AP Biology, Chapter 12 The Cell Cycle Summary Introduction THE KEY ROLES OF CELL DIVISION Intro Cell division

functions in reproduction, growth, and repair 1. Explain how cell division functions in reproduction, growth, and repair. a. Single-celled and other organisms reproduce asexually by cell division i. Asexual spores ii. Binary fission in bacteria iii. Growth, breakage, and establishment of vines b. Growth may increase the sizes or numbers of cells c. Wounding releases growth factors that stimulate mitosis Cell division distributes "identical" sets of chromosomes to daughter cells 2. Describe the structural organization of the genome. a. Organisms may have hundreds to tens of thousands of genes b. Genes, controlling sequences, spacers, and junk are strung on chromosomes c. Chromosome numbers i. Bacteria may have one or a few circular or linear chromosomes ii. Eukaryotes may have one to >1000 linear chromosomes ii. Members of species tend to have characteristic chromosome numbers 3. Describe the major events of cell division that enable the genome of one cell to be passed to two daughter cells. a. Immediately after mitosis each chromosome is a single DNA b. DNA replication makes two attached copies c. As cells enter mitosis the doubled, X-shaped chromosomes condense d. At anaphase the two copies, the chromatids separate 4. Describe how the chromosome number changes throughout the human life cycle. a. n = haploid number = 23 for humans b. Fertilization: sperm (n) + egg (n) zygote (2n) c. Mitosis: zygote (2n) body cells (2n) + germ cells (2n) d. Meiosis: germ cells (2n) sperm (n) + egg (n) THE "MITOTIC" CELL CYCLE The mitotic phase alternates with interphase in the cell cycle: an overview 5. List the phases of the cell cycle and describe the sequence of events that occurs during each phase. a. Interphase = 90% of the cell cycle b. Growth in size and number of organelles is continuous c. Phases i. G1 immediately follows mitosis ii. DNA replication occurs during the S or synthetic phase iii. G2 is between S and mitosis The mitotic spindle distributes chromosomes to daughter cells: a closer look 6. List the phases of mitosis and describe the events characteristic of each phase. a. Prophase i. Chromosomes condense ii. Cytoskeleton reorganizes into two (centrioles separate in animals) iii. Nucleolus disappears iv. Nuclear membrane disassembled

b. Prometaphase i. Chromosome condensation completed ii. Chromosomes attach to spindle at their kinetochores iii. Chromosomes move toward cell equator c. Metaphase i. Chromosomes aligned on equator ii. Spindle complete; chromatids attached to opposite fibers d. Anaphase i. Centromeres split ii. Sister chromatids move to opposite poles iii. Poles move farther apart e. Telophase i. Sister chromatids reach opposite poles ii. Chromosomes begin to decondense iii. Nuclear membrane form 7. Recognize the phases of mitosis from diagrams and micrographs. a. Prophase: sharp boundary around single pile of condensing material b. Prometaphase: no distinct boundary around single pile of condensed material c. Metaphase: chromosomes in a single line across cell d. Anaphase: two groups of chromosomes, arms tailing e. Telophase: two tight groups at opposite ends of the cell 8. Draw or describe the spindle apparatus, including centrosomes, kinetochore microtubules, non-kinetochore microtubules, asters, and centrioles (in animal cells). a. Centrosomes lie at the centers of the asters b. Kinetochore microtubules extend from the centromeres to the centrosomes c. Non-kinetochore microtubules extend from centrosomes and overlap d. Asters are star-shaped bodies made up of microtubules radiating from a centrosome e. Centrioles lie at the center of the centrosomes 9. Describe what characteristic changes occur in the spindle apparatus during each phase of mitosis. a. Interphase: centrioles duplicate and begin to separate b. Prophase: spindle begins to form; more tubules involved, seen as asters c. Prometaphase: some microtubules attach to kinetochores d. Metaphase: symmetry e. Anaphase: kinetochore microtubules shorten f. Telophase: spindle reorganizes for multi-functionality in interphase 10. Explain the current models for poleward chromosomal movement and elongation of the cell's polar axis. a. Dynein in kinetochores pulls chromatids along spindle fibers toward poles b. Spindle fibers disassemble after kinetochore goes by c. Overlapping non-kinetochore microtubules have attached motor proteins i. Motor proteins push on overlapping segments ii. Force pushes poles farther apart Cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm: a closer look 11. Compare cytokinesis in animals and plants. a. Animals: cleavage furrow pinches the cell in two b. Plants: cell plate forms at equator Mitosis in eukaryotes may have evolved from binary fission in bacteria 12. Describe the process of binary fission in bacteria and how this process may have evolved in eukaryotic mitosis. a. Binary fission i. Copies of chromosomes attached to membrane/cell wall

ii. Wall grows between attachment points iii. Copies separate iv. Dividing cell wall forms in the middle b. Evolution i. Bacterial chromosome/membrane attachment proteins? ii. Homologous genes in eukaryotes? iii. Kinetochores incorporate membrane attachment sites? REGULATION OF THE CELL CYCLE Intro A molecular control system drives the cell cycle 13. Describe the roles of checkpoints, cyclin, Cdk, and MPF in the cell cycle control system. a. Checkpoints i. In G1, G2, and mitosis ii. Block the cell cycle unless conditions are met ii. = completion of cellular processes and environmental cues b. Cyclin i. Cyclin rises steadily through the cell cycle then falls at mitosis ii. Binds to and activates kinases c. Cdk i. Checkpoint go-aheads are given by cyclin-dependent kinases ii. Cyclin rises, binds to Cdk, allows go-ahead d. MPF i. First cyclin-Cdk complex identified ii. Initiates mitosis by phosphorylating rpoteins Internal and external cues help regulate the cell cycle 14. Describe the internal and external factors that influence the cell cycle control system. a. Internal signals i. Unattached kinetochores send a signal ii. Once all are attached the signal stops iii. Proteolytic enzymes activate to split centromeres, degrade cyclin b. External signals i. Lack of an essential nutrient or growth factor ii. Density-dependent inhibition; stop growing when dish is covered iii. Anchorage dependence Cancer cells have escaped from cell-cycle controls 15. Explain how the abnormal cell division of cancerous cells differs from normal cell division. a. In vitro i. No density-dependent inhibition ii. Random checkpoints in the cell cycle iii. Immortal instead of death after 20-50 divisions b. In vivo transformation i. Loss of density-dependent inhibition ii. Loss of cell type phenotype iii. Loss of anchorage dependence metastasis