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Acids and Alkalis

Acids
An acid is a compound, Which when dissolved in water, dissociates to produce hydrogen ions, H+(aq)

Strong acids
An acids which completely dissociate in to ions in aqueous solutions are called strong acids. The word strong refers only to the extent of dissociation and not in any way to the concentration. It is vital to realize that strength and concentrations are completely independent. HCl(aq) HNO3(aq) H2SO4(aq) H+(aq) + Ci- (aq) H+(aq) + NO3- (aq) 2H+(aq)+ SO4-2(aq)

Weak acids
A weak acids partially dissociates in water to produce a low concentration of hydrogen ions. CH3COOH(aq) CH3COO- (aq) + H+(aq)

Alkali
Alkali is a compound which dissolved in water dissociates to produce hydroxide ions.

Strong alkali
Strong alkali are completely dissociated into ions in aqueous solutions. NaOH(aq) Na+(aq) + -OH(aq)

Weak alkali
Weak alkali partially dissociates in water to produce a low concentration of hydroxyl ions.

NH3(aq) + H2O(l) Bases

NH4+(aq) + -OH(aq)

The substances that can neutralizes H+ from acids. All carbonates, oxides, hydroxides, hydrogen

carbonates(bicarbonates), ammonia.

1 Why is ethanoic acid described as a weak acid? A It is only slightly ionised in water. B It is a poor conductor of electricity. C It is an organic acid. D It reacts only with very reactive metals. 2 Which of the following is a reaction of dilute hydrochloric acid? A Ammonium chloride reacts to give ammonia. B Calcium carbonate reacts to give carbon dioxide. C Copper reacts to give hydrogen. D Universal Indicator paper turns blue. 3 A bee sting is acidic. Which household substance will neutralise a bee sting? A damp bicarbonate of soda pH 8 B damp common salt pH 7 C lemon juice pH 5 D vinegar pH 4 4 Solid R is gradually added to aqueous solution S. The changes in pH are shown on the graph.

What are R and S?

5 Which of the following compounds dissolves in water to give a solution with a pH greater than 7? A calcium carbonate B copper(II) hydroxide

C sodium hydroxide D sulphur dioxide 6 Which calcium compound does not increase the pH of acidic soils? A calcium carbonate B calcium hydroxide C calcium oxide D calcium sulphate 7 Which words in the table complete the following description of the preparation of copper(II) sulphate? An excess of copper(II) oxide was added to dilute sulphuric acid. The mixture was -1 to remove the excess of oxide. The solution was 2 to half its volume and then cooled,so that it -3 .

8 Which equation represents the neutralisation of dilute sulphuric acid by aqueous sodium hydroxide?

9 Which element reacts with oxygen to form a compound that is a gas at room temperature? A magnesium B hydrogen C copper D carbon 10 What reacts with hydrochloric acid to give hydrogen? A ammonia B iron C silver D sodium hydroxide 11 In which reaction is dilute sulphuric acid not behaving as an acid?

12 Which of the following is a characteristic property of alkalis in aqueous solution? A They liberate ammonia from ammonium salts. B They liberate carbon dioxide from carbonates. C They give hydrogen with any metal. D They turn Universal Indicator paper red. 13 Which reaction will not occur using cold, dilute sulphuric acid? A formation of copper(II) sulphate from copper(II) oxide B formation of copper(II) sulphate from copper C formation of hydrogen from magnesium metal D formation of carbon dioxide from sodium carbonate

14 The formulae of some oxides are shown below. Which entry in the table gives the correct number of each type of oxide?

15The table shows the solubilities of some lead salts. What will be the best method for making a sample of lead(II) chloride?

A Add dilute hydrochloric acid to aqueous lead(II) nitrate, filter. B Heat lead(II) sulphate with dilute hydrochloric acid, cool, filter. C Heat powdered lead with aqueous sodium chloride, cool, filter. D Shake lead(II) carbonate with cold dilute hydrochloric acid, filter.

16 Potassium nitrate crystals can be separated from sand using the four processes shown below. Which of the following shows the processes in the correct order?

17 An amphoteric oxide was added separately to a warm dilute solution of an acid and of an alkali. Which entry in the table is correct?

18 The diagram shows some reactions of copper compounds. Which change is made by adding an acid?

19 The ionic equation for a reaction is shown below. This reaction takes place readily when A aqueous barium nitrate is added to aqueous sodium sulphate, B molten barium sulphate is cooled until it solidifies, C solid barium chloride is added to dilute sulphuric acid, D solid barium sulphate is heated until it melts.

