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CHAS. ZIMMERMANN & CO. (^I^f^^c), LTD., 9 & 10, St. Mary-at-Hill, London, E.G.
CARBON PRINTING
r^
E?
J/AVALL
AUTHOR OF
'
/'
"
IV/TB A
8.]
SEVENTH EDITION
LONDON
Ld.,
,^'
iS-
Vittey, Let.,
INDEX.
INTRODUCTION
4
RIGID FINAL SUPPORTS
Index.
tiOtt
...
.
57
57
,58
59
62
LANTERN SLIDES
FAILURES
66
67
68
78
PRINTING
90
CARBON PRINTING.
INTRODUCTION.
In order to make
The
Amiteur Photographer''
is
hoped that
most permanent of
printing
HISTORICAL NOTES.
In 1798 Vauquelin
discovered
chromium and
formed with
chromic
acid,
latter
salt
which turned
Eder
states f
" Sur
Heft.
1, p.
61.
" Ich
Ponton
1839,
offenbar
an
6
that he
Carbon Printing.
believes
that
of
Vauquelin's researches, and thns was led to discover the sensitiveness of the bichromate of potash
in contact with paper.
In 1832, Dr. Gustav Suckow, Professor of Jena, published a work on " Die Chemischen Wirkungen
des Lichtes," which contains the
statement that
In 1839,
Mungo Ponton f
In
1840,
E.
Becquerel %
obtained
starch and
prints
by
saturating
Papier entdeckte."
Band
i.,
:
Heft.
1,
which is as follows " Setzt man eine Auflosung von zweifach chromsaurem Kali und zweifach Schwefelsaurem Kali der Einwirkung des Sonnenlichtes aus und bestreut das efilorescirte Salz an verschiedenen Stellen mit gepulvertem Zucker, so bildet sich die schonste
p. 95, gives the actual passage,
Moos vegetation. die Beleuchtung wird . Durch namlich in diesem Processe ein Theil des Saurestoffs der Chromsaiire ausgeschieden, so dass dadurch griines chromsauerliches Kali gebildet wird."
farbige
. .
Edm. New
Historical Notes.
7
light
when
The
washed in water
blotting-paper,
for
some
little
gum
water.
ayant employ^
rapidement
les
dessins
que
le
mode de
ne
collage
k la lumi^re,
et qu'avec
s'effectuait
du papier non
qu'k la longue
cipal
reaction
le
de
I'acide
chromique
contenu dans
alors
comme
I'amidon a
la
rayons
solaires,
Further
" Les
essais
que
chambre
obscure
au moyen de ce papier
impressionable,
TAcad^mie."
Carbon Prvntirig.
In August 1843, Hunt* suggested his chroma-
type
process,
which
consisted
of washing
good
solution,
Fox Talbot
Academic
1853 addressed a
Paris,
des
Sciences,
called
"
Gravure
This
is
essentially
the
first
becoming insoluble
But
to Poitevin t
that
p.
175
Dingler's
;
Adv.
Historical Notes.
must not
for one
moment be supposed
that he
laid
He
the
less
and
all
The cause of
this defect
who
sug-
passed
through
the
negative,
would also
pass
insoluble,
The
To get over
light
mated gelatine on
glass,
213.
**
p. 314.
10
Carbon Printing.
when
it
was
placed in
warm
Any
of our readers
who
know
it is
general
somewhat similar
to
Poitevin's
but in
mixed with
it,
whites pure.
In
at
the London
Mr. Port-
bury in a
letter *
was
:
is
to receive
Historical Notes.
11
and expose
the surface
Afterwards
washed with water, which dissolves the composition at those parts on which the light
fails to affect
Consequently,
carbon
substitute
or
this
may be
employed.
By
photographs."
In 1858
MM. Gamier
sort of modified
powder process
which plumbago,
was applied
also
to the film.
M. Gabriel de Kumine
similar
little
described
a somewhat
process
to
Poitevin's,
and M. Brebisson a
later proposed
and bichromate
hearing
Poitevin.
to
paper, but
abandoned
it
on
that
it
was
previously
discovered
by
80
for a
between Beauregard,
Gamier and
Salmon, and
12
Carbon Printing.
is
we have
selected those
reward, that
is
is
incontestably that of
M. Poitevin
and conse-
quently, the
is
common
M. Poitevin.
this.
year,
it
having
to you.
simple expression
before
insolation.
In February 1856,
in
application
of the
two
operations
the organic
body
after
before,
insolation.
tilled water, to
"
Now
if
we
presentation,
Beauregard
in
the reiumi :
Historical Notes.
13
Only here
precedes
first,
immer-
organic matter
the carbon.
After
the
washing
in
common
water.
varies
the principle
is identical.
durable
Poitevin
positives;
this
it
again
was
exactly
the
method, for
:
contained
insolation,
and washing.
an alkaline
necessary.
On
his
own
for
solution
the
image
if
"
The 10th of
till
November, and
If
we
we
on the
gum-
in a single operation
before insolation
water.
14
30th of June,
Carbon Printing.
1858,
MM.
by them
in the interval,
led to our
in
being made
the nse of
witnesses of
experiments
which
alkaline bichromate,
and
effects
if
vented
it.
Is
it
possible,
we ask
you,
in
the
common
to
trade
mark
And
if
we give prominence
some
in our photo-
name
of the initiator."
it
Poitevin,
and
its
cause.*
" It
'
possibility
sans
of
Sel
Traits
Photographique
d'Argent,"
p. 71.
Historical Notes.
16
producing half-tones
by
this
power
of
the
insolubility
causing
to
penetrate, with
a certain degree of
the
gum, the
gelatine or
gum
being in consequence
this, again,
being de-
At
this period
ments and
with bichromated
exposure the
gum
plate
to
was more sunned and hardened than the inner," and that by steeping the latter was washed
away and
it.
He
therefore
wax
paper.
