1 A/D D/A

A/D
2

D/A

1 TT
x(t )y (t )
a

h( n)

1 T = 20kHz a

x( t )

x( n )

h( n )

Y ( e j ) =

y( n)
D/ A

= 8 c

fc =

c
1
=
= 625Hz
2 16T

T
8T

H (e j ) 625Hz
b1 T = 20kHz

1
= 1250 Hz
16T

y( t )

1
1
j
X a ( j) = X a ( )
T
T
T

cT =

fc =

c = T

8 radH (e j ) = 0

h(n) c

8rad ,1 T = 10kHz

1 x(n) X (e

1 x(2n) 2 x * (n)
1 x(2n)

X ( e j ) =

DTFT [ x( n)] =

x ( n )e

jn

n =

DTFT [ x ( 2n)] =

x(2n)e jn =

2[ x(n) + (1)

jn

n =

x(n)e

x(n)]e

jn

n =

jn
j ( + ) n
1
1
2
= x ( n )e
+ x(n)e 2
2 n =
2 n =

j
j ( + )
1
1
= X ( e 2 ) + X (e 2 )
2
2

j
j
1
2
= X (e ) + X ( e 2 )
2

2 x * ( n)
DTFT x * ( n)

x * ( n)e

jn

n =

= [ x(n)e jn ] * = X * (e j )
n =

1
4

n
b ( ) u[ n + 2]

a 2 n u[ n]
c

d n(

[ 4 2n ]

a X ( ) =

2 n u[n]e jn =

n =
n

1 n
)
2

1
= ( e j ) =
n =0 2

1
1 j
1 e
2

n =

e jn

1 n
1
j n
u[n + 2]e
= ( ) n e j n
b X ( ) =
n = 4
n = 2 4

( m2 )
1
= ( ) m 2 e j
= 16
m =0 4

c X ( )

x[n]e jn =

n =

X ( ) =

2 e
n

e j 2
1
1 e j
4

[4 2n]e

j n

= e j 2

n =

1
1
=[
+
1]
1 j
1 j
1 e
1 e
2
2

jn

n =

dX ( )
X ( ) = j
d
1
1
1
1
= e j
+ e j
1
1
2
(1 e j ) 2 2
(1 e j ) 2
2
2

3 x (n) X (e

1 x ( n)
*

x * (n)e jwn =

n =

Re[ x(n)]e jwn =

n =

nx(n)e

n =

jwn

1
2

jw ( n )

] * = X * (e jw )

n =

2 [ x ( n) + x

n =

1
(n)]e jwn = [ X (e jw ) + X (e jw )]
2

1 dx (n)e jwn
d
dX (e jw )
jwn
=
= j
x(n)e = j dw
j
dw
dw n =
n =

jw

2 j Im[ x( n)]

x (n)e jwn =

n =

(3) nx(n)

[ x ( n )e

4 x(n) X (e
1 x (n)

2 Re[ x(n)]

jw

)
2

(3) x (n)

n =

n =

[ x(n)e j ( w)( n) ] = [ x(n)e j ( w) n ] = X (e jw )

n =

1
1
[ x( n) x ( n)]e jwn = [ x(n)e jwn x (n)e jwn ]
2
2 n =
n =

1

jw
j ( w) n
= X ( e ) x ( n) e

2
n =

1
X (e jw ) X (e jw )
2

x 2 (n)e jwn =

n =

n =

1
2

X (e j ) d

x ( n )e

j ( w ) n

n =

1
X (e j ) X (e j ( w ) )d

2
1
=
X (e j ) X (e jw )
2
=

jw

5 x (n) X (e ) X (e

jw

1 g (n) = x (2n)

x( n 2 ) n
n
0

2 g (n) =

jw
1 G (e ) =

g (n)e jnw =

n =

k =

x(2n)e jnw =

n =

x ( k )e

k
j w
2

k =
k

j w
1
x(k ) + (1) k x(k ) e 2
2
w

jk
jk
1
1
2
x
(
k
)
e
+
x (k )(e j )e 2

2 k =
2 k =
w

j
jk ( )
1
1
= X (e 2 ) + x ( k )e 2
2
2 k =

w
w
j
1
1 j ( )
X (e 2 ) + X e 2
2
2

w
w
j
j

1
2
2
X
(
e
)
+
X
(

e
)

