04CVT-12

On the Advanced Efficiency Analysis for Half Toroidal CVT

- The Efficiency Analysis Considering Deformation of CVT Components -
Masayuki Ochiai, Kinji Yukawa and Hirotoshi Aramaki
NSK Ltd.

l
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this research work is to develop
more accurate calculating method of the efficiency of a
half toroidal CVT. Previous analysis does not consider
the bulk deformation of the CVT components. However,
the bulk deformation of the CVT components is not
negligible to predict the efficiency of the unit. For
example, the half-contact angle between the power roller
and disks is changed due to the deformation of these
components at the high contact load. Therefore, it is
important to establish more accurate calculating method
of efficiency considering the bulk deformation for the high
performance CVT unit, that is compact, highly efficient,
and provides high-torque capability.
This paper describes the analytical method to
calculate the efficiency of the CVT taking the deformation
into consideration. Firstly, the analysis of the efficiency
on the traction surface considering deformation of the
trunnion is shown. Secondly, the loss of power roller
considering the deformation of pivot shaft is calculated.
Finally, the total efficiency of the CVT variator (CVT unit)
is shown using the new method.
INTRODUCTION
Automotive technology that is both user-friendly
and eco-friendly has won greater attention in the past
several years. The half-toroidal CVT (hereafter CVT) is
one of such technologies expected to gain further
momentum in future developments. Improving the
efficiency of power transmission in CVTs is a crucial
technological challenge. To surmount this challenge, it is
important to establish a precise calculation method to
determine the CVT efficiency of each component.
H. Tanaka
(1)
and T. Yamamoto
(2)
have suggested
a useful calculation method for predicting the efficiency of
CVTs. In their reports, calculation was based upon the
assumption that each element such as an input and an
output disc, and power rollers, is rigid. However, since a
large contact force is applied to the discs and the power
roller, the deformation of each component in a CVT
cannot be ignored. For Example, the half-contact angle
between the power roller and disks is changed due to the
deformation of these components at the high contact
load
(3) ,(4) ,(5)
.
S. Miyata
(6), (7)
suggested a calculation method
that took into consideration the deformation of the
trunnion when large pushing forces were applied to the
power rollers. The effect of the deformation on the ratio
control was significant. In his report, the idea to improve
the characteristics of ratio control was discussed.
However, nothing is mentioned regarding the efficiency.
The demands for the developments in CVT
technology are focused on compactness, high efficiency,
and high torque capability. In order to ensure the design
that overcomes these severe requirements, it is
necessary to establish the method to estimate the
efficiency of the CVT in detail considering all of the
influences described above.
Our study aims to establish a formula to
calculate the efficiency of the CVT that incorporates the
influence of the deformation of each component.

AN OUTLINE OF CVT VARIATOR EFFICIENCY
CONSIDERING DEFORMATION
Figure 1 shows the schematic view of a half
toroidal CVT. The power is transmitted thorough the
loading cam to the input disk, the power rollers, and the
output disk by traction force. In order to obtain traction
force, a large load is applied to a traction contact point,
which causes the deformation of some CVT components.
Figure 2 shows the flow diagram for calculating
CVT variator efficiency considering deformation. The
efficiency analysis of CVT has three steps as follows. 1:
Traction surface analysis, 2: Loss calculation of power
roller bearing, 3: The CVT variator efficiency analysis.























Fig.2 Flow diagram for calculating CVT variator efficiency considering
deformation
In traction surface section, the first step of this
analysis, the traction characteristics of CVT, such as,
traction coefficient, heat generation of traction surface,
and the efficiency, are calculated. Here, the influence of
the deformation of CVT components such as input disk
output disk and trunnion is taken in. In this paper, we will
show the CVT efficiency calculation method considering
deformation of trunnion using the FEA.
The second step, the loss of the power roller
bearing is calculated. Here, the rotational speed and the
axial and radial load of the power roller calculated by the
traction surface analysis are used. Furthermore, the
deformation of power roller, such as pivot shaft, inner
and outer race can be taken in.
In this paper, we treat two types of power rollers.
One is a power roller consisting of an integrated pivot
shaft with power roller outer ring (integrated type) and the
other is conventional power roller consist of a pivot shaft
that supports the inner ring of the power roller separate
from the outer ring (separate type)
(8), (9)
. The
performance of both power rollers were calculated using
a bearing numerical simulation program
(10)
developed by
NSK, where the deformation of the pivot shaft was taken
into consideration. This paper discusses the calculated
results of the integrated type, which are also compared
with those of the separate type.
Finally, variator efficiency of CVT is calculated
from the traction efficiency and power roller torque. The
details will be shown later.
ANALYSIS OF TRACTION SURFACE
CONSIDERING DEFORMATION
CALCULATION MODEL
Figure 3 shows the calculation model proposed
in this paper in order to consider the deformation of CVT
components. In this model, it is possible that the input
disk moves in the axial direction and the power roller
slides on the trunnion as a conventional CVT structure.
When the swing center displacement in the direction
shown in Figure 3 occurs, the input disk and the power
roller slide in the directions X
1
and X
2
respectively.









































