Exercice 1

Part 1
Let f : R C 2-periodic, piecewise continuous over [0, 2]. We set
c
k
(f) :=
1
2
_
2
0
f(t)e
ikt
dt, k Z,
S
n
(f)(x) :=
n1

k=0
c
k
(f)e
ikx
, T
n
(f)(x) :=
1
n
n1

k=0
S
k
(f)(x), n N

, x R.
1) Show that for all x R, for all n N

, S
n
(f)(x) :=
_
2
0
f(t)D
n
(xt)dt, resp. T
n
(f)(x) :=
_
2
0
f(t)F
n
(x t)dt, where the functions D
n
and F
n
are dened by
D
n
(x) :=
1
2
n1

k=0
e
ikx
, resp. F
n
(x) =
1
2n
n1

k=0
k1

j=0
e
ijx
.
2) Show that lim
n+
_
2
0
|D
n
(t)|dt = +.
3) Show that F
n
0,
_
2
0
F
n
(t)dt = 1, and for all ]0, 2[,
_
2

F
n
(t) dt 0 as n +.
4) Deduce from the previous question the following:
a) If f is continuous at x, the sequence (T
n
(f)(x))
nN
converges to f(x) (x R).
b) If f is continuous over R, the sequence (T
n
(f))
nN
converges uniformly to f over R.
c) If c
k
(f) = 0 for all k Z, then f = 0 outside its discontinuity points.
5) We assume here that f is continuous, and that the sequence (S
n
(f))
nN
converges point-
wise to a function g over R. Show that g = f.
6) We assume here that f is C

. Show that for all N N

c
k
(f) = O(|k|
N
) as |k| +.
7) We assume here that f is C

(still 2-periodic). We introduce for all n N

the quantity
R
n
(f) :=
2
n
n

j=0
f
_
j
n
_
.
Show that for all N N

R
n
(f)
_
2
0
f(t) dt

= O(|n|
N
) as |n| +.
1
Part 2
For all z C and R > 0, we note D(z, R) := {z

C, |z

z| < R}. A function F : C,

open subset of C, is said to be analytic over if: for all z
0
, there exists a sequence
(a
0,n
)
nN
C
N
and R
0
> 0 such that
F(z) =
+

n=0
a
0,n
(z z
0
)
n
, z D(z
0
, R
0
), D(z
0
, R
0
) .
We remind that a power series F(z) =

+
n=0
a
n
z
n
is analytic over its disk of convergence.
We admit the following result, known as the principle of isolated zeros: if F : C,
open subset of C, is analytic over , either F is zero over , or the set of zeros of F
{z , F(z) = 0} has no accumulation point in .
1) Let R > 0. We say that f : R C est R-analytic if: for all x
0
R, there exists a sequence
(a
0,n
)
nN
C
N
such that: f(x) =
+

n=0
a
0,n
(x x
0
)
n
, x ]x
0
R, x
0
+R[.
a) Using the principle of isolated zeros, show that if f is R-analytic, the formula
F(z) :=
+

n=0
a
0,n
(z x
0
)
n
, z D(x
0
, R), x
0
R
denes an extension of f to the set H
R
:= {z = x +iy, |y| < R}.
b) Show that if f is 2- periodic, F satises F(z + 2) = F(z) for all z H
R
.
2) We dene a closed path as the image of an application : [0, 1] C, continuous and
piecewise C
1
, satisfying (0) = (1). For all F continuous over , we dene the integral of F
along as the quantity
_

F :=
_
1
0
F((t))

(t) dt.
Show that for a power series F(z) =

+
n=0
a
n
z
n
with radius R > 0, and for all closed path
D(0, R), one has
_

F = 0.
3) We assume here that f : R C is both 2-periodic, and Ranalytic for some R > .
Using questions 1)b) and question 2) of part 2, show that there is > 0 such that
c
k
(f) = O(e
|k|
), as |k| +.
4) Let f : R C 2-periodic and piecewise continuous. We assume that there exists > 0
such that
c
k
(f) = O(e
|k|
), lorsque |k| +.
Show that f is R-analytic for some R > 0.
2
Exercice 2
In this problem, K will stand for either the eld R of real numbers or the eld C of
complex numbers. Let n 1 be an integer. We let R
n
(respectively C
n
) be endowed with the
standard euclidean norm (respectively hermitian norm) and M
n
(K) be the vector space of
square matrices of order n with coecient in K, endowed with its norm topology. We denote
GL
n
(K) the group of invertible matrices in M
n
(K) and Id GL
n
(K) the identity matrix.
We will denote det(M) for the determinant of a matrix M,
t
Mfor its transposed and
[M, N] := MN NM for the commutator of two matrices M, N. Also the exponential
matrix of M, denoted exp(M), is the following matrix:
exp(M) :=