2 G (e ) =
jw

g ( n)e

n =

jnw

g ( 2 r )e

r =

j 2 rw

x ( r )e

r =

jr 2 w

= X (e j 2 w )

6 x (n) X (e
1 x(n n0 )

jw

n0

x( n 2 ) n
n
0

2 g (n) =
3 x(2n)

1 X (e jw ) e jwn0

x( n )
2

X (e j 2w )

g (n) =
n

3 x(2n) X (e

jw

1
2

1 ( ) { u (n + 3) u (n 2)}
n

2 cos(18n 7 ) + sin( 2n)

cos(n ) 1 n 4
3
0

3 x(n) =

1 X (k ) =

j
kn
1
( ) n { u (n + 3) u (n 2)} e N

n = 2
2

1 j kn 1 j kn
= ( )n e N ( )n e N
n = 3 2
n=2 2
=

8e

j3

2
k
N
2

1 j k
1 e N
2

j2

1 j k
1 e N
2
2

= 8e

2
j3 k
N

2
k
N

1 j5 k
1 ( )5 e N
2
2
1 j k
1 e N
2

2 cos(18n ) sin( 2n) X 1 ( k ) X 2 (k )

X 1 (k ) =

k =

X 2 (k ) =

( N

( N

18
2
18

2k ) + ( k 2k )
7
N
7

k 2 2k ) + (

k =

k + 2 2k )
N

X (k ) = X 1 (k ) + X 2 (k )

( N

k =

3 X (k ) =

18
2
18
2

2k ) + ( k 2k ) j ( k 2 2k ) + j ( k + 2 2k )
7
N
7
N
N

cos

jn N k
ne
3

n = 4

j n
jn k
1 j n
= (e 3 + e 3 )e N
n = 4 2

1 j 4( N k 3 ) 9 j ( 3 N k ) n 1 j 4( N k + 3 ) 9 j ( 3 + N ) n
= e
e
+ e
e

2
2
n=0
n=0

1
e
2

2
j 4( k )
N
3

1 e
1+ e

2
j ( k )9
3 N
2
j( k )
3 N

1
+ e
2

2
j 4( k + )
N
3

1 e
1+ e

2
j ( + k )9
3 N
2
j( + k)
3 N

x (n) Re[ x(n)] x0 ( n)

x ( n) = x( n)e j ( n ) = X (e j )

Re[ x(n)] =

x 0 ( n ) e j =

1
x(n) x (n) e jn = j Im X (e j )
2

1
1
x(n) + x (n) e jn = X (e j ) + X (e j ) = X e (e j )
2
2

1 H (z ) FIR H (z ) 3 10.81+j

z = 1 z = 0.8
z = 1 + j 4 1 7

2 H min ( Z )

H (Z ) =

P( Z )
=
Q( Z )

b Z
r =0
N

1 ak Z

k 1

k =1

G(Z ) = 1

H ( Z ) H (Z ) r 1

jw

H (e ) e jw H (Z )
e

jw

e jw cos(kw)

1 k
( Z + Z k )
2

cos(kw) G ( Z ) = H ( Z ) H ( Z 1 ) G (Z )

H ( Z ) = H min ( Z ) H ap ( Z )
H (Z )
H min ( Z )

H ap (Z ) H min ( Z )
3 H ap (Z )
H ap (Z ) H (e

jw

) = 1

H ap ( Z ) =

P( Z )
=
Q( Z )

b Z

r =0
N

Z 1 k
Z = k
1
k =1 1 k Z
N

1 ak Z k

k =1

1
Z =
k

x( n )

H (e

h( n)

) = h(n)e jn

H ( Z ) =

h( n) Z

Y (Z )
X (Z )

y ( n) = h(n) x(n)

y( n )

