A portrait of the Artist as a Young Man Kunstlerroman (artists life) Bildungsroman (life of a man) .

. Development of the soul of the artist from childhood till the adulthood.

From the very beginning, we see a child with artistic sensibility, he is interested in words, rhymes. Very oriented towards language. Then he moves to the senses, and there is a connection between art and senses. As a child, interested in language. Ben Okri, The Landscapes Within 1980s. A Nigerian author, and a Nigerian version of the A portrait of the artist as a young man going a bit against Joyce, trying to define Ireland. A portrait of the artist just one of the many portraits of a particular artist. Five stages of his life like a pentacle on Sir Gawains shield. And Ireland: green. Step(hen) a first Christian (pro)martyr, He was stoned to death (c. A.D. 34 35) A hen does not fly. But Stephen wants to fly, to fly away from Ireland. His name implies the impossibility of doing so. Dedalus suggested the possibility of building his own wings.

The discrepancy between hen and Dedalus lies in the possibility of having flyable wings. So the question is: will he succeed? The question: why is that Stephen did not manage to construct his own wings? The son could not fly because he took the wings of another. The name is given Dedalus is the name of the father. Stephen? Who gives him this name? Parents. If the mother gives this name, she suggests he does not want to fly (the ultimate mother: Ireland) Father priests, church, the teachers (father).

Those who construct wings.. So the wings are not of his own, not really wings contrived to fly. The construction of wings is an illusion of possible freedom. When Stephen wants to become an artist, he models himself on Byron and Shelley copying from themselves, and here is also the relation of the British art with Ireland. English the novel is written in this language. Irishman and Englishman you will always tell them apart when you hear them. But in the novel, you cannot know. One way of escaping Irishness is into English. But there is also impossibility of writing Irishness into English. Can you write your own identity into another language?

2. free indirect discourse Free indirect discourse reported speech. Extradiegetic (past tense), heterodiegetic (third person) third person omniscient narrator. Modernism is more realist than the realist novel (photographic). Modernist novel is psychoanalytical. Every thought, emotion can be found in the text. In normal indirect discourse: he said it was a cruel thing. In free indirect discourse: he said it was a cruel thing. It is suggested that the text is a present tense novel, but is reported by an impersonal narrator, and thats why we have a problem identifying the level of diegesis. There is a clear distinction between the character and the narrator reporting his actions. An omniscient narrator who knows exactly everything. This is typical of modernism to experiment with the narrator. The narrator is present in the change of tenses and pronouns. So it is a difficult ontological situation. The question is? Who exactly is the narrator in the relation to the protagonist. 3. narration/focalization Character focalization - the narrator has the role of reporter, witness. The narrator does not judge impersonal. We do not have the opinions and judgements of the narrator. to such a degree that... Why do we have a detailed description of a napkin ring rolling down the carpet? Because Stephen notices that, it tells us that he looks at it and takes notice. And as long as he looks, we will read about it. In this novel we see things as Stephen sees them a little bit metonymically. We see everything through his eyes and through the projection of his mind. There is also a fragment where we are literarily in Stephens mind. What was the role of focalization in GE? What is the function of it in APOTAAAYM? You do have the frame in GE of an adult Pip who gives judgement, we know he is interpreting Barnards Inn, everything is combined to criticize life. Here, there is no interpretive frame, the narrator surrenders this role, we follow the narration as Stephen sees everything, with his present perceptions. The relationship between the narrator and focalizer in Dickens and Joyce what are the differences?

We can trust Pip, because he is already mature... Stephen has overgrown ambitions, but he is an idiot. Talentless, trying to become a poet. The bane of lecturers, brainless students with great ambitions who read a lot. Stephen is annoying. The implications of the portrait in the title? Is this really a portrait? We have a character focalization, from the one perspective. This is not a real portrait, but a self-portrait. In a portrait, there is someone giving us a certain perspective. James Joyce and IRISH HISTORY The problem of Irish dependency is cooperation, if not collaboration. Two empires oppressing Ireland: The War of the Roses white and red roses. England is the oppressor. How is Englands oppression shown? English history, tradition is present at school. It is impossible for Ireland to separate from England. but you could not have a green rose Ireland. but perhaps somewhere else in the world you could escaping from Ireland, you can have it somewhere else, where you are perceived as Irish, and not English. WWI is important for Irish because of the Easter Uprising. Being strongly aware of ones identity, and still trying to suppress it to forget about what should be done now. Anti-catholic ruling making English literature and language the only own language. The Catholic Church - the second EMPIRE that oppresses Ireland. The priest stood in the embrasure in a frame, so there is a certain limitation, restriction shown. With his back to the light ignoring truth and goodness. Crossblind blind to the faith, or blinded by faith. dangling and looping the cord creating a hangsmans rope. In the shadow no light skull a skull, or Golgota. So the Catholic Church is condemned in this passage. Narrow-minded, blinded by faith, absolutely a torture house. But, lets go back to the fact that this is Stephens focalization. He sees it as oppressive. The question is: to what extent these two empires are oppressive, to what extent Stephen sees them as oppressive. It is less important of how oppressive or not you are. For Irish, it is oppressive, the viewpoint opposite to the English is shown.

But, there is another problem: Stephen is an idiot, so concentrated on being an artist, so you cannot trust his judgement. Stephen is asked at some point to become a priest, but he wants to stay free. The focalization undermines the possibility of reading the novel as clearly political. Charles Stewart Parnell destroyed by Ireland, and his Church. Because he had an affair with a married woman. 5. Stephens definitions of Ireland and the creation of his self - he wanted to think about everything and everywhere. He wants to achieve a boundlessness. He wants to break through the existing boundaries. How does this fragment relate to the earlier fragment? As Stephen matures, instead of achieving more freedom, and coming closer to boundlessness, we are told that we are in the cloister of his mind, he is enclosed by the Church and England (Byron, Shelley). Desirous of freedom, getting trapped within the limitations of his mind. What voices and nets constitute Ireland for Stephen Net: a confinement, a trap.. Voice: in a voice, you have a choice, you can follow it, or not

It is harder to escape a net that has been thrown upon you than not follow a voice. Voice urging him to be strong and manly and healthy which is very British, ideology of public schools. Masculine Christianity. ^ Voices: his masters, fathers, father/family, church, friends (be a decent sport!) voices representing Irish tradition and Christian tradition. There is one thing that unites all these voices: they are all male. But, paradoxically, (a gender problem of this novel) who do we associate with voices: with sirens, women. And Ireland is a woman, a mother empire. So there is here an interesting relation... The father who is a priest and a teacher at school. Male voices representing nations and concepts that are female. Females speaking with male voices. Nets: nationality, language, religion. they hold you back from flight.