n=1
M
n
n!
.
I) Preliminaries: 1. Show that exp(M) is well dened (that is to say, the series is con-
vergent) and that the function M exp(M) is a continuous function M
n
(K)
M
n
(K).
2. Prove that for any M M
n
(K), exp(M) GL
n
(K).
3. Compute det
_
exp(M)
_
as a function of the trace Tr(M) of M.
4. Prove that, for any M, N, one has
exp
_
tM) exp(tN) = exp
_
t(M +N) +
t
2
2
[M, N] +O(t
3
)
_
when t R
+
goes to 0.
5. Deduce that
lim
k+
_
exp
_
M
k
_
exp
_
N
k
_
exp
_
M
k
_
exp
_
N
k
_
_
k
2
= exp
_
[M, N]
_
.
6. Let G be a closed subgroup of GL
n
(R). Show that
L
G
:= {M M
n
(R) / t R, exp(tM) G}
is a sub-vector space of M
n
(R).
II) Decompositions of unitary matrices Let U U
n
(C) = {M M
n
(C) /
t
MM = Id}
be unitary. Here, we write M for the matrices obtained by taking the complex conjugate
of each entry of M M
n
(C).
1. Prove that there exists an orthonormal basis of C
n
whose elements are eigenvectors
of U.
2. Let A be in U
n
(C).
(a) Show that there exists an unitary matrix Q and a diagonal matrix with
entries in [0, 1) R, such that A = Q
1
exp(2i)Q.
(b) Assume A is both unitary and symmetric. Show that the matrix X = Q
1
Q
is in M
n
(R) and is symmetric. Also prove that A = exp(2iX).
3
3. Let U U
n
(C) be unitary.
(a) Prove that the matrix
t
UU is both unitary and symmetric.
(b) Prove that there exists a symmetric matrix X in M
n
(R) and an orthogonal
matrix P O
n
(R) = {M M
n
(R) /
t
MM = Id} such that U = P exp(iX).
(c) Is such a decomposition unique ?
III) Abelian subgroups of GL
n
(R) Let G be a connected, closed and commutative sub-
group of GL
n
(R). Recall the vector space L
G
dened in question I.6).
1. Show that the exponential function M exp(M) is a group homomorphism from
L
G
(endowed with the addition) to G.
2. Deduced that exp(L
G
) = G.
3. Show that
G
= {X L
G
/ exp(X) = Id} is a discrete subgroup of L
G
, that is
to say a subgroup of L
G
such that for any x
G
, the singleton {x} is an open
subset of
G
(endowed with the subspace topology).
4. Show that there are two integers s, t 0 such that G is isomorphic to the group
R
s
(S
1
)
t
, where S
1
is the subgroup of C {0} of complex numbers of norm 1.
IV) Application to dAlembert-Gauss Theorem Recall that C is a R-vector space of
dimension 2. We let G be the (multiplicative) group C

(endowed with the subspace

topology). For any z in G, we denote (z) : C C the function mapping any z

in C
to (z)(z

) := zz

C.
1. Prove that (z) lies in GL
2
(R), and show that the image (G) of G is a closed
subgroup of GL
2
(R) which is isomorphic to G.
2. Let L R be a commutative eld whose dimension as an R-vector space is d 2.
Show that the group G = L

is isomrophic to a connected, closed, commutative

subgroup of GL
d
(R).
3. We recall that for d 3 et t 1, R
d
\ {0} is not homeomorphic to R
s
(S
1
)
t
(the rst space is simply connected while the other is not). Show that d = 2, and
deduce that the eld C is algebraically closed (one can use question III.4).
4