1 x (n) N2N x (n)

x (n) X 1 (k ) N ~
x (n) 2N
N ~
~

x (n) X 2 (k ) 2N Xk
Xk

~
1
2
2

N 1
N 1
j
kn
~
X 1 (k ) = ~
x ( n)W Nkn = ~
x ( n )e N

n =0

n =0

2 k

2 k

2 N 1
N 1
2 N 1
j
n
j
n
~
X 2 (k ) = ~
x ( n)W2knN = ~
x ( n )e N 2 + ~
x ( n)e N 2
n =0

n=0

n= N

= n N
2 k

2 k

N 1
N 1
j
n
j
( n+ N )
~
X 2 (k ) = ~
x ( n )e N 2 + ~
x ( n + N )e N 2
n=0

n=0

= (1 + e

jk

2 k
n
2

N 1

j
) ~
x ( n)e N
n=0

~ k
= (1 + e jk ) X ( )
2
~ k
2 X 1 ( )
2

X 2 (k ) =

k
k

2 DFT X (l ) =

N 1

x(k )W
k =0

kl
M

 2 M
N 1

kl
3DFT X (l ) = x (k )WM
k =0

2 M

5 Fs Hz z 1
x (n) n

Xk ) k

T = 1 F nT = n F k =

2
k
N

x (n) NDFT

68kHz512DFT
f _______, w _______
______
15.6250.0123rad98.4rad/s

7 DFT

DFT

8 X (k ) N x (n) N X (k ) N

X (k ) x1 ( n) x(n) x1 ( n)
x1 ( n) =

N 1 N 1
N 1
N 1

nk
kn
nk

X
(
k
)
W
=
x
(
n
)
W
W
=
x
(
n
)
W Nk ( n + n)

N
N N

k =0
k = 0 n = 0
n = 0
k =0

N 1

N 1

W
k =0

k ( n + n )
N

N
=
0

n + n = Nl

N 1

x1 (n) = Nx( n + Nl ) = Nx ((n)) N R N (n)

n

9 x(n) = {1,1,0,0} 4DFT

x(k ) x (n) 1

2388DFTDFT
x( n )

X (k)

x ( n)
x(n 4)

1 y1 (n) =

n=0~3
n=4~7
n=0~3
n=4~7

x (n)
0

2 y 2 ( n) =

x( n )
2
0

n =

3 y 3 ( n) =

n =

Y1 ( 2k ) = 2 X ( k ) , 0 k 3
Y1 ( 2k + 1) = 0

k1
= X ( k ) , k1 = 2k , 0 k1 7,0 k 3
2

2 Y2 ( k1 ) = X

Y3 ( k1 ) = X ( ( k1 ) ) 4 = X ( k )
0 k1 7,0 k 3, k = k1 mod 4

10 x (n) 2N

x ( n + N ) = x ( n)

x1 (n) = x(n) R N ( n) N DFT X 1 (k ) x (n) 2N DFT X (k )

X 1 ( k )
k
2

X ( k ) = 2 X 1
11NDFT
1 x (n)

= a n R N ( n)

2 x ( n)

= nR N (n)

1 x ( n)

= a n R N (n)
N 1

X (k ) = a e
n

2
nk
N

n =0

2 x ( n)

1 aN
1 ae

2
k
N

= nR N (n)
N 1

X (k ) = nWNnk RN (k )
n =0

N 1

W X (k ) = nWN( n+1) k RN (k )
k
N

n =0

N 1

N 1

n =0

n =0

X (k )(1 WNk ) = ( nWNnk nWN( n+1) k ) RN (k )

= W Nk + 2W N2 k + 3W N3k + + ( N 1)W N( N 1) k (W N2 k + 2W N3k + + ( N 2)W N( N 1) k + N 1) R N (k )

