ANALYSIS ON THE TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH MODALS INTO INDONESIAN

Ni Luh Putu Setiarini Fakultas Sastra dan Bahasa Universitas Gunadarma Jl. Margonda Raya No. 100 Depok Niluhputu_s@staff.gunadarma.ac.id
ABSTRACT The purposes of this study are to gain factual information concerning the translation of the modals, shifts and modulations entailed to it. As the result of the study the writer describes the following findings. The kinds of units used in English modals were in the form of words and phrases. However units used in Indonesian modals were not only words and phrases but also particles, phrases followed by particles, and words followed by particles. All of English modals belonged to verb class. However they were not only translated into verbs but also into adjectives and adverbs. Intra system shifts also occurred in translating English modals into Indonesian modals, i.e. modals can, could, must, ought to, should, will, and would. In other words in translating modals may, might, and shall, no intra system shifts occurred. Modulation also occurred in translating English modals into Indonesian modals, except the modal shall. There were many meanings in modals. One modal might have more than one meaning. The meaning was based on the speakers attitude toward the event. To determine the meaning, the writer had looked through the context. Keywords: analysis, translation, modal, shift, unit shift, class shift, intra system shift, and modulation

INTRODUCTION Background of the Research Translating from one language into another language is closely related to linguistics. Translation theory derives from comparative linguistics; it is an aspect of semantics. Many translators have translated from source language into target language in order to make the readers of target language, especially ones who do not understand the source language can also consume the message of source language text. In translating a text, a translator reproduces form of source language into form of target language by way of semantic structure. It means that the meaning should be transferred and must be consistent and the form may be changed. The form meant is the surface structure like words, phrases, clauses, sentences or paragraphs. In translating, the surface structure may be different but the deep structure (meaning) remains the same. Since each language has its own rule or structure in stating ides, translators may not be influenced by their native languages. Translators should be aware that each language possesses certain distinctive characteristics, e.g. word building, pattern of phrase order, and technique for linking clauses into sentences. It is necessary to be considered in order to bear the best translation, i.e. a translation which does not sound like a translation. As one language has different rules from other languages, translators should perform shift in their translation. Shift may occur when there is no formal correspondence.

Although both source language and target language have distribution of sentence, phrase, word, and morpheme; translation may require moving up and down, e.g. from phrase into word, or from clause into sentence. Translators are obliged to make adjustment as shift word order, using verbs in place of nouns, and substituting nouns for pronouns. Those shifts are due to different kinds of language system between source language and target language. In rendering a text, the forms of the source language have to be replaced by the forms of the target language and the meaning must be equivalent. It is the same when we translate any verbs of sentences. One of the examples is translating English modals. Not all modals of source language (English) are also translated into the same kind of verbs in the target language (Indonesian). In Indonesian, modals can be stated by verb, adverb, adjective, noun, and clause. In English, besides modal auxiliaries, some classes such as verbs, disjuncts, adjectives, nouns express modality. Because of this matter, the writer sometimes finds out difficulties in translating English modals into Indonesian. The writer has to translate modals in the correct forms. The expression of modal meanings can vary widely from language to language and has to be handled carefully in translation. Modals meanings have to do with the category by which speakers express attitudes towards the event contained in the proposition. The attitude may be that assessing the probability that the proposition is true in the terms of modal certainty, probability or possibility. In other words the speaker involves in the statements through his response of what he said. The writer conducts the research on the analysis on translation of modals in order to find out how modals are translated into Indonesian and whether there are any shifts or modulation implemented in the process of translation order to find out the equivalents meaning. The writer chooses that topic because after reading the source novel and its translation, the writer found many modals used in the novel. The expression of modal meanings can take quite a different form in each language. There are shifts occurred in translating modals. Due to the reasons, the writer wishes to analyse the translation of modals from English into Indonesian in A Stranger in the Mirror and its translation Sosok Asing dalam Cermin. It is important for the researcher to conduct this study since there are not many researchers studying this kind of topic. Besides the language system especially, modals, between Indonesian and English are different. The writer hopes that the result of this research can be a guideline for practitioners especially translators and students to translate modals. In conducting the research the writer takes data from a Sydney Seldon novel entitled A Stranger in the Mirror as the source language and its translation Sosok Asing dalam Cermin as the target language. Statement of the Problems Since English and Indonesian have different grammatical ways in formulating sentences, the translation of modal auxiliary verbs may cause problems. In order to the meaning or the message of source language remain the same, the form can be changed. Based on that reason, the translation of modal can cause shift, modulation and different ways of using sub-category modal auxiliary. In this research the problem formulation can be formulated as follows: 1. What are the translations of modal can, could, may, might, must, ought, shall, should, will, and would ? 2. Are any shifts and modulation used in order to gain equivalents of the modals?