20 The equation for the reaction between aqueous lead(II) nitrate and aqueous potassium iodide is shown.

Which method could be used to separate the products? A chromatography B crystallisation C distillation D filtration 21 Salts are made by reacting acids with bases. For which combination of acids and bases is the titration method of preparation suitable? A an insoluble acid with an insoluble base B an insoluble acid with a soluble base C a soluble acid with an insoluble base D a soluble acid with a soluble base 22 The following equations represent reactions of dilute sulphuric acid. Which reaction is not typical of a dilute acid?

23 The pH of an aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid is 2. What will be the pH of the acid after the addition of 10 g of sodium chloride? A1 B2 C7 D9

24 A black powder is burned in air. The gas produced dissolves in water to form solution R. The pH of R is close to 7. The gas is readily absorbed in aqueous sodium hydroxide. What type of substance is present in solution R? A strong acid B strong base C weak acid D weak base 25 Aluminium sulphate is used in water treatment. Aqueous aluminium sulphate is acidic. The table shows the results of tests on four different samples of treated water. To which sample had an excess of aluminium sulphate been added?

26 The table gives information about three indicators.

Which colours would be obtained when each indicator was added separately to pure water?

27 Which reactants could be used safely to prepare potassium chloride? A aqueous potassium hydroxide and dilute hydrochloric acid B aqueous potassium sulphate and aqueous sodium chloride C potassium and aqueous sodium chloride D potassium and dilute hydrochloric acid

28Which two reagents could be used to prepare the insoluble salt copper(II) carbonate? A CuO(s) + Na2CO3(aq) B CuO(s) + MgCO3(s) C CuSO4(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) D CuSO4(aq) + MgCO3(s)

29 In an experiment 5 cm3 of 1.0 mol / dm3 sodium hydroxide are gradually added to 10 cm3 of 1.0 mol / dm3 hydrochloric acid containing methyl orange.

Which change occurs in the mixture? A The concentration of the H+ ions increases. B The methyl orange changes colour. C More water molecules are formed. D A precipitate is formed. 30 The table gives information about three indicators.

If equal volumes of these three indicators were mixed, which colour would be observed at pH 5? A blue B green C orange D yellow 31Which method of preparation of a pure salt solution requires the use of a pipette and burette?

32 Sodium, aluminium and sulphur are in the same period of the Periodic Table. What trend in types of oxide occurs across this period?

33 The diagram shows the colours of the indicators, methyl orange and methyl red, at different pH values.

The table shows the pH of four solutions.

In which solutions will both indicators be yellow? A W and X B X and Y C Y and Z

D Z only

34 Which graph shows the changes in pH as an excess of hydrochloric acid is added to aqueous sodium hydroxide?

35 Which statement does not describe a property of a weak acid in solution? A It forms a salt with sodium hydroxide. B It has a pH of between 8 and 9. C It is only partly dissociated into ions. D It reacts with sodium carbonate to give off carbon dioxide. 36 Which products are formed when dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with the substances shown in the table?

37 An excess of calcium hydroxide is added to an acidic soil. What happens to the pH of the soil?

38Which of the following is a reaction of dilute sodium hydroxide? A It reacts with ammonium chloride to produce ammonia. B It reacts with calcium carbonate to produce carbon dioxide. C It reacts with copper(II) oxide to produce water. D It reacts with Universal Indicator solution turning it red. 39 The equation for one method of making copper carbonate is shown below. The reaction is an example of A neutralisation. B oxidation and reduction. C precipitation. D synthesis. 40 Which of the following reagents could be used to distinguish between dilute nitric acid and dilute hydrochloric acid? A aqueous barium chloride B copper(II) carbonate C aqueous silver nitrate D aqueous sodium hydroxide 41 Which substance does not produce copper(II) sulphate when added to dilute sulphuric acid? A copper B copper(II) carbonate C copper(II) hydroxide D copper(II) oxide 42 Which ionic equation represents the neutralisation of aqueous sodium hydroxide with dilute nitric acid?

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43The table shows the solubility of some salts of metal Y in cold water.

What is metal Y? A barium B lead C magnesium D sodium 44 Which salt can be prepared by an acid-alkali titration method? A ammonium sulphate B copper(II) sulphate C iron(II) sulphate D zinc sulphate 45 Which pair of substances produce a precipitate when their aqueous solutions are mixed? A barium nitrate, silver nitrate B sodium chloride, barium nitrate C sodium nitrate, barium chloride D sodium sulphate, barium chloride 46 Hydrochloric acid is used to clean metals. The acid reacts with the oxide layer on the surface of the metal, forming a salt and water. Which word describes the metal oxide? A alloy B base C element D indicator 47 Which substance reacts with calcium to form a salt? A hydrochloric acid B oxygen C sodium hydroxide D water

48 The incomplete equation shows a reaction. What are the products of this reaction?

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A copper(II) oxide, sulphur dioxide, hydrogen B copper(II) oxide, sulphur dioxide, water C copper(II) sulphate, carbon dioxide, hydrogen D copper(II) sulphate, carbon dioxide, water 49 Which substance does not form copper(II) sulphate with warm, dilute sulphuric acid? A copper B copper(II) carbonate C copper(II) hydroxide D copper(II) oxide 50 The diagram shows how the pH of an industrial waste changes when substance X is added to it.