N 1

= ( ( N 1) + W Nnk ) R N (k )
n =1

W k 1
= ( N 1) + N k R N (k ) = NR N (k )
1 WN

X (k ) =

N
R N (k )
1 W Nk

12NDFT ( P116 )
1 x(n) = a n ,0 n N 1

nm 0 n N 0 < m < N
N

2 x(n) = cos

1 X (k ) =

N 1

a nWNnk =
n =0

1 a N W NNK
1 aN
=
0 k N 1
1 aW Nk
1 aW Nk

j
mn j
nk
1 N 1 j mn
2

mn W Nnk = e N + e N e N
2 X (k ) = cos
2 n =0
N

n =0

N 1

1 1 e j 2 ( k m ) 1 e j 2 ( k + m )
=
+
2
2

j (k m)
j ( k +m)
2
N
1 e N
1 e

N +1
N +1
1 e j ( k m ) e j ( k m ) j N ( k m ) e j ( k + m ) e j ( k + m ) j N ( k + m )
e
+
e

j ( k m)
j (k +m)
j (k +m)
2 j N ( k m )
N
N
e
e
e N
e

1 sin((k m) ) j
=
e
2 sin (k m)
N

N +1
( k m )
N

sin ( (k + m) ) j
+
e
sin (k + m)
N

N +1
( k + m )
N

N
, k=m k=-m
2
=
0,

13 x(n) = (n) + 2 (n 5)
1 10 X (k )
2 y (n) 10 Y (k ) = W10 X (k ) y (n)
2k

3 m(n) 10 M (k ) = X (k )Y (k ) m(n)
1 X (k ) =

N 1

n =0

n =0

x(n)WNnk = [ (n) + 2 (n 5)]W10nk

5k

=1+2 W10 =1+2

2
5k
10

=1+2 (1) k k = 0,1,...,9

2 Y (k ) = W10 X (k ) y (n) x(n) 2
2k

y ( n) = x( ( n 2) ) 10 = (n 2) + 2 (n 7)
3 M (k ) = X (k )Y (k ) m(n)x(n)y (n)10
x(n)y (n)

u ( n) = x ( n) y ( n) =

x(l ) y(n l )

l =

= { 0,0,1,0,0,0,0,4,0,0,0,0,4}
10

m(n) = u (n 10l ) R10 ( n) = { 0,0,5,0,0,0,0,4,0,0} = 5 (n 2) + 4 (n 7)

l =

y (n) 10
N 1

n =0

n =0

Y (k ) = y (n)W Nnk = [ ( n 2 ) + 2 ( n 7 ) ]W10nk = W102 k + 2W107 k

)(

M (k ) = X (k )Y (k ) = 1 + 2W105 k W102 k + 2W107 k

= W102 k + 2W107 k + 2W107 k + 4W1012 k

= 5W102 k + 4W107 k
m(n) = 5 ( n 2 ) + 4 ( n 7 )

2
n
0 n N 1 x(n) N DFT
N

141 x(n) = sin

2

X (k ) = e

2
j
k
9

x ( n) =

1n =0 ,1, 2

0

x(n) 9 DFT

sin k
3 k = 0,1,2,...,8
( P345 )

sin k
9
2

2 j N kn
1 X (k ) = sin
n e
N
n =0
N 1

j
n j
kn
1 N 1 j N n
N
N
e

e
e

2 j n =0

j (1+ k ) n
1 N 1 j N (1k ) n

=
e
e N

2 j n=0

j
=

N
,k =1
2

N
, k = 1
2
0

2 X (k ) = e

2
kn
9

n =0

2
j
k
9

1 e
1 e

6
j k
9
j

2
k
9

j k
j 3 k

e
e 3
e

j k j k
j k
e 9 e 9 e 9

j k
3

sin k
3 K = 0,1,...,8

sin k
9

15 8 x(n) 8 X (k ) 5.29 x (n)

16 y (n)

n
x n
2
y (n) =
0

1 y (n) 16 Y (k ) Y (k )

2 X (k ) N X (k ) = X ( N 1 k ), k = 0,1,...,

X (k )
4
3
2
1
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5
1 n y (n) = 0