Objectives of the Research Based on the problem formulation stated above, this researcher aims to obtain the factual data concerning: 1. the translations of modals can, could, may, might, must, ought, shall, should, will, and would. 2. whether there are any shifts and modulations applied in translating the modals THEORETICAL BACKGROUND Definition of Translation Catford (1969) states that translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (source language) by equivalent textual material in another language (target language) (p.20). It means that in translating, one must find the equivalence text of source text. According to Newmark (1981), translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language (p.7). It means that one has to be able to say something as well in one language as in another. Larson (1984) said that in translating a text, a translator should reproduce it which communicates the same message as the source language but using the natural grammatical and lexical choices of the target language (p.17). Based on the above definitions, each expert uses different terms, such as: reproduce, replace, and render. Although they use different terms but all the meanings are similar, i.e., transferring meaning. Theory of Equivalence When you read a translated text and you consider that it is not like a translated one, it means that you read the best translation. The translator of that text must emphasize on the reproduction of the message by dynamic equivalence rather than the conservation of the form. The term of equivalence is introduced by Nida and Taber. Nida and Taber (1969) state that there are fundamentally two different types of equivalence, one is called formal and the other is dynamic (p.22). Formal equivalence focuses on the message itself in both form and content. In such translation, one is concerned with correspondences as poetry to poetry, sentence to sentence and concept to concept. The message in the target language should match as closely as possible the different elements in the source language. It means that the message in the target culture is constantly compared with the message in the source culture to determine standards of accuracy and correctness (Nida and Taber, 1964, p.159). Meanwhile, Nida and Taber (1969) define dynamic equivalence as the degree to which the target of the message in the target language responds to it in substantially the same manner as the receptors in the source language They stated that the response can never be identical for the cultural and historical settings are too different but there should be a high degree of equivalence of response. Level Shift

Catford defines level shifts as a source language item at the linguistic level has a target language translation equivalent at a different level, i.e. phonology, graphology, grammar, and lexis He has pointed out that translation between the levels of phonology and graphology or vice versa is impossible. But level shifts would be something which is expressed by grammar in one language and lexis in another. (p.73). Example: (SL): He is writing some short stories. (TL): Ia sedang menulis beberapa cerita pendek. Sentence 3.a contains progressive aspect. Aspects in source language (English) are stated in grammatical level, but in target language (Indonesian) they are not stated in grammatical level but in lexical level. Category Shift Catford (1965) divides category shifts into four kinds, they are: structure shifts, class shifts, unit sifts (rank shifts), and intra system shifts (p.76). Catford (1965) said that structure shifts are the most common form of shift and to involve mostly a shift in grammatical structure. In grammar, structure shifts can occur at all (p.77). Here is an example of structure shift implemented in translating from English into Indonesian. 1 Sentences (SL): They did not come. (TL): Mereka tidak datang. SL text and TL text are not formal correspondence. In source language text, it occurs auxiliary verb did to make the sentence negative, but in target language text, no auxiliary verb is used to make the sentence negative. This condition brings about structure shift in sentences. 2 Clause (SL): The woman you met (TL): Wanita yang kamu jumpai Source language text and target language text are not formal correspondence. In source language text there is no conjunction between the woman and you. This form is usually used in informal situation. Meanwhile in target language text, conjunction yang is a must. If conjunction yang is deleted (wanita kamu jumpai), the structure is ungrammatical. This condition brings about structure shift in clause. 3 Phrase (SL): heavy rain (adjective + noun) (TL): hujan deras (noun + adjective) Source language text and target language text are not formal correspondence. The pattern of source language phrases is adjective+noun, but in target language it is noun+adjective. It causes structure shift in phrase. Class Shift Comprises shifts from one part of speech to another. (Catford, 1965, p.78). Meanwhile Vinay and Darbelnet introduce a term transposition which is defined as a change of one part of speech for another without changing the sense (Vinay and Darbelnet, 1995, pp. 94-99 as cited in Munday, 2001,p.57). Below is an example of class shift. (SL): medical student (adjective + noun) (TL): mahasiswa kedokteran (noun + noun)

