Just Released..... New Arrival..... First Edition : 2012.....

According to the Curriculum developed by The Gujarat Technological University (G.T.U.) for the Sixth Semester Students of Civil Engineering (Subject code: 160603)

RAILWAY, BRIDGE TUNNEL ENGINEERING

by

AND

KETKI RANGWALA DALAL

This book aims at presenting the topics of Railway, Bridge and Tunnel Engineering written in a simple manner. The subject-matter is characterized by comprehension as well as methodical and easy-to-follow style. The Section I: Railway Engineering is well devided in to Seventeen chapters including Introduction to Railway Engineering; Rail Gauges; Surveys and Alignment of Railway Lines; Railway Traction; Rails; Creep; Rail Fastenings; Geometric Design of a Track; Resistance to Traction; Points and Crossings; Signalling; Interlocking; Station Machinery; etc. The Section II: Bridge Engineering is well devided in to Twelve chapters including Introduction to Bridge Engineering; Foundations - I: Pile Foundation; Foundations - II: Caissons and Cofferdams; Substructures; FixedSpan Superstructures; Low Cost Bridges: Movable-Span Superstructures; Low Cost Bridges: Culverts and Causeways; Low Cost Bridges: Timber or Temporary Bridges; Flooring; Bearings; Erection, Maintenance and Strengthening of Bridges; Miscellaneous Topics; etc. The Section III: Tunnel Engineering is well devided in to Ten chapters including General Aspects of Tunnelling; Stages in Tunnel Construction; Tunnelling in Soft Ground; Tunnelling in Hard Rock; Shield Tunnelling; Shafts and Portals; Tunnel Lining; Lighting, Vantilation and Dust Control in Tunnels; Drainage of Tunnels; Safety in Tunnel Construction; etc. The 2 Appendices give Abbreviated Terms and also Model Question Papers. Salient features of this book are: u 488 Self-explanatory and neatly drawn sketches u 35 Illustrative problems u 41 Important useful tables u 626 Typical questions at the end of the chapters. The text-matter has been arranged systematically according to the curriculum developed by the Gujarat Technological University (G.T.U.) for the Sixth Semester students of Civil Engineering (Subject code: 160603) and also it should prove to be extremely useful to the Civil Engineering students preparing for the Degree Examinations of all the Indian Universities, Diploma Examinations conducted by various Boards of Technical Education, Certificate Courses as well as for the A.M.I.E., U.P.S.C., G.A.T.E., I.E.S. and other similar competitive and professional examinations. It should also prove great of interest and practical use to the practising professionals.

Size 140 mm 210 mm] Paperback]

First Edition : 2012

[Pages 792 + 24 [ISBN 978-93-80358-60-4

` 250-00

SINCE 1944

Opposite Amul Dairy, Old Civil Court Road, Post Box No. 65, ANAND 388001 (Gujarat) India Phone: +91 2692 256237 Q Fax +91 2692 240089 e-mail: charotar@cphbooks.com Q website: www.cphbooks.com

RAILWAY, BRIDGE AND TUNNEL ENGINEERING DETAILED CONTENTS

Section I: RAILWAY ENGINEERING Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO RAILWAY ENGINEERING 1-1. Brief history of railways 1-2. Future of railways 1-3. Trains of tomorrow (Maglev Trains) 1-4. Automatic train operation 1-5. Indian railways 1-6. Development of the Indian railway 1-7 Classification of Indian Railways 1-8. Achievements of Indian Railways 1-9. Future plan of indian railways 1-10. Summary QUESTIONS 1 Chapter 2 RAIL GAUGES 2-1. Definition of gauge of track 2-2. Gauges in different countries 2-3. Uniformity in gauges 2-4. Unigauge project of Indian railways 2-5. Loading gauge and construction gauge QUESTIONS 2 Chapter 3 SURVEYS AND ALIGNMENT OF RAILWAY LINES 3-1. Reasons for laying a new railway line 3-2. Factors influencing the proposed route 3-3. Railway surveys 3-3-1. Reconnaissance survey 3-3-2. Preliminary survey 3-3-3. Location survey 3-3-4. Railway Electrification Survey 3-4. Project report and drawings 3-5. Construction of new lines QUESTIONS 3 Chapter 4 RAILWAY TRACTION 4-1. Tractive effort of a locomotive 4-2. Track stresses QUESTIONS 4 Chapter 5 RAILS 5-1. Permanent way and its requirements 5-2. Functions of rails 5-3. Requirements of an ideal rail 5-4. Types of rails 5-5. Steel for rails 5-6. Weight and section of rails 5-7. Marking on rails 5-8. Corrugated or roaring rails 5-9. Corrosion of rails 5-10. Length of rail 5-11. Welding of rails