M. Joubert
he
called
which
of
" phototype,"
in the
and
examples
the
same appeared
*
"Photographic Notes,"
16
Society for
Carbon Printing.
details
were ever
published.
fatty
etc.
bichromate,
1864 Swan * made what was the greatest improvement and we may say the final improveIn
ment, for
detail.
all
since
was finally published by Swan, April 15th, 1864.t In a paper read before the Edinburgh Society in 1863, Mr. Davies stated
The
process
he had transferred carbon prints, but the details were not published
till
July
The best description of Swan's process is contained in his patent specification, which we give in its
entirety.
"
My
manner
or style
of photographic printing
known
is
as carbon, or pig-
ment
printing.
by the action
made
sensitive to light
by means of
March
15th, 1864, p. 2.
86.
Historical Notes.
or other
tl
photo-
chemical
;
graphic property
washed away by
means of water, while the parts made insoluble by light remain, and form a print. This kind of
photographic
printing,
although
possessing
the
the difficulties
experienced in obtaining
by
it
light
and shade.
more particu-
from the
fact that, in
portions
required to
be
in
employment of paper
porting the
way
it
has
been
18
Carbon Printing.
" Now,
my
formation
and composed
of,
or
gelatinous
and
obtain
or
by the use of
support,
merely as
the
backing, or
gelatinous
entirely
temporary
matter
;
of
so
coloured
the
paper
used
becoming
"
My
invention
consists,
furthermore,
said
tissues,
in
the
special
mode
of using the
whereby
of trans-
mode
permanent support, so as
to obtain a correction
and
'In
to,
and
nave found
it
HistoHcal Notes.
solution,
19
matter,
or
sugar
or
other
saccharine
glycerine.
To the
add
is
used in water-
and partly
in
"With
sheets
form
films,
when the
sheet or film
its
not
required
for
use
immediately after
bichromate
formation.
I will, in of
my
bichromate
ammonia
the
of
photographic
sensitiser'
;
properties,
denominate
to
them
'
the
and
in
referring
the
coloured
*the tissue-compound.'
When
the tissue to be
produced
is
sensitiser to the
tissue-compound
tissue
is
20
Carbon Printing.
with a view to the tissue
the tissue-compound,
being
made
by the
"
With
compound,
it
will be understood
by chemists, that
may
result,
organic matters,
acted
upon by
light,
salt of
chromium, such as
or
to
have referred
gum-arabic,
to.
albumen, dextrine
make
it
as follows:
I dissolve,
in eight
much
may
The quantity required for this purpose must be regulated by the nature of the colouring
shade.
be
used
in
the printing
operation.
Where
it
or chiefly,
of
and prepared as
Historical Notes.
21
Indian ink
and where
it is
colour desired.
suitable colour
is
in suspento
and
which
is
held in
suspension, as
solution.
much
from
negatives
known
and
as
'weak,'
diminish
it,
as before
:
described,
proceed to use
tissue,
it
as follows
For
preparing
sensitive
compound more
sensitiser,
and
be
For
made according
22
Carbon Printing.
immediately previous to
state,
by means of heat,
I also filter
through
fine
filtering
all
medium, previous
and I perform
from
it.
I apply
it
of tissue-compound.
with ox-gall
is
unnecessary.
When
collodion
is
may
of pyroxyline in one ounce of mixture of equal parts of sulphuric ether and alcohol.
I apply the collodion
by pouring
ing
to
off"
it
Historical Notes.
23
on which
compound.
to
form the
other form
may be sometimes
used advantageously.
known
Before applying
coated so that
position,
its
upper surface
lies in
a horizontal
to about the
is,
same
gene-
to
two
After
by means of a glass
in a horizon-
compound.
I vary, in a suitable
the
coating
has
solidified.
After
24
Carbon Printing,
air to pass
in a
chamber
When
through
dry, I separate
it
which
it
when,
by
lifting
in a sheet.
Where
the tissue-compound
is
applied
and making
surface
it
more easy
to manipulate.
state, to the
I generally
dry gelatinous
and having attached the paper thereto in this manner, I allow it to dry and I then detach the film and adherent paper from the glass by
;
jutting
lifting
Historical Notes.
it
25
produced by moulding
is
not of importance,
tissue-compound to
In this case the
paper
is
tissue-compound
my
some-
draw or
motion
coating to the
same sheet
it
in this
manner.
After
it
will
from injurious
light.
The sensitive tissue, prepared as before described, when dry, ready to receive the photographic
light
manner usual
of the time of
by means of a camera.
two days
is
preparation.
Where
the tissue
26
Carbon Printing.
from the tissue-compound, as before mentioned and with this non-sensitive tissue-compound, I coat
paper, glass, or other surface, as described in the
In
same manner
case
of
seclusion
from
daylight
''
not necessary.
is
made
sensitive,
when
upon a
and the
is
sensitiser
an aqueous
I apply
surface
of the tissue
and after
this
in a suitable
exclude
from injurious
to
" In
applying
photographic
printing
the
on a negative
in
an ordinary photographic
manner
it in
or I place
Historical Notes.
27
by means of a camera
obsciira.
When
the tissue
employed
is
side, I place
the negative
place
or where
it is
the
coUodionised
the
side
the
light
passing
through
camera
Where
the
or
when using
it
in the
it
in the
say,
manner hereI
described
that
is
to
cement the
other words,
with
its
exposed surface,
or, in
with that surface which has received the photographic impression, downward, upon some surface
(usually of paper) to serve temporarily as a support
or I cement
it
which
card,
it is
The
surface on which
glass,
so
porcelain,
enamel,
Where the
28
tissTie
Carbon Printing.
has not been coated with collodion previous
it
with collo-
mounting
it
Or where
together,
employ
ulti-
forms by means of a
no longer required.
In mounting
view to sub-
insoluble
in the
a suitable solvent
little
its
means,
may be
solvent.
"
for
temporary
benzole or other
Historical Notes.
29
to
a small
proportion
of dammar-gum,
or gutta-percha.