6 7

N
N
1 x
2
2

15

Y (k ) = y (n)W16nk =
n 0

= x(m)W8mk

0 k 15

m=0

n
x W16nk
n = 0 , 2 ,... 2
14

7
x(m)W8mk , 0 k 7
X (k ) = m
=0

0,

7
x(m)W8m ( k 8) , 8 k 15
X (k 8) = m =0

0,

7
x (m)W8mk , 0 k 15
=
m=0

0,

7
x (m)W8mk , 0 k 15
Y (k ) =
m=0

0,

0k 7
X (k ),

= X (k 8), 8 k 15
0,

Y (k ) 5.34

Y (k )

2 1 0

1 2

3 4 5 6

7 8

16 x (n) DFTN
1 x(n) = a

0 n N 1

2 x(n) = {1,2,3,1}
1 X (k ) =

N 1

N 1

n =0

n =0

1 aW Nk
=
1 aW Nk
(2) X (k ) =

a nWNnk = aWNk

x(n)W
n =0

1 aN
1 aW Nk

0 k N 1

nk
4

= W40 + 2W4k 3W42 k W43k

= 1 + 2W4k 3W2k W43k
= 1 + 2( j ) k 3(1) k j k

(0 k 3)

17 8 x (n) 8 DFT X (k ) 16

n
x( )
2

n = 0,2,...14

y (n) =
n = 1,3,...,15

X (k ) Y (k ) = DFT [ y (n)]
Y (k ) =

15

y(n)W
n=0

nk
16

r =0

r =0

= y ( 2r )W162 rk + y (2r + 1)W16( 2 r +1) k

7

= x(r )W8rk

(k = 0,1,...,15)

r =0

X (k ) = x (n)W8nk

(k = 0,1,...,7)

n=0

k = 0,1,...,7 Y (k ) = X (k ) k = 8,9,...,15 k = l + 8(l = 0,1,...,7)

x(r )W

Y (l + 8) =

r ( l +8)
8

r =0

= x( r )W8rl = X (l )
r =0

Y (k ) = X (k 8)

k = 0,1,...,7

X (k )

Y (k ) =
X (k 8) k = 8,9,...,15
n = 0,1
2

18 x (n) = 1 n = 2, N = 4
0
n=3

x(n) X (k )

(k = 0,1,2,3)
X (n) =

4 1

x(k )W
k =0

kn
N

X (0) = x (k )W Nkn = 2W N0 + 2W N0 + 1W N0 + 0 = 5
k =0

X (1) = x(k )W Nkn = 2W N0 + 2W N1 + 1W N2 + 0 = 2 + 2e

2
4

+e

2
2
4

k =0
3

X (2) = x( k )W Nkn = 2W N0 + 2W N2 + 1W N4 + 0 = 2 + 2e j + e j 2
k =0
3

X (3) = x(k )W
k =0

kn
N

= 2W + 2W + 1W + 0 = 2 + 2e
0
N

3
N

6
N

19 X (k ) N x (n) DFT
1

x (n)

x ( n) = x( N 1 n)

X (0) = 0

3
2

+ e j 3

= 2 + 2e

+ e j

x (n) = x ( N 1 n)
X(

N
)=0
2

1
N 1

X (k ) = x(n)W Nnk
n=0

N 1

N 1

n=0

n =0

X (0) = x(n)W N0 = x(n) =

N
1
2

x ( n)
n=0

N 1

x ( N 1 n)

n=

N
2

N 1 n = m
N
1
2

X ( 0) = x ( n )
n=0

x ( m)

n=

N
1
2

X (0) = 0

N 1
N 1
N
jk
= x(n)(1) n n
2 X ( ) = x (n)e
2
n =0
n =0

N
1
2

x(2r )(1)