5-12. 5-13. 5-14. 5-15. 5-16. 5-17. 5-18. 5-19.

Wear of rails Methods adopted to reduce wear of rails Measuring wear of rails Renewal of rails Failure of rails Coning of wheels Hogged rails Buckling QUESTIONS 5

Chapter 6 CREEP 6-1. Definition 6-2. Causes of creep 6-3. Factors determining magnitude of creep 6-4. Results of creep 6-5. Method of measuring the creep 6-6. Methods of correcting the creep QUESTIONS 6 Chapter 7 SLEEPERS 7-1. Functions of sleepers 7-2. Types of sleepers 7-3. Requirements of an ideal material for sleeper 7-4. Materials for cross-sleepers 7-5. Sleeper density QUESTIONS 7 Chapter 8 BALLAST 8-1. Functions of ballast 8-2. Requirements of an ideal material for ballast 8-3. Materials used as ballast 8-4. Size and quantity of ballast 8-5. Screening of ballast QUESTIONS 8 Chapter 9 RAIL FASTENINGS 9-1. Rail joints 9-2. Avoidance of rail joints 9-3. Types of rail joints 9-4. Requirements of an ideal fastening 9-5. Fastenings for rails 9-5-1. Fish-plates 9-5-2. Spikes, fang-bolts and hook-bolts 9-5-3. Chairs and keys 9-5-4. Bearing-plates QUESTIONS 9 Chapter 10 GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF A TRACK 10-1. Objections to curvature of track 10-2. Designation of a curve 10-3. Types of curves and limiting radius or degree of curvature 10-4. Transition curves

CHAROTAR PUBLISHING HOUSE PVT. LTD. ANAND; www.cphbooks.com

RAILWAY, BRIDGE AND TUNNEL ENGINEERING DETAILED CONTENTS

10-5. 10-6. 10-7. 10-8. 10-9. 10-10. 10-11. 10-12. 10-13. 10-14. 10-15. 10-16. 10-17. 10-18.

Super-elevation or cant Factors affecting super-elevation Speed of trains on curves Cant Deficiency and Negative super-elevation Cant Excess Grade compensation on curves Bending of rails on curves Cutting of rails on curves Widening gauge on curves Spirals Switch-backs Rack railways String-lining of curves Tilting train QUESTIONS 10

Chapter 11 RESISTANCE TO TRACTION 11-1. Train resistances 11-2. Rolling stock 11-2-1. Locomotives 11-2-2. Coaches 11-2-3. Wagons 11-3. Train-brakes 11-4. Dynamometer car QUESTIONS 11 Chapter 12 POINTS AND CROSSINGS 12-1. Purpose for providing points and crossings 12-2. Some definitions 12-3. Sleepers laid for points and crossings 12-4. Steel for points and crossings 12-5. Switches 12-6. Shapes of switches 12-7. Lengths of stock rails and tongue rails 12-8. Heel divergence or heel clearance 12-9. Switch angle 12-10. Throw of switch 12-11. Crossings 12-12. Types of crossings 12-13. Theoretical nose of crossing (T.N.C.) and actual nose of crossing (A.N.C.) 12-14. Crossing clearance 12-15. Crossing number 12-16. Crossing angle 12-17. Different types of leads and their calculations 12-18. Laying of points and crossings 12-19. Maintenance of points and crossings QUESTIONS 12 Chapter 13 COMBINATIONS OF POINTS AND CROSSINGS 13-1. General QUESTIONS 13