In using this
impressed
cement, I
float
the
photographically
it,
and
I treat in a similar
and
after allowing
the benzole or
still
tacky, I press
them
them
"
to cohere.
When
still
undeveloped tissue
to be
cemented to a surface,
medium
and where
it
employ albumen,
coagulate, or
render
in-
soluble in water
cementing
In
the
and previous
in the
tissue,
to
developing.
of
permanent as
cement the
which
temporary mode
with
its
mounting, I
photographically imsurface
to
is
to be
permanently attached.
After
mounting the
and allow-
30
Carbon Printioig.
it is
of
it,
mounted
frame or camera.
as a
warm
water, which
and by
this
attached to the mount, cemented to the photographically impressed surface previous to develop-
ment.
act
decomposed bichromate as
dry,
far as possible.
but that
and trimming
have been
Those which
31
allow
it
to dry.
size,
shape and
and place
its
attached,
previous
it
off,
to
development,
by simply tearing
of a nature to
detach the
remains of
the cement
used in the
temporary
colour, I prefer to
do by the
32
" Having
tion
Carbon Printing.
now
my inveninto effect,
of
'
Improvements
in
plained the
I
wish
it
" First,
gelatinous
the preparation
tissues,
and use of
coloured
for
in
the
manner and
the
manner and
for the
'B
to
make
things clear
Let
AAAA
represent the
a negative, then
HCCC
PrepaHng
33
BBBB
is still
In some places
and to develop
it
in the
position as
shown above
it is
more than
likely that
film
representing half-tone
away
in
on gelatine,
B, underneath
dissolved.
establishments,
to
and
strongly
recommend
my
Although
prepared
my own
bands
tissue, it is far
more
costly,
more
Commercially, paper
kept at an
is
prepared as follows
first
sufficient
to
coat
length
of
paper 3
ins.).
m.
60 cm. X
m. 76 cm.
(=
132 x 30
"Bull, de
34
Carbon Printing.
PLAIN JELLY.
Nelson's gelatine
...
... ...
25
g.
or
386 grs.
oz.
Amber
Water
Sugar
Dry- soap
...
... ...
200
675
30-60
cc.
3100
or or
24
...
...
g.
460-920 grs.
25
g.
or
386
grs.
The gelatine
added
is
the colouring-matter.
10 g. or 154
6 8
,,
grs.
Carmine lake
Chinese ink
92|^
))
123
CHOCOLATE BROWN.
Chinese ink (stick)
...
g. or
46
31
grs.
,,
iron
2
0"5
7|
0*5
7^
ENGRAVING BLACK.
Lampblack
Carmiue lake
Indigo
...
...
4 2
62
31
Preparing
35
WARM
Lampblack
... ... ...
BLACK.
...
6 g. or 92 grs. 6
,,
Carmine lake
Burnt umber
Indigo
...
92
62
31
4
2
DARK BROWN.
Indigo Indian red
2'5
g.
or 39 grs.
6
1*25
...
92
19
Carmine lake
...
62
30
462
RED BROWN.
Chinese ink
6 g. or
92 grs.
Carmine lake
123 123
Vandyke brown
SEPIA.
Lampblack
Sepia de Cologne
. .
4g.
RED TRANSPARENCY.
Carmine lake
Indian red
. .
Chinese ink
3ft
Carbon Printi/ng.
is
in as fine a
it,
and
after
placed on a large sheet of ground " plate glass, and a little of the warm " plain jelly
muUer
till
absolutely smooth
jelly is added,
is
chemist
to
Messrs.
Braun &
Co.,
the world.
It
has
given successful
:
results in the
Gelatine
...
...
100 parts
... ... ...
Sugar candy
25
5
Water
Colouring-matter
" The above
is
... ...
300
to
400
5
2 to
the
formula
is
exactly as given
by Ott.
'jelly':-
The following
^ lb.
Preparing
37
oz.
2
3
...
of,
pos-
Potassium
bichromate (dissolved in
ammonium by
monia
till
the
smells
i oz.
distinctly of it)
Water
Colouring-matter, quantum
to be hereafter described.
suff.,
2 pints
as
"As
there
is
may
all
is
be used
For
common
used as
Any form
*
of lampblack
It is
may be used
there
is
as, for
example,
ivory black.'
nothing so good as
all
'
Chinese
ink.'
It is
been made.
'
Chinese ink
is
merely a very
fine
or in a
gum
inferior varieties,
which
all
38
Carbon Printing.
These
it is
being
subjected to
great
magnification,
made by
is
Chinese
ink.'
broken
into fragments
by a hammer
hard
and
Any
"When
gelatine
is
it
is
wanted
to
mix up the
is
jelly,
the
allowed to
Heat
is
is
then applied
This latter
melt
it,
added.
little
stirring.
Next
to
is
:
added
little
by
little
much
stirring.
The colour
way
common
moment
is
floated for a
is
jelly,
and
then removed.
by one end
has run
it
till all
off of Itself
off,
and
looking through
at a lamp.
till
bit of
39
opaque.
should be continued
there
is
more pigment
in
necessary to
produce opacity."
may
warm
the various
colours
standard brown,
warm
brown, sepia,
any colour.
rolls,
It
may
be had cut
bands or
and for
strongly
in this
recommend beginners
;
to follow
matter at least
The
sensitising solution is
made by
...
dissolving
Potassium bichromate
Distilled water
...
1 oz.
20
('880)
...
oz.
Liq.
ammonia
tissue
...
5 drops
The cut
if
may
immersing the
for
this.
tissue,
and therefore
give directions
40
Carbon Printing.
dish, one or
;
two
fill
solution.
Take a piece of
drawing
soak for
Allow
to
up by wooden
The temperature
may be
It is possible
sensitising
to alter to
prints.
Thus,
by
may
be obtained.
is
hand the
paj)er
is
support
floated
on the
liquid,
surface, harder
uniform sensitiveness
obtained.
omitted, but
greater
sitising
am
is
any
senI
sensitiveness
After
always add a
Dryi/ng
and Keeping
the Tissue.