2r

r =0

N
1
2

N
1
2

r =0

r =0

N
1
2

+ x(2r + 1)(1) 2 r +1
r =0

= x(2r ) x(2r + 1)
N
1
2

N
1
2

r =0

r =0

= x( N 1 2r ) x( 2r + 1)( N 1 2r = 2k + 1)

x(2r + 1) x(2r + 1)

k=

N
1
2

N
2

r =0

X(

N
)=0
2

21

 f s 2

22Z
Z

1 x[k ] = { 2,2,3,1; k = 0,1,2,3} N = 4

x[(2 k ) N ]R4 [k ]

x[(2 k ) N ]R4 [k ] = { x[2], x[1], x[0], x[3]; k = 0,1,2,3} = { 3,2,2,1; k = 0,1,2,3}

2 x[ n] = {1,2,3,2,1; k = 0,1,2,3,4} , h[n] = {1,0,1,1,0; k = 0,1,2,3,4} x[n] h[n]

x[k ] h[ k ] = x[k ] { [k ] + [k 2] [ k 3]}

= x[k ] + x[(k 2) 5 ] x[(k 3) 5 ] = { 0,1,3,3,2; k = 0,1,2,3,4}

3 x[ n] = { 3,2,0,2; k = 0,1,2,3} , h[n] = { 4,2,1,1; k = 0,1,2,3} x[n]h[n]

h[0] h[3]
h[1] h[0]

h[2] h[1]

h[3] h[2]

h[2] h[1] x[0] 4 1 1 2 3 6

h[3] h[2] x[1] 2 4 1 1 2 4

=
h[0] h[3] x[2] 1 2 4 1 0 3



h[1] h[0] x[3] 1 1 2 4 2 7

4N x( n ) X ( k ) Parseval
N 1

x[n] =

k =0

1
N

N 1

m =0

1
N

N 1

X [k ]

m=0

X [ m] =

1
N

N 1

X [ m] X * [ m]

m =0

1
N

N 1

N 1

X [m]( x[k ]WNmk )*

m =0

N 1

k =0

= x * [k ]

1
N

N 1

X [m]W

mk
N

N 1

N 1

k =0

k =0

k =0

m =0

= x * [k ] x[k ] = x[ k ]
5

x( k )X (n)

1
X ( k ) x ( n)
N

6 x(n) N x e ( n), x o (n) x (n)

1
x e (n) = xe * ( N n) = [ x(n) + x * ( N n)]
2
xo ( n ) = xo * ( N n ) =

1
[ x(n) x * ( N n)]
2

DFT [ xe (n)] = Re[ X ( K )]

DFT [ xo (n)] = j Im[ X ( K )]

1
1
xe (n) = xe * ( N n) = [ x(n) + x * ( N n)] = [ x(n) + x * ((n)) N ]
2
2
1
[ X (k ) + X * (k )] = Re[ X (k )]
2

xo ( n ) = x o * ( N n ) =

1
1
[ x(n) x * ( N n)] = [ x(n) x * (( n)) N ]
2
2

1
[ X (k ) X * (k )] = j Im[ X (k )]
2
7 DFT [ x ( n)] =

1
x ( n) =
N

N 1

X (k ), DFT [ X (n)] = Nx ((k )) N

X (k )W
k =0

kn
N

N 1

X (k ) = x(n)WNkn

k =0

2 X ( k ) =

N 1

x(n)W
k =0

kn
N

kn

N 1

X (n) = x ( k )WNkn

n =0

1
=
N
1
N

N 1

Nx(k )W
k =0

kn
N

N 1

Nx(k )W
k =0

k k

k n
N

Nx (( k )) N

1 X ( n)

8 x(n) = IDFT [ X (k )] IDFT [ x(k )] =

1
x ( k )] =
IDFS [ ~
N

N 1

~x (k )W
k =0

1
X ((n) N ) R N ( n)
N

kn
N

1 N 1 ~
rk
kn

N X (r )W N W N
k =0
r =0

N 1
N 1
1
~
= 2 X (r ) W Nk ( r n )
N r =0
r =0
=

1
N

N 1

N
N 1

W
k =0

k (r n)
N

r n = lN
l

r n lN
1 ~
1 ~
IDFS [ ~
x (k )] = 2 X (lN n) N = X ( n)
N
N
1 ~
1
IDFT [ x(k )] = X ( n) R N ( n) = X (( n) N ) R N (n)
N
N
0

