotenoits. The cell wall is composed of Cellulose and Cell have a large central vacuole. The reserve food material is Startch and Fat. Most Plants contain Xylem and Phloem as tissues for conduction of Water, Minerals and Food respectively. Life cycle consists of alternating haploid Gametophyte and diploid Saprophytic Generation

CLASSIFICATION KINGDOM PLANTAE

Embryo State absent (Algae) Embryo State present

Rhodophyte (Red Algae)

Chlorophyte (Green Algae)

Phaeophyte (Brown Algae)

Non Vascular (Bryophyte) Liverworts Hornworts Mossess Seeds absent

Vascular Plant (tracheophyte)

Seeds present

Psilophyte

Lycophyte

Sphenophyte

Pterophyte

Seeds Naked (Gymnospums)

Seeds Covered (inside fruits)

Cycads

Conifers

Ginkgoales

Gnetales

Angiospums

Dicots

Monocots

TYPES OF CLASSIFICATION:
ARTIFICIAL SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION Introduced by Pliny the elder(28-79 A.D) It was based on superficial Morphological characters like color,habit,number,shape of leaves etc. It is based on vegetative characters. DEMERITS Not very Scientific. They separated the closely related species since they were based on a few characteristics. It gave equal weightage to Vegetative and Sexual Characteristics. This is not acceptable since vegetative characters are affected by environment. ARISTOTLE(384-322BC)-Father of Zoology was the first to adopt this system.others followers of this system includes Charaka (father of Ayurveda) Theophrastus(father of Botany),Carolus Linnaeus(Father of Taxonomy). 2) NATURAL SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION Natural system was based on natural affinities among the organism. It includes not only the external features but also the internal features like ultrastucture,anatomy,embryology and phyto chemistry. The followers of this system includes John Ray(1627-1705),Michel Adonson(1727-1806),A.P.decandolle(1778-1841),George Bentham(1800-1884) and Joseph Dalton Hakes(1817-1911) claimed flowering plants based on this system. 3) PHYLOGEMETIC SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION It was introduced enpler and prantl. It is based on the evolutionary interrelationship of organism belonging to the same taxa have common ancestor. It includes the rearrangement of natural system using taxonomic characters in addition to the Phylogenetic (evolutionary) information. The followers of this system include:-A.W.Eichler(1839-1887),Adolph Englel(18441930)and Karl Prantl(1849-1893),C.E.Bessey(1845-1915),John Hotchinson(18841972),Armen Takhtajae(1980),Arther Caron Guist(1981).

SOME NEW SYSTEMATICS INCLUDE

(1) MORPHOTAXONOMY:- It is based on the structural forms of new systematic. (2) CYTOTAXONOMY:-It is based on cytological informations like chromosome number,structure and behaviour of chromosome during Meiosis. (3) CHEMOTAXONOMYBiochemical Taxonomy)-This uses the chemical constituents of the plants and proteins and serom analysis.This is more stable system as chemical analysis of individuals donot change easily. (4) NUMERICAL TAXONOMY:-It includes quantative assessment of similarities and differences.Characters of organisms are given equal weight and the relationship of the organism are numerically determined using computer. (5) EXPERIMENTAL TAXONOMY:-This system is based on laboratory studies.It includes gathering and analysis of different kind of comparative data generated in the laboratory(e.g. cytology , phytochemistry,DNA sequencing etc) i.e. genetic relationship among organism is determined with the help of experiments. (6) MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS :- (Molecular systematic) It uses structure of molecules and gains information of an organism evolutionary relationship.

Differences between the classical systematics and new systematics

1) Species were considered wholly Discrete(separate) units,immutable (changeless) entities and the work of Creator. 1) Species were considered related to one another,mutable and the work of gradual modifications.

2) This was contrary to the facts of 2) This was conformity with the fact Evolution. Of evolution. 3) Little emphasis was laid on the 3) More emphasis was laid on the Evolutionary relationship. Evolutionary relationship 4) Clamification was based on morphological 4) Clamification was based on the Features. Phylogenetic relationship. 5) No use of statistical datas. 5) Statistical data is used to Determine primitiveness and Advancement of species. 5) Not so scientific and economical. 6) This is more scientific and useful Academically as well as Economic.