41
successful performance
depends to a great
less firmly
to its support.
The more slowly the tissue is dried within reason the more sensitive it is, but I prefer to keep it a little longer when dry if increased sensitiveness
is
required.
the tissue
left
is
sensitised at night
by candle-light and
in front of a fire,
if
clothes-horse, about
it
two yards
will
the blinds of
the room
light
drawn down,
light will
not affect
the tissue
fortnight,
will
keep in the
it
way about a
though
may
be
kept longer by being placed in a tin box provided with a chloride of calcium drying chamber.
The
it
will keep.
42
Carbon PrintiTig.
PRINTING.
The
first
essential
is
technically called a
this is
The
safe edge
may
film,
The paper should be stuck on to the glass, not the though if thin paper be used it may be stuck
on the film.
Any
may
be used, but
I always
As the progress of
by looking at the contrivance which
meter.
is
tissue,
we have
recourse to some
Woodbury's, Johnson's,
etc.
Watkins' exposure
or the
if desired,
number
43
construct
by no means
difficult to
one at a
trifling
money.
For
of the
this
shouldered pill-box
lid
penknife and
make two
Be
slits,
Now
into
slits
when the
the
lid,
lid is
cut a
44
half-inch
slit
;
Carbon Printing.
through this draw the end of the
paper.
paper as required.
to make the actinometer. Take the above home-made box a sketch of which is here given into the open air, and expose the paper to
little
Now
light
till
it
about
with
when
one-third
Then
retire
to
your
workroom,
it
j
matches
dry
and then
the actinometer
in
a bright light
some even
;
for
dense negatives
but
it
sine
tissue
absolutely dry.
of course obvious
that
it
will,
when printed
in the
to trouble.
ary pattern,
is
not
Many
of the ordinary
may
give rise
46
uneven contact.
piece of planed
mentioned above.
be placed side by side
The printing frame and the actinometer should when printing, and if much
is
carbon work
to obtain
bend
it
round
into a circle,
the actinometer.
As the exposure
tint to
is
must be kept.
little
time
number
of
tints
approximately of course.
duration of printing
it is
may
possibly be given
when
But
large
known
Where
it
negatives
well to
is
just as
When
46
Carbon Printing.
sensitive paper is
piece.
squares
It
is
hot water
used, and
it
DEVELOPMENT.
Somewhat analogous
plate, the
image
is
invisible
as a
rule,
although
possible
it is
see
place,
we
hour of printing
evening.
water
Hot we have no
finger stains,
The
4 Dishes
1
Sheet of Zinc
Squeegee
Single-Transfer Paper
Hot Water
Development
47
in households;
but
is
the
kitchen.
To
spirit-lamp underneath
which
are
;
so
much
the
fashion just
now
for tea-tables
my
dish
and the
and the
spirit-jet alight,
there
is
no further trouble.
porcelain, zinc, or enamelled
it
is
for fear
Always
11x13x6 ins.,
My
;
somehow
air
may be my
is
fault
possibly
it is
still
sheet of zinc
advisable,
glasses
may
be used.
Is. 8d.
The zinc
No. 18
gauge, costing
for
48
whole-plates
Carbon Printing.
and half-plates
costing so
little,
it
This
is
paper coated on
may
be
W. K.
Burton, in
says
" It
may
be useful to
know
that
common
albumenised paper
may
single-transfer paper
In
all
some cement was used to fix the gelatine image to the support, and amongst them was
albumen.
salt, as
Common
albumenised paper
contains
must be soaked
it
;
necessary to soften
will
as a cement.
The albumen
fine
is
sure to be dissolved
got.
In
Development.
49
for
and double
is
transfer,
paper
production
ticular
to
be described hereafter
of the
in the
par-
kind of print
known
as
Lambert-type.'
way
was
first
described to
me by m)
in
friend
K. Ogawa." The
first fill
is
knows the
right tem-
feel.
is
The
third is used for cold " reserved for the " fixing
not
our
old
friend
"hypo.," merely a
in water.
saturated solution of
common alum
Put
which
should be
and allow
feels slimy.
it
minutes or
till it
Now immerse
a piece
it
to
This will at
;
first
it
and,
if left
But
as soon as
all
but
flat
"
50
Carbon PHnting.
do
up a
little
middle outwards in
all directions,
down and
place the
same number on
only one
or
top,
weight.
Should
two
prints
left for
twenty minutes, or
;
even longer
if
absolutely necessary
where several
first,
and then
may
be
ready for
development.
Taking the
paper support
first
it is
immersed
and
will
Now
take hold of a
If
it
it
comes
soak
ofi"
easily, well
and
good
if
not allow
to
for a
few seconds
Development.
longer,
61
Wlicn
may be thrown
it is
having served
its
purpose,
no longer
of any use.
The print p.t this stage will probably look a dirty, smudgy mess, and with the darker tissues be quite
buried in the melting tissue.
Now
form a cup of
As
and
clearer, the
light being
about four or
ment
will
be complete.
it
be hurried,
As carbon prints always dry a little darker than when wet, development should be pushed just a shade further than when the finished print is
required.
far to go.
A little
how
As soon
to
52
Carbon FHnting.
FIXING.
Our
print
is
it
still
contains,
bath
is
till
remove the
complete.
The
alum
and
this,
together with
has caused
it
to
my
is,
readers
will
not
quite
and
If
we
tive
let
make it easier, when our slide is dry we hold it up with the film towards us, we see a correct representation of what we saw in the view
by contact on any paper
or, to
and
But
if
we turn the
is
glass
next us,
we
which were
53
the
left,
now come on
and this
process.
is
precisely
what happens
in the carbon
We
and as
the
left is
right,
although in
For instance,
in
printing from
it
a bust or
quarter-length portrait,
does not
much matter
the right
make her
left ear
and
vice versd
of that
may
of
simple, as
places
opposed
is
topographical
studies
we know,
the object.
To get us out of
sists
we have
a
down
to
waxed
This
j>
when dry
strippicg.