In source language, the adjective medical operating as modifier is translated into a noun kedokteran in target language. Shift occurs from adjective into noun. Unit Shifts or Rank Shifts are shifts in where the translation equivalence in the target language is at a different rank to the source language. Rank here refers to the hierarchical linguistic units of sentence, clause, group word and morpheme. (Catford, 1965, p.79). 1 Unit morpheme word (SL): impossible (TL): tidak mungkin In SL -im is a morpheme, meaning is negative. It is translated into tidak in TL; it is a word. It causes unit shift from morpheme into word. 2 Unit phrase word (SL): face pack (TL): masker A noun phrase, face pack is translated into a word, masker. It causes unit shift from phrase into word. 3 Unit phrase clause (SL): the gross commercialism and ostentatious life style of many of the newly rich in modern Southeast Asia. (TL): Orang kaya baru di Asia Tenggara dewasa ini memperlihatkan komersialisme yang kasar dan dalam gaya hidup yang suka memamerkan kekayaannya. Source language text in the form phrase is translated into a clause. It causes shift from phrase into clause. 4 Unit clause sentence (SL): There is a big mango tree in my garden which is bearing plenty of fruits each year. (TL): Di kebun saya ada mangga yang besar. Tiap tahun pohon itu menghasilkan banyak buah. Source language text in the form clause is translated into a sentence. It causes shift from clause into sentence Intra System Shifts are shifts that take place when the source language and target language possess approximately corresponding systems but the translation involves selection of a non-corresponding term in the target language system (Catford, 1965, p.79). Example: (SL): A dog is an intelligent animal. (TL): Anjing binatang yang cerdas. Article an and s are translated by nil (zero translation). In Indonesia it is not necessary to translate a and an although it has such kind of article system. Theory of Modulation Modulation is the changes of the semantics and point of view of the source language. Modulation can be obligatory and optional (Vinay and Darbelnet, 2000, p. 89 as cited in Munday, 2001, p.57). They give an example of obligatory modulation is the time when is translated into le moment ou [lit. the moment where. An example of optional is it is not difficult to show is translated into il est facile de demontrer [lit. it is easy to show]. The result of modulation is a shift in meaning. Equivalent chosen by the translator is a word or a group of word that the meaning has a different point of view with the word in source language, but in context the translation is still equivalent, for example: Life jacket is under your seat is translated into Jaket pelampung ada di bawah kursi Anda (Hoed, 2003, p.47).