Chapter 14 STATIONS AND YARDS 14-1. General 14-2. Definition of a station 14-3. Purposes of a railway station 14-4. Selection of site for a railway station 14-5. Features of a railway station 14-6. Types of stations 14-7. Platforms 14-8. Staff quarters 14-9. Goods traffic at wayside stations 14-10. Catch sidings 14-11. Definition of a yard 14-12. Types of yards 14-12-1. Passenger yards 14-12-2. Goods yards 14-12-3. Marshalling yards 14-12-4. Locomotive yards 14-13. Level-crossing QUESTIONS 14 Chapter 15 SIGNALLING 15-1. General 15-2. Objects of signalling 15-3. Types of signals 15-3-1. Classification according to function 15-3-2. Classification according to location 15-3-3. Special signals 15-4. Typical layouts 15-5. Control of movements of trains 15-6. Telecommunication 15-7. Compensators 15-8. Fouling marks 15-9. Track capacity 15-10. Electrification on the Indian railways QUESTIONS 15 Chapter 16 INTERLOCKING 16-1. Definition 16-2. Essential principles of interlocking 16-3. Methods of interlocking 16-4. Slotting of signals 16-5. Detectors 16-6. Point lock and treadle or lock bar 16-7. Interlocking of level-crossings 16-8. Interlocking standards 16-9. Improvements in interlocking and signalling QUESTIONS 16 Chapter 17 STATION MACHINERY 17-1. Meaning of the term 17-2. Engine sheds 17-3. Ash-pits, ash-pans and examination pits 17-4. Drop pits

CHAROTAR PUBLISHING HOUSE PVT. LTD. ANAND; www.cphbooks.com

RAILWAY, BRIDGE AND TUNNEL ENGINEERING DETAILED CONTENTS

17-5. 17-6. 17-7. 17-8. 17-9. 17-10. 17-11. 17-12. 17-13. 17-14. 17-15.

Water columns Triangles Turntables Traversers Cranes Weigh-bridge Scotch block Bufferstops Derailing switch or trap switch Sand hump on snag dead-end Cow catcher QUESTIONS 17 Section II: BRIDGE ENGINEERING

19-12

Chapter 18 INTRODUCTION TO BRIDGE ENGINEERING 18-1. General 18-2. Development of bridges 18-3. Changing Scenario in Design and Construc-tion of bridges 18-4. Components of a bridge 18-5. Classification of bridges 18-6. Importance of bridges 18-7. Identification of bridges 18-8. Preliminary data to be collected 18-9. Selection of bridge site 18-10. Stages of investigation 18-11. Bridge Alignment 18-12. Traffic requirements of highway bridges 18-13. Waterway of a bridge 18-14. Maximum flood discharge 18-15. Afflux 18-16. Economic span of bridge 18-17. Number of spans 18-18. Preliminary and final project drawings 18-19. Choice of bridge type 18-20. Requirements of an Ideal Bridge QUESTIONS 18 Chapter 19 FOUNDATIONS I: SPREAD AND PILE FOUNDATION 19-1. General 19-2. Essential requirements of a good foundation 19-3. General principles of design of bridge foundations 19-4. Subsoil exploration 19-5. Testing of soil samples 19-6. Types of foundations 19-7. Spread foundations 19-8. Pile foundations 19-9. Requirements for pile foundation 19-10. Types of piles 19-11. Load bearing piles