What is substance X? A coal B lime C salt D water 51 Potassium nitrate is a salt and dissolves in water in an endothermic process. What happens to the temperature and pH of the water as the salt dissolves?

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52 Which two processes are involved in the preparation of magnesium sulphate crystals from dilute sulphuric acid and an excess of magnesium oxide? A decomposition and filtration B decomposition and oxidation C neutralisation and filtration D neutralisation and oxidation 53 The pH values of four solutions are shown.

Mixing combinations of these solutions can give a solution of pH 6. Which combination of solutions could not do this? A P and R B P and S C Q and R D R and S

54 The oxide Pb3O4 reacts with dilute nitric acid to form lead(II) nitrate, lead(IV) oxide and another product. What is the equation for this reaction?

55 The pH of some aqueous sodium hydroxide is measured. The solution is then distilled as shown.

How do the pH values of the distillate and of the solution left in the flask compare with the original?

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56 The chart shows the colour ranges of four different indicators. Which indicator is blue in an acidic solution?

57 A sample of acid rainwater (pH = 4) is passed down a glass column packed with marble chippings (calcium carbonate). The water coming from the bottom of the column is collected in a beaker. The pH is now 6.

What causes the change in pH? A The acid has been filtered. B The acid has been neutralised. C The acid is made more concentrated. D The acid is precipitated. 58 Hydrochloric acid is used to clean a metal surface by removing the oxide layer on the metal. This is because hydrochloric acid has a ..X.. pH and the metal oxide is ..Y.. What are X and Y?

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59 The apparatus shown can be used to prepare aqueous copper(II) sulphate.

What are substances X and Y?

60 In the experiment shown, the dilute sulphuric acid is run into the flask of aqueous barium hydroxide until the reaction is complete.

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Which processes occur in this reaction?

61 Bottles of sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride and sugar have lost their labels. Students test a sample from each bottle. Their results are shown in the table.

What are the correct labels for each bottle?

62 An excess of acid in the stomach causes indigestion that can be cured by an anti-indigestion tablet. What should the tablet contain to decrease the acidity? A an acidic substance B an alkaline substance C a neutral substance D Universal Indicator 63 A solution is made by adding sodium oxide to water. Which pH change can occur?

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64 Which properties does an acid have? 1 reacts with ammonium sulphate to form ammonia 2 turns red litmus blue

65 Pure zinc sulphate can be prepared by adding an excess of either zinc carbonate or an excess ofzinc hydroxide to dilute sulphuric acid. In which form are these zinc compounds used?

66 The diagram shows the results of a pH test on a sample of garden soil.

What could be added to the soil to change its pH to 7? A ammonium nitrate B lime C sand chloride

D sodium

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67 Acids react with bases, carbonates and metals. Which of these reactions produce a gas?

68 The diagram shows an experiment in which magnesium oxide powder is added to dilute hydrochloric acid.

Which terms describe the experiment?

69Barium hydroxide is an alkali. It reacts with hydrochloric acid.

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What happens to the pH of a solution of hydrochloric acid as an excess of aqueous barium hydroxide is added? A The pH decreases from 14 but becomes constant at 7. B The pH decreases from 14 to about 1. C The pH increases from 1 but becomes constant at 7. D The pH increases from 1 to about 14.

70 Acids react with bases, carbonates and metals. Which of these reactions produce a gas?

71 The diagrams show three experiments using dilute sulphuric acid. Three different powders are added to the acid.

The mixtures are stirred. Which test-tubes then contain Cu2+(aq) ions? A 1 and 2 only B 1 and 3 only 1, 2 and 3

C 2 and 3 only

72 The diagram shows the pH values of the soil in X and Y, two parts of the garden of a house.

The house owner wishes to use lime to neutralise the soil in one part of the garden. To which part should the lime be added, and why?

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73 The diagrams show two experiments, one to make barium chloride and the other to make barium sulphate.

In each experiment, the acid is run into the conical flask until the resulting liquid has pH7. What are the next steps to obtain samples of the solid salts?

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