Displacement of swing center
X
1
Displacement of input disk
X
2
Displacement of power roller

Fig.3 Calculation model of input disk and power roller displacement

Va ria t or efficiency of CVT

Deformation
Output Disk
Input Disk
Power Roller
Trunnion
Loading cam

Fig.1 Schematic view of a half toroidal CVT

Running condit ion of

power r oller
Bear ing load
Rot at ional speed
Defor mat ion of
CVT component s
Tr unnion
Di sks
Yoke
et c
Defor mat ion of
power r oller
Pivot shaft
I nner and
out er r ace
et c
Deforma t ion
Efficiency of
Tr act ion sur face
Tor que efficiency
Velocit y efficiency
Tra ct ion cha ract erist ics
Loss of power
roller

X
1
X
2

Output disk Input disk

Power roller
Trunnion
Swing center
INFLUENCE OF SWING CENTER DISPLACEMENT


















Fig.4 Geometry of CVT calculation model considering
deformation
r
in
r
out
r
1
r
2in
r
2out
r
3
e
in
e
out
o

in

out

1
Figure 5 shows the variation of the displacement
of the swing center with the displacement of the input
disk and the power roller at three range of speed ratio,
such as increasing speed (i=0.5), intermediate speed
(i=1.0), reduction speed (i=1.9) respectively. The CVT
parameter used for this calculation is shown in table 1.
As shown in figure 5(i), when the swing center is
moved to the plus direction, the input disk is moved
towards the direction of output side. The amount of input
disk displacement increases with an increase in CVT
ratio. On the other hand, as shown in figure 5 (ii), the
displacement of the power roller increases almost in
proportion to the increase of swing center displacement.
But, it is not changed by the CVT ratio as the output disk
Table1 Specification of CVT variator
Cavity diameter 132 mm
Disk radius 40 mm
Half contact angle 62.5 deg.
Speed ratio range 0.5 1.9
Maximum torque 350 Nm
Figure 4 shows the schematic view of traction
efficiency calculation model considering deformation. In
conventional analysis, the half contact angles and
rotational radii are symmetrical in both input side and
output side. However, such assumption doesn't suitable
when the deformation of each component is taken into
consideration. Therefore, the half contact angles, and the
power roller rotation radii are defined asymmetrical as
shown in Fig.4, and a distance from the center of swing
angle to each contact point of disks are set up as a
virtual disk radius here. Then the virtual disk radii and
speed ratio are defined as follows;

( )
( )

+ + =
=
=
+ =
) cos( 1
sin
sin
cos 1
3
2
2
1

out in out out

out out out
in in in
in in
k r r
r r
r r
k r r
(1)
















(i) Input disk
















(ii) Power roller

Fig.5 Displacement of input disk and power roller
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6
Displacem ent of sw ing center , m m
i=0.5
i=1.0
i=1.9
D
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t

o
f

p
o
w
e
r

r
o
l
l
e
r

X
1
,

m
m
X1
Input disk
out
in
r
r
r
r
Rs
2
3
1
2
=
(2)
Where
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6
Displacem ent of sw ing center , m m
i=0.5
i=1.0
i=1.9
D
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t

o
f

p
o
w
e
r

r
o
l
l
e
r

X
2
,

m
m
X2
Power
roller
out out out in in in
r e k r e k / , / = = (3)
: Half contact angle
: Swing angle

Creeps and angler spin velocities are as follows;