Materilas used in construction of load bearing piles 19-13. Cast-iron piles 19-14. Cement concrete piles 19-14-1. Cast-in-situ concrete piles 19-14-2. Pre-cast concrete piles 19-15. Sand piles 19-16. Steel piles 19-17. Timber piles 19-18. Wrought-iron piles 19-19. Non-load bearing piles 19-20. Choice of type of pile 19-21. Composite piles 19-22. Screw piles 19-23. Pulling of piles 19-24. Loads on piles 19-25. Causes of failures of piles QUESTIONS 19 Chapter 20 FOUNDATIONS - II: CAISSONS AND COFFERDAMS CAISSONS 20-1. General 20-2. Uses of caissons 20-3. Cofferdam and caisson 20-4. Materials used for the construction of caissons 20-5. Classification of caissons 20-6. Box caissons 20-7. Wells 20-8. Pneumatic caissons 20-9. Construction of a pneumatic caisson 20-10. Pneumatic caisson sickness 20-11. Drilled caissons 20-12. Methods of construction of drilled caisson 20-13. Precautions during construction of drilled caisson 20-14. Loads on caisson 20-15. Floating of caissons 20-16. Cutting edges 20-17. Factors affecting the choice of a cutting edge 20-18. Skin friction 20-19. Sand blowing 20-20. Methods to facilitate the sinking of caissons 20-21. Tilting of caissons COFFERDAMS 20-22. General 20-23. Uses of cofferdams 20-24. Types of cofferdams 20-25. Prevention of leakage in cofferdams 20-26. Puddle for cofferdam 20-27. Factors affecting design of a cofferdam QUESTIONS 20

CHAROTAR PUBLISHING HOUSE PVT. LTD. ANAND; www.cphbooks.com

RAILWAY, BRIDGE AND TUNNEL ENGINEERING DETAILED CONTENTS

Chapter 21 SUBSTRUCTURES 21-1. General 21-2. Abutments 21-3. Piers 21-4. Wing walls 21-5. Setting out for piers and abutments 21-6. Materials for substructures 21-7. Bridge Inspection QUESTIONS 21 Chapter 22 FIXED-SPAN SUPERSTRUCTURES 22-1. Dlassificaton of superstructure 22-2. Simple bridges or beam bridges 22-3. Continuous bridges 22-4. Cantilever bridges 22-5. Arch bridges 22-6. Bow-string girder type bridges 22-7. Rigid frame bridges 22-8. Suspension bridges 22-9. Cable-stayed bridges 22-10. Role of cable sheath in cable stayed bridge 22-11. Materials for superstructures 22-12. Composite bridges QUESTIONS 22 Chapter 23 LOW COST BRIDGES: MOVABLESPAN SUPERSTRUCTURES 23-1. Low cost bridges 23-2. Movable-span structures 23-3. Bascule bridges 23-4. Cut-boat bridges 23-5. Flying bridges 23-6. Lift bridges 23-7. Swing bridges 23-8. Transporter bridges 23-9. Traversing bridges QUESTIONS 23 Chapter 24 LOW COST BRIDGES: CULVERTS AND CAUSEWAYS 24-1. Definition 24-2. Waterway of a culvert 24-3. Types of culverts 24-4. Causeways QUESTIONS 24 Chapter 25 LOW COST BRIDGES: TIMBER OR TEMPORARY BRIDGES 25-1. Definition 25-2. Materials used 25-3. Fastenings used 25-4. Types of timber or temporary bridges 25-5. Bridges with intermediate supports 25-6. Bridges without intermediate supports 25-7. Floating bridges QUESTIONS 25

Chapter 26 FLOORING 26-1. General 26-2. Factors affecting the choice of Flooring material 26-3. Requirements of a good flooring material 26-4. Types of floors 26-5. Flooring materials 26-6. Drainage of floors QUESTIONS 26 Chapter 27 BEARINGS 27-1. Definition 27-2. Purposes of bearings 27-3. Importance of bearings 27-4. Free and fixed bearings 27-5. Types of bearings 27-6. Materials for bearings 27-7. Bed blocks 27-8. Maintenance of bearings QUESTIONS 27 Chapter 28 ERECTION, MAINTENANCE AND STRENGTHENING OF BRIDGES 28-1. Erection of steel girders 28-2. Formwork for arch bridges 28-3. Handrails 28-4. Joints of bridge 28-5. Maintenance of bridges 28-6. Rebuilding bridges 28-7. Testing and strengthening of bridges QUESTIONS 28 Chapter 29 MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS 29-1. General 29-2. Approaches of bridge 29-3. Bridge architecture 29-4. Bridge Failures 29-5. Clearance and freeboard 29-6. Combined road and railway bridges 29-7. Defects of bridge and its rectification 29-8. Double-decker bridge 29-9. Posting of bridges 29-10. Rating of existing bridges 29-11. River Training works 29-12. Some marvellous bridges QUESTIONS 29 Section III: TUNNEL ENGINEERING Chapter 30 GENERAL ASPECTS OF TUNNELLING 30-1. General 30-2. Definitions 30-3. Advantages and disadvantages 30-4. Alignment of a tunnel