9 X (k ) N x (n) N DFT
a x (n) x(n) = x( N 1 n) X (0) = 0
b N x(n) = x ( N 1 n) X (

N
) = 0
2

N 1

X (k ) = x (n)W N

(k = 0,1,..., N 1)

nk

n=0

a X (0) =

N 1

x ( n)
n=0

N X (0) =

N
1
2

N
1
2

n =0

n=0

x ( n) + x ( N 1 n)

N
1
2

[ x ( n) + x ( N 1 n) ]
n =0

N
1
2

[ x ( n) x ( n)] = 0
n =0

N X (0) =

N 1
1
2

N 1
1
2

n =0

n =0

x ( n) + x ( N 1 n) + x (

N 1
= x(
)+
2

N 1
)
2

N 1
1
2

[ x ( n) + x ( N 1 n) ]
n =0

N 1
1
2

N 1
) + [ x ( n) x ( n) ]
2
n =0
N 1
N 1
= x(
) + 0 = x(
)
2
2
= x(

x(n)

N 1
N 1
n 1
) = x( N 1
) = x(
)
2
2
2
n 1
X(
)=0

2
x(

N X (0) = 0
N

b N X (

N 1
N 1
n
N
) = x(n)W N 2 = x (n)(1) n
2
n =0
n=0

N
1
2

x(n)(1)

n =0

N
1
2

x(n)(1)
n =0

N
1
2

+ x ( N 1 n)(1) N 1n
n=0

N
1
2

+ (1) N 1 x(n)(1) n
n =0

 N N 1 (1) N 1 = 1 (1) n = (1) n ,

X(

N
)=
2

N
1
2

x(n)(1)

n =0

N
1
2

x(n)(1) n = 0
n=0

10 DFT [ x(n)] = X (k ) DFT [ X (k ) = Nx ( N n)]

W N k ( N n ) = W Nnk
x ( n) =

1
N

N 1

X (k )W
k =0

nk
N

N 1

Nx ( N n) = X (k )W N k ( N n )
k =0

k ( N n )

W N

= W Nnk

Nx ( N n) =

N 1

X (k )W
k =0

kn
N

= DFT [ X (k )]

11 x (n) x(n) = x( N n) X (k )
N 1

X (k ) = x (n)W Nnk
n=0

N 1

x( N n)W
n =0

N 1

x( N n)W
n =0

( n )( k )
N

W Nnk

( N n )( N k )
N

N n = m X (k ) =

x(m)W

m= N

x (n) , x(0) = x( N ) = 0

x(0)W N( N k ) 0 = x( N )W N( N k ) m + x(0)W N( N k ) 0
N

X (k ) = x(m)W N( N k ) m + x(0)W N( N k ) 0
m =1

( N k ) m
N

= x (m)W N( N k ) m
m=0
N

= x (m)W N( N k ) m x( N )W N( N k ) N
m=0

N 1

= x (m)W N( N k ) m
m=0

N 1

X (k ) = x(m)W N( N k ) m = X ( N k )

m =0

x (n) x(n) = x( N n) X (k )

12 x(n) = n + 1(0 n 3), y (n) = (1) n (0 n 3) x(n) y (n)

z (n)
x(n) = {1,2,3,4}

0 n 3 y ( n) = {1,1,1,1} 0 n 3

x (n) N 1 = 4 , y (n) N 2 = 4
z (n) = x(n) y (n) N = N 1 + N 2 1 = 7 , N = 7
x(n) y (n)

N 1

z ( n ) = x ( n ) y ( n) = ~
x ( m) ~
y ( n m) R N ( n )
m =0

z (n) = x(n) y (n) = {1,1,2,2,3,1,4} ,0 n 6

13 a ( n) 1,2,3 b( n) 3,2,1
1 a ( n ) b( n )
2 2 FFT
FFT
1 w(n) = a (n) b(n) =

a(m)b(n m)

n =

 w(n) = a (n) b(n) = { 3,8,14,8,3} 0 n 4

2 2FFT a (n)
N 1 = 3 a ( n ) b( n ) N = N 1 + N 2 1 = 5
FFT 2 3 = 8

14 N=100

1 0 n 10
x(n) =
0 11 n 99
x ( n),

y (n) = 0
1

n=0
1 n 89
90 n 99

y (n) f (n) = x( n) y (n)

x(n), y (n) f (n) = x(n) y (n)