Research Method This study focuses on analyzing a translated text. From the point of collecting data, this research is inductive. The reason of this statement is that the researcher analyses the details of data before synthesizes the result of the analysis or drawing the conclusion. Source of Data The sources of data in this research are: 1. Novel A Stranger in the Mirror which was written by Sidney Sheldon. A Stranger in the Mirror was published in 1976 by Warner Books, Inc, New York. It consists of 318 pages, and 37 chapters. 2. Sosok Asing dalam Cermin was published in 2001 by PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta. It consists of 444 pages. Data Collection The procedure of data collection begins by identifying the needed data which consists of the English modals compared to the Indonesian modals. The collected data is categorized into data containing modal can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, and would. Then the paying attention to the unit of English and Indonesian modals, class of both modals, intra system shift, the meaning of English and Indonesian modal, and modulation. Data Analysis In analyzing the data, the researcher employs the interactive model that is introduced by Miles and Huberman. This model focuses on three activities: data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing or verification. (Miles and Huberman, 1988, p.23) Data Reduction The data is reduced by categorizing them into clauses containing modals can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, ought, will, and would. All of the data are presented in tables. Data Display Those categories are put into 11 columns, they are: 1. page numbers of source language text 2. clauses containing source language modals 3. page numbers of target language text 4. clauses containing target language modals 5. unit of source and target language 6. unit shift. The writer analyzes whether unit shifts occur or not 7. class of source and target language 8. class shift. The writer analyzes whether class shifts occur or not 9. intra system shift. The writer analyzes whether modals are translated or not 10. the meaning of source modal and target modal. 11. modulation. The writer analyzes whether the meaning of source modals are changing or not.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION The Translation of the Modals The result of data analysis revealed that: 1. can is translated into akan, bisa, bisakah, boleh, mungkin, tak bisa, takkan, tidak bisa, tidak bisakah, tidak boleh, and tidak mungkin. 2. coud is translated into akan, bisa, bisa jadi, bisakah, boleh, boleh jadi, mungkinkah, tak akan, tak bisa, tak dapat, tak mampu, tak mungkin, tak mungkin bisa, takkan bisa, tidak bisa, and tak pernah bisa. 3. may is translated into bisa, boleh, and mungkin tak. 4. might is translated into bisa, ingin, mungkin, and mungkin tidak seharusnya. 5. must is translated into jangan, pasti, tentunya, harus, and tak boleh. 6. ought to is translated into harus 7. shall is translated into akan. 8. should is translated into harus, mestinya tak, tak seharusnya, sebaiknya, seharusnya, and seharusnya tak. 9. will is translated into akan, bolehlah, bisa, harus, ingin, -kan, mau, maukah, pasti, pasti akan, perlu, tak akan, tak mau, and tidak akan. 10. would is translated into akan, bisa, bisakah, harus, kemungkinan, mau, maukah, mungkin, mungkin bisa, pasti, seharusnya, tak akan, tak bisa, tidak mau, and tidak akan. Shifts and Modulation Used in the Translation The second problem is whether there are shifts and modulation used in the translation of the modal. From the data it can be shown that there are several shifts and modulations, they are: Unit Shifts. The different units used in the translation cause unit shifts. Table 1 below indicates that the left hand column shows units of source language modals and the right hand column shows units of target language modals.
Table 1. Unit shifts from source language into target language

NO.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Units of Source Language Modals word word word word phrase phrase phrase phrase

Units of Target Language Modals word + particle not translated phrase word + particle word phrase + particle not translated word

Class Shifts. The different classes used in the translation cause class shifts. Table 2 below indicates that the left hand column shows class of source language modals and the right hand column shows classes of target language modals.

Table 2. Class shifts from source language into target language

NO.

1. 2. 3.

Class of Source Language Modals verb verb verb

Classes of Target Language Modals adverb not translated adjective

Intra System Shifts. Modals of source language which are not translated into modals of target language bring about intra system shift or in other words nil translation. Modulation. In translating the modals some modulation or changing point of view occur. Table 3 below indicates that the left hand column shows point of view of source language modals and the right hand column shows point of view of target language modals. Table 3. Meaning of modals from source language into target language Meanings of Meanings of Target Language NO. Source Language Modals Modals 1. ability -- (not translated) 2. appeal (ask for help) -- (not translated) 3. assumption keakanan 4. awareness kemampuan kemungkinan 5. belief -- (not translated) 6. certainty keteramalan maksud kemauan keteramalan keakanan kemungkinan -- (not translated) 7. expectation negasi keharusan keharusan -- (not translated) 8. firm instruction -- (not translated) 9. future event -- (not translated) 10. important of doing something keharusan -- (not translated) 11. impossibility negasi izin negasi keakanan negasi kemampuan negasi keteramalan negasi maksud -- (not translated) 12. intention keinginan -- (not translated) 13. intention not to do something -- (not translated)

14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.

negative awareness negative belief offer offer of help polite suggestion possibility prediction present situation prohibition request

24. request with cant 25. suggesting

26. undesirable action

27. unwillingness The Synthesis of Modal Can

negasi kemampuan negasi kemungkinan kemampuan kemungkinan keharusan keteramalan -- (not translated) keakanan -- (not translated) kemungkinan -- (not translated) kemampuan keharusan kemampuan -- (not translated) keharusan negasi izin perintah negasi kemungkinan

