WARSAW UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

CONCRETE STRUCTURES

PACKAGE 3b
Ultimate Limit State (ULS)
BENDING

2
INTRODUCTION
Bending = Flexure

Bending. According to Eurocode 2 - Design of concrete structures Part 1-1: General
rules and rules for buildings our basic source of principles and rules.
Chapter 6.1. Bending with or without axial force

Flexure. According to American Concrete Institute (ACI) Building Code Requirements.
Flexural members, flexural reinforcement the reinforcement of flexural members
(elements), Strength design of members for flexure (American), Flexure and axial
loads (ACI) .

In British Standard (BS) we can find: Design resistance moment of beams, the ultimate
moment of resistance and, if the axial loads are substantial Design of column section
for ULS.
3
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND REQUIREMENTS
The concrete structures and the structural concrete elements
(plain, reinforced (RC), prestressed) should meet the
requirements concerning:
the mechanical resistance and stability
serviceability
durability
fire resistance

Other requirements, such as thermal or sound insulation, are not considered
in these lectures.
4
p
M
Ed
= 0,125 pl
2

M
Ed
- design bending moment
depends on type of the structure and
loading.
M
Rd
- design ultimate bending moment
depends on the cross-section properties: shape,
strength (and other properties) of concrete,
yield strength (and other properties) of steel
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND REQUIREMENTS
5
BENDING. BASIC DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS
The assumptions made when determining the ultimate moment
resistance. They apply to RC and prestressed sections, with or
without axial force (only RC and pure uniaxial bending).
They concern the critical, cracked cross section.


Two fundamental conditions have to be satisfied:
Static equilibrium (resulting from the basic laws of nature)
Compatibility of strains (resulting from many experiments)

BERNOULLIS HYPOTHESIS
.
6
Before loading
After loading

This assumption applies to regions of
beams, slabs and similar types of
members for which sections plane
before loading remain approximately
plane after loading.
Usually this theory is applied to the
whole length of all beams and slabs.



Plane sections remain plane
7
STRAINS IN STEEL
The strains in bonded reinforcement:

- for compression - are the same as that in the
surrounding concrete

- for tension - are derived with the use of strain
distribution diagram
8
NEGLECTING OF CONCRETE
TENSILE STRENGTH
The tensile strength of the concrete
is negligable
9

When using the partial factors method for ULS verification we apply:

the design values of actions (forces/loads applied to the structure and
imposed deformations e.g. caused by temperature, uneven settlement)
greater than mean values

the design values of the material properties smaller than mean values
PARTIAL FACTORS METHOD
10
The stresses in the concrete in compression are derived from the design curves called
stress-strain relations for the design of cross-section (Eurocode 2).
STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONS
FOR CONCRETE UNDER COMPRESSION
AND ULTIMATE STRAINS
The shape of the strain-stress relation depends on the strength of concrete.
This relation may be shown for the characteristic values of compressive strength f
ck

or for the design values of this strength f
cd
.

For ULS analysis the relations based on design values are used.
f
cd

c2

0,0035
c
c

o
c

0,0020

cu2

for f
ck
50 MPa
11
f
c
compressive strength of concrete (in general meaning or the actual value obtained
in the particular case of the element or specimen just considered)

f
cm
mean value of concrete cylinder compressive strength

f
ck
characteristic compressive strength of concrete the strength value having a
prescribed probability of not being attained in a hypothetical unlimited test series
generally corresponds to 95% fractile of the statistical distribution of the compressive
strength approximately about 80% f
cm
is used as the basic characteristics of
concrete

f
cd
design value of concrete compressive strength - the value used in ULS analysis

C
- partial factor for concrete, the recommended values in persistent and transient
situations:
C
= 1,5 acc. Eurocode 2,
C
= 1,4 acc. to Polish National Annex.

Example. For concrete with average cylinder strength 30 MPa,
f
ck
25 MPa and f
cd
17 MPa.



COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
SYMBOLS
12
For f
ck
50 MPa

if 0 <
c
< 2, then

if 2
c
3,5, then
c
= f
cd
( ) | |
2
500 1 1
c cd c
f c o =
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
n
c
c
cd c
f
2
1 1
c
c
o
f
cd

c2

0,0035
c
c

o
c

0,0020

cu2

Parabola-rectangle diagram
for concrete under
compression for f
ck
50 MPa

STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONS
FOR CONCRETE UNDER COMPRESSION
AND ULTIMATE STRAINS
if 0 <
c
<
c2
, then

if
c2

c

cu2
, then
c
= f
cd
13
Stress-strain relations (characteristic values) for f
ck
>50 MPa
in comparison with the relation for f
ck
= 30 MPa
f
ck
= 60
f
ck
= 90

c
[MPa]
1,0 2,0 3,0 3,5
f
ck
= 30 MPa
f
ck
= 50
f
ck
= 55
f
ck
= 80
f
ck
= 70

c

STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONS
FOR CONCRETE UNDER COMPRESSION
14
The shape of the stress-strain diagram depends on three parameters:

c2
the strain at reaching the maximum stress

cu2
the ultimate strain
n the exponent in the formula describing the curved part of the stress-strain graph

The depth of the rectangular part of the stress block in concrete x
1
equals x, where


Values of
c2

cu2
and are given in the table below:
2
2
1
cu
c
c
c
_ =
4286 , 0
7
3
=
f
ck
[MPa]
50 55 60 70 80 90

c2
[] 2,0 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6

cu2
[] 3,5 3,1 2,9 2,7 2,6 2,6
0,2908 0,2069 0,1111 0,0385 0
n 2 1,75 1,6 1,45 1,4 1,4
Deformation characteristics for concrete
STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONS
FOR CONCRETE UNDER COMPRESSION
15
There are other diagrams allowed according to Eurocode,
fo example bi-linear stress-strain relation:
c
c

f
cd


c

STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONS
FOR CONCRETE UNDER COMPRESSION
16
The stress in concrete is assumed as equal f
cd
. The effective height of the
compression zone x (concerns stresses) is taken smaller than the depth of the
compression zone determined by strains. The factor and the factor , defining
the effective strength, come from:


F
c

z = d 0,5x
f
cd

cu3
=
cu2

b
d
x
A
s1

x
F
s

F
c
compression stress resultant
F
s
tension stress resultant

MPa 50 for 8 , 0 s =
ck
f
MPa 90 50 for
200
50
8 , 0 s <

=
ck
ck
f
f

MPa 50 for 0 , 1 s =
ck
f q
MPa 90 50 for
200
50
0 , 1 s <

=
ck
ck
f
f
q

RECTANGULAR STRESS DISTRIBUTION
17
STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONS FOR STEEL
The stresses in the reinforcing steel are derived from the design curves according to
figure below (in tension and in compression).
c
s

f
yd


s



s s s
s
yd
s
E
E
f
c o c = < then , If
yd s
s
yd
s
f
E
f
= > o c then , If
The quotation from Eurocode:
For normal design, either of the following assumptions may be made:
an inclined top branch with a strain limit (see the dotted line shown on the figure above)
a horizontal top branch without the need to check the strain limit.
The second assumption, a horizontal top branch without the strain limit, will be used
in this class. The analysis with and without strain limit gives very similar results
(in the wide range of reinforcement ratio values these results are just equal).
For analysis based on the first assumption, a top branch with a strain limit, the strain
limit is 10 in Polish Code PN-B-03264.
18
FAILURE TYPES IN THE ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE

If the ultimate moment resistance is reached, then in the failing section:
the greatest strain in concrete equals
cu2
,
the stresses in reinforcement are equal f
yd
- the failure is initiated by steel it
occurs in normally reinforced (correctly reinforced) sections,
or
the stresses in reinforcement are smaller than f
yd
(the strain is smaller than
sy