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2 2
3 3 2 2
1 1
2 2 1 1

out
out
out
in
in
r
r r
Cr
r
r r
Cr

=
=
cos
cos sin
3 2
2 1


out spout
in sp
(4)
(5)
+ ) sin(

out in
in




















Fig.7 FEA result of the deformation of the trunnion
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0 20 40
Load ,kN
D
e
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
,

m
m
60
















(i) Input side

















(ii) Output side

Fig.6 Variation of half contact angle
0
0
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6
D isplacem ent of sw ing center , m m
H
a
l
f

c
o
n
t
a
c
t

a
n
g
l
e

i
n
,

d
e
g
.
i=0.5
i=1.0
i=1.9
58
60
62
64
66
-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6
of sw ing center , m m
H
a
l
f

c
o
n
t
a
c
t

a
n
g
l
e

o
u
t
,

d
e
g
.
i=0.5
i=1.0
i=1.9
D isplacem ent
is fixed.
Figure 6 shows the relations between the half
contact angle and swing center displacement. When the
swing center is moved towards inside of the disks, the
half contact angle become small, when the swing center
is moved towards outside, the half contact angle is large.
The half contact angle on the input side increases with
an increase in swing center displacement. On the other
hand, the half contact angle on the output side doesnt
change by the CVT ratio since output disk is fixed.
THE DEFORMATION OF TRUNNION
Figure 7 shows the FEA result of the deformation
of trunnion. Here, the trunnion deforms in the direction of
in figure 3 by the power roller axial load. As shown in
this figure, the deformation of trunnion increases almost
in proportion to the increase of the load. When the
trunnion is deformed by the load, the swing center moves.
The displacement of the swing center is estimated from a
FEA data, the traction characteristics of CVT considering
trunnion deformation can be calculated by above
analysis.
TRACTION SURFACE EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS
Calculation method

The power transmission efficiency on the traction
surface is given as follows:
tT ts tp
= (6)
Where,
) 1 )( 1 (
out in ts
Cr Cr = (7)
) sin(
sin
cos
) 2 / cos(
2
2
3
2
1
2
2
1

+ +
+
+
+
=
out in p out
p in
out
in p
p in
in
tT
f r
f r
r
r
f r
f r
r
r
(8)

tT
: Torque transmission efficiency on the traction surface

ts
: Speed transmission efficiency on the traction surface
f
p
: Force pole

Here Cr
in,
Cr
out
and f
p
are calculated using the
Tanakas
(1)
elastic-plastic model.

Calculation results

Figure 8 shows the effect of trunnion deformation
on the power transmission efficiency on the traction
surface at three types of speed ratio ranges such as
reduction speed (i=1.9), intermediate speed (i=1.0) and
increasing speed (i=0.5).
According to this figure, the influence of the
trunnion deformation increases with increasing input
torque at all speed ratio. Especially, it is most apparent at
the reduction speed (i=1.9), and the efficiency difference
between the results with deformation and those without it
is about 1% at max torque of 350 Nm. The influence of
trunnion deformation on the traction surface efficiency is
significant.
PERFORMANCE CALCULATION OF THE POWER
ROLLER CONSIDERING DEFORMATION OF THE
PIVOT SHAFT
PERFORMANCE CALCULATION OF THE POWER
ROLLER CONSIDERING DEFORMATION OF THE
PIVOT SHAFT
95.0
95.5
96.0
96.5
97.0
97.5
98.0
98.5
99.0
0 100 200 300 400
Input torque, Nm
P
o
w
e
r

t
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n

e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
,

%
W ith deform ation
W ithout deform ation
i=1.0
i=0.5
i=1.9

Fig.8 Traction surface efficiency with input torque at
n
in
=2000 min
-1

Calculation model Calculation model
As described above, the radial rigidity of the
pivot shaft differs greatly between the integrated and
separate types of pivot shafts. Since this difference
affects the displacement in the radial direction severely
when radial load is applied, it also affects load sharing
between the power roller bearing, which is a type of
thrust ball bearing, and needle bearings, which support
the shaft. However, conventional calculation methods
cannot accurately predict the amount of the radial load
applied to these bearings. In order to make such a
calculation possible, a calculation model was proposed
that incorporates elastic deformation of the pivot shaft
(Figure 11). As shown in the figure, it is possible to
measure the deformation of the shaft by modeling the
pivot shaft as a one-dimensional beam. The needle
bearings, which support radial load, and the power roller
bearing, which supports radial and axial loads, are
located as shown in the figure.