54
slide simile,
slide
Oarhon Printing.
we use a
TEMPORARY SUPPORT,
which
may
be either flexible or
rigid, polished or
opal
may
smoothed opal
side,
is
opal which
is
finely
ground on one
and
is
probably called
Personally I
much
same
and
can be
fine
emery
flour
weak
and are really paper coated with insoluble gelatine and solution of
water.
shellac, so that
it is
impervious to
easier for
somewhat
it
is
not possible to
be,
it
must
;
purpose
is
36 grs.
12
Yellow wax
Turpentine
oz.
Final Support.
Melt the wax, add the
resin, stir for
55
a
little
time,
I
fire,
ether evaporates
may
I
be used more
is
zinc or paper
waxed by
little
over with a
When
the turpentine
left
must be
some
FINAL SUPPORT
to
have a finished
Final supports
print.
may be glass,
we
leather,
wood, metal
Paper
specially
is no%'
prepared
may
56
Carbon Printing.
This
The operations
same
Expose your
tissue in a
;
frame simultaneously
sufficiently
when
exposed
till soft,
and develop as
When
bath,
alum
wash
well,
and bring
and allow
to dry.
When
final
support
may
be stripped by inserting a
all
is
desired,
is
precisely the
same
Transferring Prints
to
Opal.
57
in
on plush
;
mounts or as transparencies,
and
I
etc.,
little
candle shades
difference
in
this is to
prepare the
and
this
it
may be done
a coating of
by giving
58
bichromated
Carbon Printing.
gelatine
or
with
I
chrome-gelatine
give both methods,
however.
18
;
Soak
water bath.
Potassium bichromate
Distilled water
...
...
...
... ...
20
grs.
2 oz.
;
filter
320
20
grs.
oz.
Soak
dissolve
water bath.
Chrome alum
Distilled water
...
...
... ...
...
...
12 grs.
filter.
Lantern Sliden.
59
When
it is
advisable to
for
the pores as
much
as possible,
and
wood
down with turpentine and rubbed in with a pad. The average worker of ordinary ingenuity
have no
difficulty in
will
given,
is
LANTERN SLIDES.
Probably of
all
that which
when
It
and
a reversed slide
of no consequence, and
may be
The ordinary
tissue
;
may
60
Carbon Prlrding.
it is
size,
such as 6| x 6^
which ob-
viously cuts into four lantern slides of 3J ins. square. Obtain some patent plate glass this can be bought
office
little
Pyroxyline
...
6| grs.
^ oz.
Ether
Alcohol
i
after
having
waxed
has
or talced
it,
set, transfer to
When
up
in the
When
carefully
squares
of the
in the
ordinary
a safe-edge a lantern
previously described.
mask
or the black
is
varnish
The exposure
about half
To prepare the
68, or
may
be treated with
62
the
little
(Jarhon Printing.
fis
to form a
and coating
it
then
(i.e.,
after exposure)
with collodion.
cisely the
pre-
same as above.
FAILURES.
The carbon
process,
not,
is
they are
treat
however, insurmountable.
shall
of
them
The tissue
insoluble.
This
may
be caused by
add a
too
little
ammonia
slow drying or a
damp
drying room
room
in
(e)
;
keeping
(^) un-
damp
(/) exposure
or too little
to light
suitable gelatine
Jelly.
The film dissolves in the sensitising bath. The bichromate solution is too warm cooling by adding
;
ice will
prevent
this.
Drying
room
box
The
is
too
tissue,
negative.
warm. when dry, refuses to lie Jlat on the The paper was dried too quickly, or at
Failures.
63
The paper
the
sticks
to
the
negative.
The
tissue,
Too strong
(a) insolu-
The
;
causes
may be
the film
(b)
(c)
(e)
dion
is
underneath.
Reticulation of the film.
incipient
frilling,
This
may be
said to be
may
be
These
may be caused by
to remedy this
it
64
Carbon Printing.
The prints are too dark.
(a)
Over-exposure,
(b)
and development in a
cause
is (J>)
damp atmosphere.
The
tinuing
only occurs in a
damp
will
atmosphere.
Carbon
tissue,
when exposed,
in
it
little
may
as
be compensated
for.
is in effect,
Over-exposure
of course, the
It
same
over-printing with
may be
Some
operators
Swan
;
suggested
chlorine
hypochlorite of
of
soda,
water,
and
peroxide
hydrogen
but
of
is
all
remedies,
best.
hot
water
continually
applied
the
A
I
me
as very practical,
and
saw made useful for forcing over-exposed Hot and cold water was laid on, as is now
was affixed a short length of inchThis in the case of
65
thus
used
how
easy
it
Sulphocyanide of
ammonium
has been
my
that quite as
much may be
weak
of sulpho.
it
if
impossible to regulate
too light.
Under-exposure
it
will
may happen
may wash
To avoid
may be
down
by soaking
for
a few minutes in
Nitrate of silver
Distilled water
...
2 grs.
1 oz.
66
Carbon Printing.
Pyrogallic acid
Citric acid
...
...
...
1 gr.
Water
to
1 oz.
is
which
may
also be
dipped into a
iron, well
The best
intensifier is to
of distilled water,
During development,
some extent
so
for under-exposure,
by not washing
away
much
transfer.
This
is
caused
by too
little
pressure
The
waxing the
too
much wax.
CARBON PRINTS.
OarboD prints
trooble
may
little
solution of
chrome or bichromated
67
show
less
than
done
after.
Colouring carbon
prints
if
with water-colours
a
little
is
semi-aqueous
Newman's
sizing preparation be
brushed over
it
first.
To colour with
to apply
with a broad,
camel's-hair brush a
solution of
Isinglass
Distilled water
180
10
10
to soak for
grs.
oz.
>?
Methylated
spirit
two hours
in the
added.
and
68
on to
it,
Carbon Printing.
and evenly distributed with a fairly ; the solution being worked
it
stiff
hog-hair brush
the paper,
into
thoroughly dry.
