Method of Slope Failure Protection Conventional Slope Stabilization Method Chuman surface and non-reinforcing shotcrete surfaces were

a common use of material for slope stability improvement. For some steep slopes, a stone pitching surface was most widely used, or masonry facing for rigid surface cover. Some of them were installed weep holes to reduce the pore water pressure inside the slope. However, the main purpose of this was to achieve an impervious interface for prevention of the surface erosion and the rainfall entry into the slope in order to reduce the pore water pressure inside the slope. This method is easy in terms of construction and maintenance and was also cost efficient. However, if the slope had inherent instability due to internal soil, shear failure and sliding would still occur. This method would not provide an enough structural external force against the movement of the slope failure wedge. On the other hand, this method usually uses a concrete or stone base construction material, which is usually grey or white in color. This triggers an environmental problem, as the finish is very inconsistent with the surrounding natural landscape. Method i. Shotcrete Surface Method - Shotcrete is a process where concrete is sprayed onto slope surface using a shotcrete feeder gun to form rigid surface. Usually, shotcrete surface slopes have approximate 50-150mm thick and provide wire mash reinforcement to prevent surface crack and shrinkage. Photo

ii. Masnory Surface Method - Use stone pitching as a rigid surface cover for prevents erosion and surface runoff. This method is easy for maintenance and construction.

iii. Chuman Surface Method - Use of cement sand mix material for surface protection. No reinforcement and wire mash required. Poor crack and shrinkage resistance

Current Method of Slope Failure Prevention In the past 20 years, slope improvement technology has advanced significantly. The slope improvements are now focusing on the slope stability design and environmental protection. Many different types of slope retaining methods are used in slope improvement construction and design. The most commonly used methods are Soil-nailing and Bio-Engineering.

Method i. Soil Nailing -Soil ns or retaining walls are reinforced nailing by the is a new technique in which soil slopes, excavatio insertion steel reinforcing bars. It is noted that the first use of the soil nailing application was in 1972 and now this method is a well-established technique around the world. Sometimes, soil nailing can combine different type of retaining methods such as soil nailing on retaining walls and with greening surfaces. Soil nailing can provide a cost efficient, quick and standard technique for slope improvement solution. ii. Bio Engineering - Bio-Engineering is one of the most innovative technologies for slope improvements in the world. It is described that Bio-Engineering includes the use of tree roots or plant roots to retain shallow slope failure. This method has an advantage as it is natural and environmental friendly. However, many factors can influence the effectiveness of Bio-engineering for slope stabilization. This method is in an early stage of development, and needs a period of time for technology proving and development.

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Types of Retaining Structure i. Gravity Retaining Wall - Gravity walls depend on the weight of their mass (stone, concrete or other heavy material) to resist pressures from behind and will often have a slight setback, to improve stability by leaning back into the retained soil. For short landscaping walls, they are often made from mortarless stone or segmental concrete units (masonry units). Dry-stacked gravity walls are somewhat flexible and do not require a rigid footing in frost areas. Home owners who build larger gravity walls that do require a rigid concrete footing can make use of the services of a professional excavator, which will make digging a trench for the base of the gravity wall much easier. ii. Cantilever Wall - Before the introduction of modern reinforcedsoil gravity walls, cantilevered walls were the most common type of taller retaining wall. This type of wall uses much less material than a traditional gravity wall. Cantilevered walls are made from a relatively thin stem of steel-reinforced, cast-in-place concrete or mortared masonry, fixed at one end, usually by way of a simple, embedment or cantilever foundation (often in the shape of an inverted T). These rigid concrete footings must be positioned into firm suitable foundations. The

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wall operates like a beam cantilevering the load to a large, fixed structural base converting horizontal pressures from behind the wall into vertical pressures onto the ground below. Sometimes on the cantilevered front, or walls include are a buttressed

counterfeit on the back, to improve their stability against heavy loads. iii. Anchored Walls - These walls are pinned both top and bottom using cables, or other stays, which are anchored in the rock or soil behind it. Anchors are driven into the material and then expanded at the end of the cable, either by mechanical means or by injecting pressurized concrete into the hole. They concrete expands to form a bulb in the soil. The wall may be embedded at the base and tied to a slab at the top or to a deadman anchor a concrete structure which is driven into the ground or anchored to the earth with sufficient resistance. The horizontal cable, rod or helical anchor, and deadman structure resists forces that would otherwise cause the wall to become unstable. This method, though technically complex, is useful where high loads are expected, or where the wall itself has to be slender and would be too weak without anchoring.