LOSS CALCULATION OF POWER ROLLER
BEARING CONSIDERING THE DEFORMATION
OF PIVOT SHAFT
LOSS CALCULATION OF POWER ROLLER
BEARING CONSIDERING THE DEFORMATION
OF PIVOT SHAFT
The inner ring of the power roller is also modeled
as a one-dimensional beam. The traction force in the
radial direction and the contact force in the axial direction
are applied to the inner ring, which are transmitted to the
COMPARISON OF INTEGRATED AND SEPARATE
TYPE PIVOT SHAFTS
COMPARISON OF INTEGRATED AND SEPARATE
TYPE PIVOT SHAFTS


Traction force
Trunnion
Pivot shaft
Needle
bearing
Power roller
bearing
Power roller
outer ring
Power roller
inner ring
(a) Separate type

Traction force
Trunnion
Pivot shaft Power roller
inner ring
Power roller
bearing
Needle
bearing
Power roller
outer ring
(b) Integrated type

Fig. 9 Power rollers
Conventionally, manufacturing restrictions
require that the pivot shaft, which supports the power
roller inner ring, and the power roller outer ring is
manufactured as separate components as shown in
Figure 9(a). However, when the traction force is applied
to the power roller in its radial direction, the conventional
pivot shaft becomes slightly inclined due to the elastic
deformation between the shaft and the power roller outer
ring. Thus, the power roller inner and outer ring raceways
become misaligned as shown in Figure 9(a).
Conventionally, manufacturing restrictions
require that the pivot shaft, which supports the power
roller inner ring, and the power roller outer ring is
manufactured as separate components as shown in
Figure 9(a). However, when the traction force is applied
to the power roller in its radial direction, the conventional
pivot shaft becomes slightly inclined due to the elastic
deformation between the shaft and the power roller outer
ring. Thus, the power roller inner and outer ring raceways
become misaligned as shown in Figure 9(a).
The power roller bearing is primarily designed to
support axial loads. However, as mentioned above, a
large radial load is also applied to the power roller
bearing. This results in increased torque of the power
roller bearing, and is a significant reason for reduced
efficiency of the CVT.
The power roller bearing is primarily designed to
support axial loads. However, as mentioned above, a
large radial load is also applied to the power roller
bearing. This results in increased torque of the power
roller bearing, and is a significant reason for reduced
efficiency of the CVT.
After overcoming manufacturing problems, we
were succeeded in developing the power roller shown in
Figure 9 (b). Our newly developed power roller integrates
the pivot shaft with the outer ring (integrated type). Even
if the traction force is applied to the inner ring, the
increase of the bearing torque is minimized due to the
high radial rigidity of the integrated shaft. Figure 10
shows the result of an experiment where a radial load is
applied to the power roller and displacement of the inner
rings was compared between the integrated and
separate types. We can see that the displacement of the
integrated type is smaller than that of the separate type
with radial rigidity being vastly improved.
After overcoming manufacturing problems, we
were succeeded in developing the power roller shown in
Figure 9 (b). Our newly developed power roller integrates
the pivot shaft with the outer ring (integrated type). Even
if the traction force is applied to the inner ring, the
increase of the bearing torque is minimized due to the
high radial rigidity of the integrated shaft. Figure 10
shows the result of an experiment where a radial load is
applied to the power roller and displacement of the inner
rings was compared between the integrated and
separate types. We can see that the displacement of the
integrated type is smaller than that of the separate type
with radial rigidity being vastly improved.
Table 2 shows the ratio of radial load-sharing
between the power roller bearing (element No.11) and
needle bearing (element No.10) for three speed ratios.
Results are shown for both the integrated-type and
separate-type pivot shafts. Although the results show that
the needle bearings share large loads for both types of
pivot shaft, load sharing of the power roller bearing is
greater for the separate type in comparison to the
integrated type. Figure 12 shows that calculated results
of the radial load applied to the power roller bearing and
needle bearing at a speed ratio of i=1.0 for both the
integrated and separate types. Radial load increases
almost in proportion to an increase of input torque for
both bearings.
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
S ep. Int.
D
i
s
p
l
a
c
e
m
e
n
t