= f
yd
/E
s
) - the failure is initiated by concrete it occurs in strongly reinforced
(over-reinforced) cross sections.
correctly reinforced section
x
x
lim

cu2

a
2

A
s1

balanced condition
d
A
s2

a
1

over-reinforced section

sy

19
The position of neutral axis in ULS depends on the amount of the tension
reinforcement. The depth of neutral axis in balanced conditions is called
x
lim
. For under-reinforced cross-sections x < x
lim
, for over-reinforced
sections x x
lim
In order to use the yield strength f
yd
the heights of the compression zone
should not be greater than x
lim
.
In most designs the over-reinforced sections are not recommended
because in such sections the yield strength of reinforcement is not
reached. The sections should be correctly reinforced both from the
economic and structural point of view.
In case of x > x
lim
it is economical to arrange a compression reinforcement
The concrete cross-section of beams should be chosen so large, that no
compression reinforcement is necessary, unless exceptionally (e.g. in local
weaker parts, openings) this reinforcement cannot be avoided.

FAILURE TYPES IN THE ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE

20
correctly reinforced section
( )
lim
2
lim
x x d E
f
cu
s
yd
c
=

yd cu s
cu s
f E
d E
x
+
=
2
2
lim
c
c
For x = x
lim

Limit of the relative (non- dimensional) neutral axis depth
The values of
lim
depend on the strength of concrete and on the yield strength of
reinforcement. The values are given in the table on the next page.
yd cu s
cu s
f E
E
d
x
+
= =
2
2 lim
lim
c
c

cu2

x
x
lim

a
2

A
s1

balanced condition
d
A
s2

a
1

over-reinforced section
sy

sy
= f
yd
/E
s

FAILURE TYPES AND THE LIMIT OF THE COMPRESSION ZONE DEPTH
lim

21
f
yd
[MPa] 190 210 310 350 420 435
f
ck
50 MPa 0,7865 0,7692 0,6931 0,6667 0,6250 0,6167
f
ck
= 55 MPa 0,6667 0.6392 0,5962 0,5877
f
ck
= 60 MPa 0,6517 0,6237 0,5800 0,5714
f
ck
= 70 MPa 0,6353 0,6067 0,5625 0,5538
f
ck
= 80 MPa 0,6265 0,5977 0,5532 0,5445
f
ck
= 90 MPa 0,6265 0,5977 0,5532 0,5445
COMPRESSION ZONE DEPTH
lim

22
EQUILIBRIUM AND FUNDAMENTAL RELATIONS IN ULS
THE ARBITRARY CROSS-SECTION
We consider an arbitrary cross-section. We assume, that reinforcement is concentrated
in two groups of rebars (rebars reinforcement bars) A
s1
and A
s2.

a
1


s1

a
2

d
b
A
s1

A
s2

f
cd

x
M
Rd

=
z
A
s2

s2

A
s1

s1

F
c


cu2


s2

Symbols (Notation):
b - width of a cross-section
d effective depth of a cross-section
x depth to the neutral axis
z lever arm (of the inner forces), the
distance between the force F
c
and the
reinforcement A
s1
A
s1
cross sectional area of tension
reinforcement

s1
,
s1
stress, strain in A
s1
(positive for tension)
A
s2
cross sectional area of reinforcement in
compression zone

s2
,
s2
stress, strain in A
s2
(positive for compression)
F
c
compression stress (concrete only) resultant
M
Rd
design ultimate bending moment
23
a
1


s1

a
2

d
b
A
s1

A
s2

f
cd

x
M
Rd

=
z
A
s2

s2

A
s1

s1

F
c


cu2


s2

From conditions of equilibrium and compatibility of strains we obtain the basic relations
denoted by (F) - equilibrium of the forces, (M) - equilibrium of the bending moments, and
(k) - efficiency of the reinforcement. Always (i.e. for an arbitrary stress distribution) the
formula (F), (M) and (k) can be presented as:
The coefficients k
1
and k
2
are given by the relations:
Usually
s1
= f
yd
, k
1
= 1,0.
where
yd s yd s c
f k A f k A F
1 1 2 2
= +
( )
Rd yd s c
M a d f k A M = +
2 2 2
z F M
c c
=
yd
s
f
k
1
1
o
=
yd
s
f
k
2
2
o
=

(F)
(k)
(M)
EQUILIBRIUM AND FUNDAMENTAL RELATIONS IN ULS
THE ARBITRARY CROSS-SECTION
24
The stresses in A
s2
depend on the relation a
2
/x.