MATT-SURFACE PRINTS.
An
exquisite fine
matt
surface,
may
be obtained
by coating
opal with
plain
enamel
or
till
the surface
is
au Charbon
Engel-
By AUBERT.
ipplications Nouvelles de la Photographie
au Charhon.
fr.
Price 25
By Borlinetto.
Padova,
By Borlinetto
Paris, 186G.
By
Despaquis,
By Lamv.
Paris, 1878.
La
Photographie au Charbon.
Paris.
By Liebert.
Pub. by Tignol,
Price 3
fr.
50
c.
Le ProcSde au Charbon.
illars,
By LiESEGANG.
Price 2
fr.
Pub. by Gauthier-
Paris, 1886.
Bibliography.
Der Kohledruch. By Liesegang. Dusseldorf. Manual of the Carbon Process. By Liesegang.
1878.
69
London,
By Monckhoven. By Monckhoven.
Milan, 1869.
Historique
du Precede
au Charbon.
Paris, 1876.
La
On
Fotografia al Carbone.
the Reproduction of
By Montagna.
Photographs in Pigments.
Carter.
By
G.
Simpson.
1879
Piper
&
Fotautuacografia.
;
By
and Lodi, 1883. Price 3 fr. Traiti Pratique au Charbon. By Vidal. Pub. by GauthierPrice 4 fr. 50 c. Villars, Paris, 1877.
Das
m.
of Autotype Printing.
The
Pub. by The Autotype London, W.C. Ueber die Reaktionen der Chromsaure und des Chromate auf By Eder. Pub. by Knapp, of Halle-a.-S. Gelatine. Price 4 m.
A B C
Company,
New
Oxford
St.,
work was
written, there
is
not
much
is
70
is
Carbon Trinting.
necessary, the print being developed from the
and
fine
sawdust
and
ARTIGUE'S PROCESS
Although not
strictly
made
England
is
and
it is
required, the
from the
and water.
Whilst no exact formulse are to be found for
making
to allow
this
secure
satisfactory results.
Smooth
to a
evenly
gelatine
float
or
damp
rives
paper
may
be allowed to
This
allowed to
set,
and placed
in a dusting box,
is
the
powdered pigment
box
is
in
The
five or
revolutions
the
box
brought to
rest,
and
Artigue's Process.
71
and then
inserted,
damp paper
settle
is
for
about five
The
sufficiently coated.
the operation
repeated,
is
and when
In this state
it
will
keep
An
alternate
itself,
when
insufilators
To
the
on
side
solution
pins to a
film side
wooden frame or
is
back
but this
is
less convenient,
is
as
the
being done.
The paper
is
72
paper.
Carbon Printing.
It is then
pinned to a
flat strip
of wood, or
by-
wooden
clips,
surface a thick
any convenient
vessel,
an ordinary
tin
coffee-pot,
As the
it
of gelatine and
colouring
with a spray of cold water, which arrests the developing action, and washes
sawdust.
If the exposure
the resulting
The hotter and thicker the sawdust mixture, the ; and it is frequently advisable to commence development with a thin
greater the developing action
subsequently.
It is
command
The
finished print
washed
in
alum
solution
Artigues Process.
73
and dried.
for
The
prints
have a
fine
From
this process
M. Artigue's paper
is
who
like to
make
it
them-
suffice.
that of
M. Ladeveze,
is
commencement
of this work.
is
Instead of gelatine,
colloid,
gum
:
arable
used as the
will
from
dirt
jam pot
if
the latter
gum
the better
capable of holdThus
16 ozs. of water.
the vessel,
the vessel must hold The gum should be placed in and the same filled with water, stirred
be used
off.
then
the
74
Carbon Printing
warm
is
and frequently
whole
Some fine meshed muslin should be well washed in warm water to free it from dressing, and then tied over the mouth of the jam
thoroughly dissolved.
pot,
gum
strained through
it.
:
The
gum
solution
is
Gum-arabic
Distilled water
..
.
ozs.
8 ozs.
mix
in equal
volumes
with a solution of
Potassium bichromate
Distilled water
Stir
...
... ...
1 oz.
10 ozs.
colouring matter,
described
colloidal
which may be
34
is
any of those
on
pp.
and
35.
The pigmented
mixture
now
means of a soft badger hair softener and this should be worked over the surface of the paper, till on holding it up to the light it appears of a uniform tint all over. The pigmented colloid
matter
may
by means
even coating
is
thus obtained.
So
far the
may
be con-
75
the dark.
Development may be
effected
by placing
to a board,
the paper in
rocking.
or clipped
Or
may be pinned
by the edges
to a sheet of glass,
and
over results
is
attainable.
(Amateur
says
:
He
up
We
to teach something
else
we
light,
and black
pigment
shadow."
many
:
76
Carbon Printing.
many
bridges which
it
me
to stay a
its
moment.
all
The
was
way, and
murmur
it
my
set
it
high overhead.
"
river,
clouds
dim nothingness. A solitary barge, with its bargee, and as he floated slowly down with the stream
;
craft,
the
waters
caught
little
beams
if
of
yellow
to
add a spark
The barge
impossibilities
to
us with ordinary
means
it is
present with
my
Whilst of course
77
command
is
pigment
hands.
worker of no mean
method of preparing an insoluble substratum for the preparation of glass plates, to which the carbon
image
is
to be transferred
grs.,
To
this solution
add
sufficient
to thoroughly precipitate
add gradually 17
for use.
methylated
spirit,
and
filter
up
to dry.
78
Historical
the
HISTORICAL AND PRACTICAL NOTES ON THE SIMPLE CARBON PROCESS WITHOUT TRANSFER.
Reprinted from,
of March
6t/i
a-nd
20M,
1896.
The following chapter will give a general idea of the field covered by the Non-Transfer Carbon Process but the reader intending to take up this method is referred to the book entitled, "Aquatint, or Gum-Bichromate Process," by Messrs. Alfred Maskell and Robert Demarchy, now in the press.