Fig. 10 Amount of inner ring displacement for both types of

pivot shaft
Pocket clearance of bearing cage
Figure 13 shows the misalignment between the
inner and outer rings of power roller, and the position of
rolling elements due to the misalignment. When the
traction force is applied to the power roller, the
misalignment occurs between the inner and outer rings
of the power roller, resulting in the contact angle shown
in Figure 13. When the misalignment occurs, the
distance (rotating radius) from the contact point between
the rolling element and the power roller inner ring
raceway to the center of the pivot shaft became
asymmetrical (r1<r2). The rolling element 1 rotates
slower in comparison to normal conditions without a
contact angle. Conversely, rolling element 2 rotates
faster than that without a contact angle. Therefore, if the
pivot shaft through the bearings. Loads on the pivot shaft
support bearings are calculated by a bearing numerical
simulation program
(10)
.
This program solves quasi-dynamically the
balance of force for each rolling element and inner and
outer rings considering the friction of each cage section.
The various bearing characteristics such as the load
applied to each element; surface pressure distribution,
frictional loss generated between rolling elements and
raceways, and the frictional loss at the cage/ball contact
can be calculated. Thus the bearing life can be estimated
in detail. Table 2. Radial load sharing ratio (%)
at T
in
=350 Nm, n
in
=2000 min
-1

/R Needle /R Needle
i=1.9 8.7 91.3 21.1 78.9
i=1.0 7.7 92.3 19.5 80.5
i=0.5 9.3 90.7 24.7 75.3
Integrated Separate

Calculated result of bearing load sharing
Using the method shown above, the load sharing
for each of the radial needle bearings and the thrust ball
bearing, and the frictional loss of the power roller bearing
was calculated. The rotating speed and applied load of
the power roller are calculated using the specifications
shown in Table 1.

0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
0 100 200 300 400
Input torque, Nm
R
a
d
i
a
l

l
o
a
d
,

N
P/R, Int.
Needle, Int.
P/R, Sep.
Needle, Sep.

Fig.11 Calculation model of power roller
Axial
load 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

x
Pivot shaft
Power roller inner ring
Radial needle
bearing
Traction
force
Thrust ball
bearing


Fig.12 Radial load of bearings at i=1.0, n
in
=2000 min
-1



Fig. 13 Misalignment between the power roller inner and outer
rings



Fig. 14 Ball excursion at T
in
=350Nm, n
in
=2000 min
-1
, i=1.9

Cage
r 1 r 2
Cont act
angle
Tr act ion
for ce
Rolling
element 1
Inner r ing
Out er r ing
Rolling
element 2
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
H
e
a
t

g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
,

W
Cage
Others
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
Azimuth angle, deg
B
a
l
l

e
x
c
u
r
s
i
o
n
,

m
m
Separate
Integrated
Separate Integrated

Fig.15 Heat generation of power roller bearing at T
in
=350Nm,
n
in
=2000 min
-1
, i=1.9
As shown in the figure, the frictional loss of
others is slightly higher in the separate type than in the
separated. Since the radial load applied to the power
roller is small in comparison to axial load, the frictional
loss of raceways caused by the radial load is relatively
small. On the other hand, the frictional loss of the cage in
the separate type shows a higher value than the
integrated type. The difference of frictional loss between
two types of power rollers is primarily generated at the
cage/ball contact. difference of running distance caused by the difference of
rotating speed is bigger than pocket clearance of the
cage, the cage becomes constrained. The force of
constraint is proportional to the frictional force between
the cage and balls, and torque loss of the power roller
increases accordingly. Hence, we can see that a larger
cage pocket diameter is more advantageous.

COMPARISON OF CALCULATION RESULTS WITH
EXPERIMENT FOR VARIATOR EFFICIENCY
Calculation method of variator efficiency
Figure 14 shows the difference in running
distance of each rolling element obtained from results of
the bearing numerical simulation program. As described
above, if the running distance amplitude of the rolling
element exceeds the pocket clearance radius, force of
constraint acts on the cage. In order to avoid this
situation, the pocket clearance radius should be more
than 0.35 mm for the separate type. The integrated type
should have a radius of more than 0.15 mm. Since the
upper limit of pocket diameter is determined by
dimensional restrictions, the integrated type is more
advantageous than the separate type due to a smaller
misalignment.
The value of variator efficiency is calculated by
frictional loss at the traction contact point and those of
bearings. The formula of variator efficiency (power
transmission efficiency)
p
is as follows
(1)
:
s T p
= (9)
Where,
in brg Tout Tout Tin T
T T e
1
4 = (10)
) 1 )( 1 (
out in s
Cr Cr = (11)
Fig.15 shows the calculated result of frictional
loss of power roller bearing with integrated type and
separate type of pivot shafts respectively. It shows the
frictional loss of cage/ball contact separate from the
others, which are the frictional losses at the surfaces of
inner and outer raceways.