Very often for small values of a
2
/x,
s2
= f
yd
, k
2
= 1,0.
x
x d
cu s

=
2 1
c c
x
a x
cu s
2
2 2

= c c

if stresses in the reinforcement are in the elastic range, from Hookes law follows:
x
x d
f
E
f
k
yd
cu s
yd
s

= =
2 1
1
c o
x
a x
f
E
f
k
yd
cu s
yd
s 2 2 2
2

= =
c o


(k)
Equations (F), (M) and (k) are the basic expressions for bending resistance of RC members.
On the basis of these relations for given material properties and given reinforcement the
ultimate bending moment of arbitrary cross-sections may be determined (using
computer).
The simple theory concerning rectangular and T-shaped cross-sections is sufficient for
most designs. This theory is presented in the next part of the lecture.
a
2


s1

x

cu2


s2

d
The strains in A
s1
and A
s2
:
EQUILIBRIUM AND FUNDAMENTAL RELATIONS IN ULS
THE ARBITRARY CROSS-SECTION
25
a
2

a
1

b
d
A
s1

A
s2

s2

A
s1

s1

x
f
cd

cu2


z
F
c

A
s2

A
cc

y
Strains and stresses induced by parabola-rectangle stress diagram
From the principle plain sections remain plain appears that the diagram
of strains is linear.
RECTANGULAR CROSS-SECTION
PARABOLARECTANGLE STRESS DIAGRAM
26
Equilibrium of forces:
yd s yd s
x
c
f A k f A k dy b
1 1 2 2
0
= +
}
o
( )
Rd yd s
x
c
M a d f A k dy y b = +
}
2 2 2
0
o
In the two preceding equations y denotes the coordinate, and:
c
x
c
F dy b =
}
0
o
c
y
c
M dy y b =
}
0
o

yd
s
f
k
1
1
o
=
yd
s
f
k
2
2
o
=

a
2

a
1

b
d
A
s1

A
s2

s2

A
s1

s1

x
f
cd

cu2


z
F
c

A
s2

A
cc

y
RECTANGULAR CROSS-SECTION
PARABOLARECTANGLE STRESS DIAGRAM AND EQUILIBRIUM CONDITIONS
Equilibrium of bending moments:
27
The concrete compressive force P
c
= 0,8095bxf
cd
is situated

at the distance

0,4159x
from the upper edge of the cross-section (see the next slide).
The equilibrium conditions:
yd s cd
f A f x b
1
8095 , 0 =
( )
Rd c cd
M M x d f x b = = 4159 , 0 8095 , 0
yd s cd
f A f x b
1
8 , 0 =
( )
Rd c cd
M M x d f x b = = 4 , 0 8 , 0
(F)
(M)
THE RECTANGULAR CROSS-SECTION

cu2

x
Bending. ULS. The strain and stress diagrams.
a) the parabola-rectangle stress diagram, b) the rectangular stress distribution
(concrete characteristic strength f
ck
50 MPa,
lim
)
z
A
s1

s1

f
cd

P
c

a
1

b
d
A
s1

0,8 x
f
cd

A
s1

s1

a)
b)
28

c
= f
cd

2
3,5
x x 4286 , 0
7
3
=
x
7
4
cd cd cd c
f b x f b x f b x P 8095 , 0
7
4
3
2
7
3
= + =
The centroid of the red figure is situated at the distance 0,4159 x from the upper
edge:
Justification of the formula from the preceding slide:
Area of the rectangular
part of the red figure
The parabolic
part
THE RECTANGULAR CROSS-SECTION
PARABOLARECTANGLE STRESS DIAGRAM
29
Substituting x in the Eq. (M) by the value taken from the Eq. (F) we obtain:
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
cd
yd s
yd s Rd
f d b
f A
d f A M
1
1
5138 , 0
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
cd
yd s
yd s Rd
f d b
f A
d f A M
1
1
5 , 0
a)
cd
yd s
f b
f A
x
8095 , 0
1
=
b)
cd
yd s
f b
f A
x
8 , 0
1
=
THE RECTANGULAR CROSS-SECTION
Thank you