In source language, the units which are used are phrase and word. The total number of data using unit phrase is 24 and the total number of data using unit word is 40. In target language, the unit which are used are phrase, phrase followed by particle, word, and word followed by particle. The total number of data using unit phrase is 22. The total number of data using unit phrase followed by particle is 1. The total number of data using unit word is 36. The total number of data using unit word followed by particle is 4. There is one data of modal can not translated into source language. Based on the data the total number of unit shift is 7. In source language modal can belongs to verb class. Based on the data, modal can is not only translated into class of verb, it is also translated into class of adverb. In target language, the total number of data using adverb of class is 7. Meanwhile the total number of data using verb of class is 56. There is one data of modal can not translated into source language. Based on the data the total number of class shift is 8, and modulation is 31. The Synthesis of Modal Could In source language, the units which are used are phrase and word. The total number of data using unit phrase is 42 and the total number of data using unit word is 111. In target language, the unit which are used are phrase, phrase followed by particle, word, and word followed by particle. The total number of data using unit phrase is 46. The total number of data using unit word is 89. The total number of data using unit word followed by particle is 2. There are 16 data of modal could not translated into source language. Based on the data the total number of unit shift is 22 In source language modal could belongs to verb class. Based on the data, modal could is not only translated into class of verb, it is also translated into class of adverb and adjective.

In target language, the total number of data using adverb of class is 15. Meanwhile the total number of data using adjective class is 1. And the total number of data using verb class is 121.There are 16 data of modal could not translated into source language. Based on the data the total number of class shift is 31, and modulation is 90. The Synthesis of Modal May In source language, the units which are used are phrase and word. The total number of data using unit phrase is 1 and the total number of data using unit word is 2. In target language, the unit which are used are phrase, and word followed by particle. The total number of data using unit phrase is 1. The total number of data using unit word is 2. Based on the data, no unit shifts are found. In source language modal may belongs to verb class. Based on the data, modal may is not only translated into class of verb, it is also translated into class of adverb. In target language, the total number of data using adverb of class is 2. Meanwhile the total number of data using verb class is 1. Based on the data the total number of class shift is 2. Based on the data, it is found out that the total number of modulation is 1. The Synthesis of Modal Might In source language, the units which are used are phrase and word. The total number of data using unit phrase is 1 and the total number of data using unit word is 12. In target language, the unit which are used are phrase and word. The total number of data using unit phrase is 1. The total number of data using unit word is 12. Based on the data no unit shifts are found. In source language modal can belongs to verb class. Based on the data, modal might is not only translated into class of verb, it is also translated into class of adverb. In target language, the total number of data using adverb of class is 10. Meanwhile the total number of data using verb of class is 3. Based on the data the total number of class shift is 10. Based on the data, it is found out that the total number of modulation is 2. The Synthesis of Modal Must In source language, the units which are used are phrase and word. The total number of data using unit phrase is 3 and the total number of data using unit word is 11. In target language, the unit which are used are phrase and word. The total number of data using unit phrase is 1. The total number of data using unit phrase followed by particle is 1. The total number of data using unit word is 10. There is 2 data of modal must not translated into source language. Based on the data the total number of unit shift is 4 In source language modal can belongs to verb class. Based on the data, modal must is not only translated into class of verb, it is also translated into class of adverb. In target language, the total number of data using adverb of class is 11. Meanwhile the total number of data using adjective of class is 1. There is 2 data of modal must not translated into source language. Based on the data the total number of class shift is 14, and modulation is 9. The Synthesis of Modal Ought to In source language, the unit used is word. The total number of data using unit word is 3. In target language, the unit used is word. The total number of data using word is 1. There