CHAROTAR PUBLISHING HOUSE PVT. LTD. ANAND; www.cphbooks.com

RAILWAY, BRIDGE AND TUNNEL ENGINEERING DETAILED CONTENTS

30-5. 30-6. 30-7.

Classification of tunnels Shape and size of tunnels Problems IN tunnelling QUESTIONS 30

34-8. Common Equipment with shield 34-9. Stages of using the shield 34-10. Mechanized shields QUESTIONS 34 Chapter 35 SHAFTS AND PORTALS 35-1. General 35-2. Advantages of shafts 35-3. Size and location of shafts 35-4. Shafts in rock 35-5. Shaft construction in rock 35-6. Shaft sinking in soft ground 35-7. Design of shaft supports 35-8. Protection round the shaft opening 35-9. Classification of shafts 35-10. Portals 35-11. Twin tunnels QUESTIONS 35 Chapter 36 TUNNEL LINING 36-1. Necessity of lining 36-2. Objects of tunnel lining 36-3. Materials for lining 36-4. Design of thickness of lining 36-5. The sequence of lining a tunnel QUESTIONS 36 Chapter 37 LIGHTING, VANTILATION AND DUST CONTROL IN TUNNELS 37-1. General 37-2. Temporary ventilation 37-3. Dust control 37-4. Lighting 37-5. Permanent ventilation QUESTIONS 37 Chapter 38 DRAINAGE OF TUNNELS 38-1. General 38-2. Pre-drainage 38-3. Dewatering 38-4. Permanent drainage QUESTIONS 38 Chapter 39 SAFETY IN TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION 39-1. General 39-2. Safety measures 39-3. Health protection QUESTIONS 39 Appendix I Appendix II ABBREVIATED TERMS MODEL QUESTION PAPERS

Chapter 31 STAGES IN TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION 31-1. Investigations for tunnel site 31-2. Setting out of tunnel 31-3. Excavation 31-4. Excavation of tunnels in rock with machines 31-5. Blasting QUESTIONS 31 Chapter 32 TUNNELLING IN SOFT GROUND 32-1. Soil classification 32-2. Choice of method 32-3. Methods of tunnelling (soft soils) 32-4. Forepoling method 32-5. Needle beam method 32-6. Army method or case method 32-7. American method 32-8. English method 32-9. Belgian method 32-10. German method 32-11. Austrian method 31-12. Liner plates method 32-13. Timbering in soft soil tunnelling QUESTIONS 32 Chapter 33 TUNNELLING IN HARD ROCK 33-1. General 33-2. Sequence of operations for tunnelling in rock 33-3. Faces of operation for tunnelling in rock 33-4. Methods of tunnelling in rock 33-5. Mucking 33-6. Mucking in steep grade tunnelling 33-7. Hauling 33-8. Other aspects 33-9. Drill-bits 33-10. Nipper cars 33-11. Explosives 33-12. Safety precautions in rock tunnelling QUESTIONS 33 Chapter 34 SHIELD TUNNELLING 34-1. General 34-2. Dimensions of shield 34-3. Parts of shield 34-4. Terms commonly used with shield 34-5. Primary lining 34-6. General steps of tunnelling with shield 34-7. Shield tunnelling in different types of soils

CHAROTAR PUBLISHING HOUSE PVT. LTD. ANAND; www.cphbooks.com