;
will
tone,
small
for
by experts
evidence of which
Speak-
writes
"Notes," 1858, p. 185): "It will give and does give as good definition and half-tone as
any other process upon plain paper, and
it
will
fairly
brought
supersede
first
all
other
modes
of printing."
In the
issue
of Mr. Sutton's
79
"Notes"
we
find
very concise
directions
for
working the
in
method which
this chapter
;
scarcely differ
by cold water
tions
than in
as given
by Pouncy
in 1859,
curtailment in
descriptive
detail
the general
:
Gum
3.
Vegetable carbon ground with water, by muller on (Mr. Pouncy appears to have inpaint stone. tended this to be quite fluid and even thin.)
Mix
of No.
and
2, also suf-
volume,
Stir
finest muslin.
take a
it
and work
until the
whole presents a
surface.
fire.
The
80
Historical
"
and Practical
l^otes on the
verbatim
On removal from
will
may
thus
at
five
minutes
The time of soaking may be roughly stated though in some cases of over;
exposure pictures
days,
may remain
in
the
water for
It
equally good.
may
be
may
his
gum-arabic
is
too thick
which
of
last fault
must
more
be
corrected by
the
addition
little
bichromate solution.
Each
finally
picture
must be
or
and
washed
and,
if
drawn attention
81
we
room
more
precise
and
written.
The
and
may be
best adapted
other processes
often only
some
sort, so in
the
who
must be prepared
insolubility.
for
occasional
failure
due to
The
new carbon
process
without
transfer
is
and
least
expensive
of
all
who aim
control, as is so desirable
pigment
;
itself is
may be mixed
so as to give
any
tint desired,
and
may be
82
IJistortcal
the
itself in
an exceptional manner
is
known
as the carbon
process,
and carbon
Neither
the
it
ments
use
may
it.
the
new
new "
in
any
prominent
notice.
M. Rouille-Ladeveze,
by the issue of
to
whom
is
due much of
two years
:
new
" asks
it is
photographic period."
John
chiefly
Pouncy,
these
worked
*'
tint,
S^pia-Photo
et
Sanguine-Photo,"
A.
Rouille-
Ladeveze.
83
simplification
by Johnson (1869)
hence these
in
to be
the
name
of half-tone, hence
printing, as
now
may be summarised
as
follows
The
wash,
is
further treatment
somewhat
is
hot.
When, however,
J.
as
recommended by Mr.
C. Burnett
84
in
Historical
the
Photographic Society,"
sensitive
smooth paper
tint
is
practically
may
be obtained.
exposed.
The working
to master,
details
are
by no means
difficult
but there
attended to
if failure
sensitiveness
and untoward
are to be avoided.
When
a
the exposure
is
to be
made from
the front
rough-surfaced
paper should
gradations
be used, as the
rendering of full
depends essentially
The various
may be quite free between thick and thin paper. The various Dutch hand-made papers of Van Gelder are excellent as regards chemical^ purity, and afford
a wide choice of texture.
Grosvenor, Chater,
&
Co., of 68,
Cannon
Street,
85
who
soft,
issue
specimen book.
and 83, brown tint, heavy, and coarse grained also Nos. 1 and 12, white
;
and coarse
in texture.
The
sensitive preparation is
A.
made
as follows
Clear white
gum
and squeeze through
B.
4 oz.
6
Water
Soak
till
dissolved,
fine muslin.
Bichromate of potassium
1 oz.
Water
In a room illuminated by yellow light,
mix equal
moist
volumes of
and B, then
stir
in
such
The
when
the preparation
in other
pigment
will
best avoided, as
it
and ultramarine
;
is
reasons
able
among
86
historical
the
which can,
are
madder lakes
very suitable.
sides
is
brought to
the
paper
drops
fall off in
All brush
the brush
path.
at,
be aimed
is
to
hang up over-
fire
may
as a flaming fire
may
The exposure
papers,
about double
The coating
bi-
87
chromated
gnm
be judged.
an actinometer
down
into the
The print
its
behaviour will
wash
water
oft,
especially if the
rocked or the
is
coffee-rpot
on
water
alone
may
finish
the
development,
but
In other cases
much
hotter water
may
be required,
and as regards
local
brushes
The former gains in detergency by the height from which it flows, and
enough.
the brushes should, as a rule, only be used on the
face
of the
it is
while
well
oft"
covered by water.
to
When
line,
desired to
wash
an approximate
88
Historical
the
and a small
strip
found useful.
of bichromate, will be
somewhat put out by the widely varying sensitiveness of the film, and when
is
the film
gradation of tone,
is
and
full
gradation
means adopted
quickly
dried
give
greater
sensitiveness
be at
its
minimum
of sensitiveness, and
may
require an exposure of a
quarter of an
negative
or very considerably
more
if
the pig-
dried.
If this paper
to
develop.
This
is
weather
may happen in a few days if the warm and damp, or not for months if
is
the weather
in ^I.
is
kept dry
89
of
calcium,
for
example, an
ago,
appliance
half a century
and now
Long
in
contact of
gum
bichromate in a moist
all
in-
an increased risk
in a
of
general insolubility.
Dr.
Holman,
Photographic Society, about three years ago, advocated keeping the sensitive mixture for twenty-four
Demarchy
The mixture
as advocated
by Demarchy
it
is
much
is
specially
who wish
is
to prepare a stock of
Being
mixture
also
more easy
to
wash over
the paper.
A
gum
Water
bis.
4
1
oz.
15
90
Ozotypd.
OZOTYPE.
In issuing the
it
fifth edition
becomes necessary to
Mr. Thos.
is
that
it
Carbon
Process.
was not
until
communication as
was
made, when Mr. Manly read a paper and demonstrated his process before the Royal Photographic
Society on
March
up
full,
which
is
as follows
A New Method
My
communication to-night
surface giving a
Ozotype.