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are 2 data of modal ought to not translated into source language. Based on the data the total number of unit shift is 2. In source language modal can belongs to verb class. Based on the data, modal ought to is translated into class of adverb. In target language, the total number of data using adverb of class is 1. There are 2 data of modal ought to not translated into source language. Based on the data the total number of class shift is 3, and modulation is 3. The Synthesis of Modal Shall In source language, the unit used is word. The total number of data using unit word is 3. In target language, the unit used is word. The total number of data using word is 3. Based on the data, there are no unit shifts. In source language modal shall belongs to verb class. Based on the data, modal shall is translated into class of adverb. In target language, the total number of data using adverb of class is 3. Based on the data there are no unit shifts. Based on the data, there are no modulations found. The Synthesis of Modal Should In source language, the units which are used are phrase and word. The total number of data using unit phrase is 4 and the total number of data using unit word is 18. In target language, the unit which are used are phrase and word. The total number of data using unit phrase is 3. The total number of data using unit word is 16. There are 3 data of modal should not translated into source language. Based on the data the total number of unit shift is 4. In source language modal can belongs to verb class. Based on the data, modal should is not only translated into class of verb, it is also translated into class of adverb. In target language, the total number of data using adverb of class is 19. There are 3 data of modal should not translated into source language. Based on the data the total number of class shift is 22, and modulation is 22. The Synthesis of Modal Will In source language, the units which are used are phrase and word. The total number of data using unit phrase is 9 and the total number of data using unit word is 143. In target language, the unit which are used are phrase, word followed by particle, and word. The total number of data using unit phrase is 8. The total number of data using unit word followed by particle is 2. The total number of data using unit particle is 4. The total number of data using unit word is 115. There are 23 data of modal will not translated into source language. Based on the data the total number of unit shift is 24 In source language modal can belongs to verb class. Based on the data, modal will is not only translated into class of verb, it is also translated into class of adverb. In target language, the total number of data using adverb of class is 125. The total number of data using adjective of class is 1. Meanwhile the total number of data using verb of class is 3. There are 23 data of modal will not translated into source language. Based on the data the total number of class shift is 150, and modulation is 52. The Synthesis of Modal Would

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In source language, the units which are used are phrase and word. The total number of data using unit phrase is 14 and the total number of data using unit word is 215. In target language, the unit which are used are phrase, word followed by particle, and word. The total number of data using unit phrase is 9. The total number of data using unit word followed by particle is 3. The total number of data using unit word is 125. There are 92 data of modal would not translated into source language. Based on the data the total number of unit shift is 73. In source language modal can belongs to verb class. Based on the data, modal will is not only translated into class of verb, it is also translated into class of adverb. In target language, the total number of data using adverb of class is 129. Meanwhile the total number of data using verb of class is 8. There are 92 data of modal would not translated into source language. Based on the data the total number of class shift is 154, and modulation is 154 From all the 656 data, it is concluded that the total number of unit shift is 63 (9.6%), the total number of class shift is 230 (35.1%), the total number of intra system shift is 33 (5%) and the total number of modulation is 209 (31.9%).
Table 4. Units of Source Language Modals and Their Translation in Indonesian

Kinds of Units not translated particle phrase phrase + particle word word + particle TOTAL

Total Number of SL Unit

Percentage of SL Unit

Total Number of TL Unit 139 4 91 2 409 11 656

Percentage of TL Unit 21.2% 0.6% 13.9% 0.3% 62.3% 1.7%

98

15%

558

85%

656

Table 5. Class of Source Language Modals and Their Translation in Indonesian

Kinds of Classes adjective adverb verb not translated TOTAL

Total Number of SL Class

Percentage of SL Class

656

100%

Percentage Total Number of of TL Class TL Class 3 0.4% 322 49.1% 192 29.3% 139 21.2% 656