T
: Torque transmission efficiency

s
: Speed transmission efficiency
e
1
: Speed reduction ratio at input side(=r
1
/r
2
)
Cr: Creep
T
in

:


Input torque
T
brg
: Power roller bearing torque

85
90
95
100
0 100 200 300 400
Input torque, Nm
V
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
r

e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
,

%
Cal.(without deformation)
Cal.(with deformation)
Exp.
Int.
Sep.
(i) i=1.0
85
90
95
100
0 100 200 300 400
Input torque, Nm
V
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
r

e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
,

%
Cal.(without deformation)
Cal.(with deformation)
Exp.
Int.
Sep.
(ii) i=1.9
85
90
95
100
0 100 200 300 400
Input torque, Nm
V
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
r

e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
,

%
Cal.(without deformation)
Cal.(with deformation)
Exp.
Int.
Sep.
(iii) i=0.5

Fig. 16 Efficiencies of CVT variator with input torque at
n
in
=2000 min
-1

Comparison between calculation and experimental
results
Figure 16 shows the comparison between
calculated results and experimental results of the variator
efficiency at three ranges of speed ratio, such as
intermediate speed (i=1.0), reduction speed (i=1.9), and
increasing speed (i=0.5).
According to these figures, variator efficiency of
the integrated type is higher than the separate type by
two percent for all speed change ratios. The efficiency is
improved drastically by the integrated design. The
calculated results show a remarkable difference of the
two types, which is difficult to predict by the conventional
calculation.
For variator efficiency of speed ratio i=1.0,
experimental results are in good agreement with
calculated results. For variator efficiency of speed ratio
i=1.9, it is clear that the calculated result exceeds the
experimental result in accordance with increased torque.
Since contact force increases with an increase in torque,
the other factor except for the deformation of the trunnion
may affect the variator efficiency. For the variator
efficiency of speed ratio i=0.5, experimental results and
calculated results are matched in high torque range, but
there is a tendency for calculation results to be lower
than the experimental results in low torque range.
For variator efficiency of all speed range, the
results with deformation are less than those without it. In
these conditions, however the influences of the
deformation on variator efficiency are relatively small.
The reason can be explained as follows. By the
deformation of the trunnion, the power transmission
efficiency is decreased, as the half contact angle
becomes wide resulting in the increase of spin loss as
shown in Figure 8. On the other hand, the loss of power
roller is decreased, since the thrust load acting on power
roller bearing is decreased due to the wide half contact
angle. Thus, both changes in power loss may be offset
mutually as Yamamoto
(4)
mentioned.

CONCLUSION
In this study, the efficiency analysis for half
toroidal CVT considering deformation is described. Firstly,
the new method to estimate the efficiency on the traction
surface considering the deformation of the trunnion is
proposed at wide range of torques and speed ratios. The
influence of trunnion deformation is significant. Secondly,
the power loss analysis of power roller that takes into
consideration the deformation of pivot shaft was
implemented. By calculating radial load on the power
roller bearing the differences in the power loss between
the integrated and separate types of pivot shaft were
calculated. Finally, we realized that the total variator
efficiency was improved significantly by the integrated
type in comparison with the conventional design with the
separate type pivot shaft.
The influence of the deformation of the trunnion
on the total variator efficiency is smaller than that on the
efficiency on the traction surface. However, it is important
to analyze the influence of the deformation on traction
surface efficiency and power roller friction loss
individually in order to develop higher performance CVT
that is compact, light weight, highly efficiency and
provides high-torque capability.
REFERENCES
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2. Yamamoto, T., et al., Analysis of Transmission
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3. Ochiai, M., On the Advanced efficiency analysis for
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4. Yamamoto, T., et al., Calculation Analysis on
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5. Ochiai, M., On the Advanced efficiency analysis for
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6. Miyata, S., et al., Study of the Control Mechanism of
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7. Miyata, S., et al., Study of the Stable Control System
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8. Mori, H., et al., Improvement of a Dual Cavity Half-
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9. Ochiai, M., On the Advanced efficiency analysis for
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CONTACT
Affiliation: Basic Technology Research and Development
Center, NSK Ltd.
Address: 1-5-50 Kugenuma Shinmei, Fujisawa,
Kanagawa, 251-8501 JAPAN
Phone: +81-466-21-3229
Fax: +81-466-27-9766,
E-mail: ochiai-m@nsk.com