It is
91
my
intention to describe
its
what
I consider the
most important of
in
employment
the most
my mind
artistic
I will
make
;
process
namely, that
thirty years,
improvement appears
Amateur and
professional
plainly
visible
during
misgivings
required in
in
contemplating
the
extra
work
or in going
The process
notice to-night
difficulties
so unconventional
and
perhaps revolutionary in
its
may
be excused
to
if I
Introduction
Professor
series of lectures
*'
He says, in speaking of photography in general, am disposed to believe that the art is in danger
92
Ozotype.
This
is
a state of
immediate practical
made.
There are
many branches
go. on
now
suffering
to
attention being
principles
underlying them.
can be
of pro-
mode
is
In
taken to
why
mode
of operation
the
into
hands by more
scientific competitors
who have no
taken
the
stereotyped formulae,
and who
have
why and
wherefore of the
How
industry.
I
Work
that
is
not
if his
aim
Ozotype.
is
93
if
to excel.
It
the artist
and
as
scientist could
fellow
workmen
workshop of the
of
world.
The
scientist
Now
The bichromate
or
A bichromatic
amount of base
chromic acid
is
:
salt is
;
CrA +
Cr.Oa
light.
O3.
is split
up
of
its
is
refractory
oxide
called
at the
sesquioxide
moment
of
probably what
is
known
as ozone.
oflf?
what becomes of the O3 which light has thrown It must have been drawn away by some other
which
is
attraction
It is
it.
my
belief (and 1
am
incorpor-
94
Ozotype.
and the
the
to
sesquioxide
of
it
chromium
structure
formed
at
same
resist
time
gives
and strength
the prolonged
action
of
In Ozotype we
in
another way.
salt
mate
and a manganous
therewith.
The manganous
salt is, in
the sensitiser.
The
action
manganous
and a bichromate
salt
and decompose
it,
manganic
oxide,
dioxide.
perhaps
partly
consisting
of
manganese
So you see we have captured our active oxygen which has been placed by light in the position we
desire,
it
up
at
the same
light-sensitive
must be borne in mind that only the acid compounds of chromium can be
If the
used.
neutral
Ozotype.
95
manganous
salt,
place, so there
sensitive solution.
may call
a pleasing
brown
"
How
are
we going
the
experiment.
We
am
an experiment in needle-pricks.
and into
this 1
plunge
it
and develop
it.
You
formed
we
phenomenon
If
the same.
The gelatine
is
we dip
and squeegee
it
we
We
96
in the
in the
Ozotfjpe.
same manner
referred
as the sesqiiioxide of
chromium
I
have
sub-
already
something
may
For
this
purpose we
Very
make
tissue
and lay
it
amount of
all
solution into
For want of a better term I will refer to the which we immerse our carbon tissue,
Water
Glacial acetic acid
...
3 to 5
i to 2
Hydroquinone
...
grammes.
Ozotype.
V7
variety of effects
may
be produced by modify-
the
addition
soft
or
hydroquinone
may
be decreased
is
oil stove,
Squeegee.
Porcelain dish for acetic solution.
to
form a
stiff
tion of development.
is
as follows
The
sensitive paper
is
quick in printing,
same
rapidity as
all
platinotype
paper,
know
is
distinctly
visible, so that
to guess-work.
it
When
the proof
printed,
may
be washed
7
98
at
Ozotype,
once,
day's
printing
is
over.
The washing
is
When
are
the water
is
to
dissolve
tissue,
out
the
unchanged
is
The carbon
cut to size,
solution should
The print
is
then plunged
tissue
They
are
up
to dry.
When
is
carbon tissue
in water at a tempera-
Ozotype.
to be peeled oiF with gentle force
99
the backing
is
as
in
make
so
much soaking
in cold
remove.
I
am
sorry that
owing
amount
is
of leisure time at
to
my
disposal, I
the subject
it is
worth
make
We
the
same chemical
gelatine
of
the
gelatine
in
and
phenol
way
as the
chromium
in
the
present
carbon
100
Ozotype.
sensitive surface
is
The
will
The
the
can be
and
from chloride of
it
silver.
After the
is
washed
will
keep almost
indefinitely.
The printing
will
is
rapid
may
You
can
pigment months
after
you
have
obtained
and
washed your
edge
print.
You You
and no
safe
necessary.
of your print by varying the quantity of the ingredients in the solution in which you soak your
carbon tissue
and
in the operation of
development
Owing
paper
as
excellent,
and
moderately
or cart-
Whatman, Arnold,
if
ridge
work admirably
Ozotype.
101
show
can
paper
also
some
artists
commend.
is
As
if
the gelatine
you have an
artistic finger, or
wash away
high
cent,
lights.
solution
of
am
sorry
week
my
experiments, conducted in
in
my own
little
dark-
room
no
special apparatus at
my command,
have revealed
several remarkable
quite
little
fascinated me, and when I have gained a more knowledge of the manipulation than I
possess at present, I
am
102
larly easy
Ozotype.
for
graphic pictures in
within bands.
Some
questions and
offered
the above
some further hints from the lecturer. The proportion of manganous salt to bichromate
:
Manganous sulphate
Potassium bichromate
...
...
...
...
14 parts
7
,,
Water
Cobalt
it
100
may
The
sensitising
solution
may
cent,
gelatine
solution
is
is
only
to be applied
dried;
in
As
work
Pyrogallol has
Ozotype.
a fault which, however,
103
may
be turned to account,
and that
in
is
that
it
stains the
paper a
buff,
and
some
for bichromate.
was asked
if
it
proportion
of
pigment.
He
thought
the
opal
To remedy underit
higher
stronger print
or
a stronger
solution
might be employed.
The
prints
his
104
Ozotype.
the manufacture of
the
manganic paper
it
on
may
be sold at
is
meantime he
very
he
has
published and
paper in order
benefit of
make every use of the formulse make and scrutinise the that the process may receive the full
is
numerous experiences.
fully dealt with in Mr. Thomas
{No.
'").
The process
Manhfs
cloth.
book
20
of
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