656

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Conclusion

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The first problem of this research is how modal can, could, may, might, must, ought, shall, should, will, and would translated into Indonesian. It is meant to find out the translation of those modals. The second problem is what shifts and modulation used to achieve equivalents of the modals. The importance of the findings of this research is the readers of this research knows how English modals, especially modal can could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, and would translated into Indonesian modals. Moreover they also know whether there are shifts and modulation occur in translating English modals into Indonesian modals. If there are any what kinds of shifts occur. Based on the analysis that has been conducted on the translation of English modals in a novel A Stranger in a Mirror and their translation in a novel Sosok Asing dalam Cermin as described and explained in chapter four, the writer concludes in the following items: 1. The translation of each modal are: can is translated into akan, bisa, bisakah, boleh, mungkin, tak bisa, takkan, tidak bisa, tidak bisakah, tidak boleh, and tidak mungkin; could is translated into akan, bisa, bisa jadi, bisakah, boleh, boleh jadi, mungkinkah, tak akan, tak bisa, tak dapat, tak mampu, tak mungkin, tak mungkin bisa, takkan bisa, tidak bisa, and tak pernah bisa; may is translated into bisa, boleh, and mungkin tak. might is translated into bisa, ingin, mungkin, and mungkin tidak seharusnya; must is translated into jangan, pasti, tentunya, harus, and tak boleh; ought to is translated into harus; shall is translated into akan; should is translated into harus, mestinya tak, tak seharusnya, sebaiknya, seharusnya, and seharusnya ta;. will is translated into akan, bolehlah, bisa, harus, ingin, -kan, mau, maukah, pasti, pasti akan, perlu, tak akan, tak mau, and tidak akan; would is translated into akan, bisa, bisakah, harus, kemungkinan, mau, maukah, mungkin, mungkin bisa, pasti, seharusnya, tak akan, tak bisa, tidak mau, and tidak akan. 2. The kinds of unit used in English modals are in the form of word and phrase. However units used in Indonesian modals not only word and phrase but also particle, phrase followed by particle, and word followed by particle. 3. All of English modals belong to verb class. However they are not only translated into verb but also into adjective and adverb. 4. Intra system shift also occur in translating English modals into Indonesian modals, i.e. modals can, could, must, ought to, should, will, and would. In other words in translating modals may, might, and shall, no intra system shift occur. 5. Modulation also occurs in translating English modals into Indonesian modals, except modal shall. There are many meanings on modal. One modal may have more than one meaning. The meaning is based on the speakers attitude toward the event. To determine the meaning meant, the writer has looked through the context. From this research the readers or the students have more knowledge of the meanings of English modal and also the meanings of Indonesian modal. Recommendation 1. Further research on the analysis translation of modals is highly recommended since modals have many meanings. It will add information that has not been given by this study like the solution to inappropriate translation. 2. The writer also recommends other researchers to implement research on analysing modal meanings which express by a) lexical verbs such as allow, beg, command, forbid, guarantee, guess, promise, suggest, warn, wonder, and wish

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b) the lexico modal auxiliaries such as have got to, be bound to c) semi modals such as need and dare d) modal disjuncts such as probably, possibly, surely, hopefully, thankfully, obviously, e) modal adjectives such as possible, probable, f) modal nouns such as possibility, probability, chance, likelihood. g) certain uses of if clauses as in if you know what I mean; if you dont mind my saying so; what if hes had an accident? BIBLIOGRAPHY Alwi, Hasan (1992) Modalitas dalam Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Kanisius. Alwi, Hasan et al. (2000). Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka Azzar, B. S. (1989). Understanding and Using English Grammar. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Regents. Baker, Mona (1992). In Other Words: A Course Book on Translation. London: and New York: Routledge __________ (ed). (2001). Routledge Encyclopaedia of Translation Studies. London: Routledge Bogdan, Robert C. and Sari Knopp Biklen. (1982) Qualitative Research for Education: An Introduction to Theory and Methods. Boston: Allyn and Bacon Inc. Burns, Robert B. (1996). Introduction to Research Methods. Meilbourne: Longman Australia Pty Ltd. Catford, J.C (1979) A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Oxford University Press Downing, Angela and Philip Locke. (1192) A University Course in English Grammar. New Jersey: Prentice Hall International Ltd. Gentzler, Edwin. (1993) Contemporary Translation Theories. London: Routledge Greenbaum, S and Quirk, R. (1990). A Student's Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman Halliday, M. A. K. (1994) An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London, New York, etc: Arnold Hatim, Basil. (2001). Teaching and Researching Translation. London: Pearson Education Limited. Jacobs, Roderick A. (1995) English Syntax. London: Oxford University Press Larsaon, Mildren L. (1984) Meaning Based Translation. Lanham: University Press of America.

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Machali, R. (1998). Redefining Textual Equivalent in Translation. Jakarta: The University of Indonesia. Miles, Matthew B and A. Michael Huberman. Qualitative Data Analysis. London: Sage Publications, Inc. Munday, J. (2001) Introducing Translation Studies and Applications. London and New York: Routledge. Newmark, Peter. (1988). A Text Book of Translation. London: Prentice Hall. _____________ (1981). Approaches to Translation. Ofxord: Pergamon Press. ______________ (1991) About Translation. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd. Nida, E.A. (1964) Toward a Science of Translating. Leiden: E.J. Brill. Nida, E.A. and Taber. C. The Theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: Brill. Nunan, David. (1992) Research Methods in Language Learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Obuild, Collins. (1990) English Grammar. London: William Collins Sons & Co Ltd. Rosetta M.T. (1994) Compositional Translation. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publisher. Wilkinson, David. (2000). The Researchers Toolkit: The Complete Guide to Practitioner Research. London: Routledge

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