11
10

8
7

f ( n ) = 5
4

3
2

15

n=0
n = 1,99
n = 2,98
n = 3,97
n = 4,96
n = 5,95
n = 6,94
n = 7,93
n = 8,92
n = 9,91
n = 10,90
10 < n < 90

x(n) N X (k ) = DFT [ x(n)] x(n)

1 rN

y (n)

x( n )
r
y ( n) =
0

n = ir , i = 0,1, , N 1
n ir , i = 0,1, , N 1

DFT[

y (n) ] X (k )

N 1
x(l )W Nlk
X
(
k
)
=

l =0

Y (k ) =

rN 1

y(n)WrNkn =
n =0

N 1

x(l )W

l = 0 , r , 2 r

lk
N

0 k N 1

N 1

n
x ( )WrNkn
r
l = 0 , r , 2 r

n
r

=l

0 k rN 1
0 k N 1

X (k )

X (k N )

X [k (r 1) N ]

N k 2N 1
( r 1) N k rN 1

r 1

= X ( k mN )

0 k rN 1

m=0

16 x(n) N X (k ) = DFT [ x(n)] rN

y (n)
x( n)
y ( n) =
0

rN DFT[
X ( k )

0 n N 1
N n rN 1

y (n) ] X (k )
N 1

= DFT [ x(n)] = x(n)e

2
nk
N

,0 k N 1

n =0

Y ( k ) = DFT [ y ( n)] =
N 1

= x ( n)e
n =0

2 k
n
N r

rN 1

N 1

n =0

n =0

y(n)WrNnk = x(n)WrNnk

k
= X , k = lr , l = 0,1, , N 1
r

Y (k ) X (k )r X (k )

k

r

r 1 kr l Y ( k )X

17 x(n) N X (k ) = DFT [ x(n)] x (n)

r 1 rN
x(n r )
y (n) =
0
rN DFT[
X (k )

y (n)

n = ir , i = 0,1, , N 1
n

y (n) ] X (k )
N 1

= DFT [ x(n)] = x(n)WNnk ,0 k N 1

n =0

Y (k ) = DFT [ y (n)] =

rN 1

y(n)W
n =0

N 1

N 1

i =0

n =0

nk
rN

= x(ir r )WrNirk = x(i )W Nik ,0 k rN 1

Y (k ) = X ((k )) N RrN (k )

Y (k ) X (k ) N

r Y (k ) rN

18 x(n) = 4 (n) + 3 (n 1) + 2 (n 2) + (n 3) 6
X (k )
1 y (n) 6 Y (k ) = W6 X (k ) y (n)
4k

2 u (n) 6 X (k )

U (k ) = Re[ X (k )] u (n)
3 v (n) 3 V (k ) = X (2k ) (k = 0,1,2) v (n)
1 Y (k ) = W6 X (k ) y (n) x (n) 4
4k

y ( n) = x((n 4)) 6
= 4 (n 4) + 3 ( n 5) + 2 (n) + (n 1)
5

nk
2 X (k ) = [ 4 (n) + 3 (n 1) + 2 (n 2) + (n 3)]W6
n =0

= 4 + 3W6k + 2W62 k + W63k

X (k ) = 4 + 3W6 k + 2W62 k + W63k

1
X (k ) + X (k )
2

Re[ X (k )] =

]
]

1
4 + 3W6k + 2W62 k + W63k + 4 + 3W6 k + 2W62 k + W63k
2
1
= 8 + 3W6k + 2W62 k + W63 K + 3W65 k + 2W64 k + W63k
2
1
= 8 + 3W6k + 2W62 k + 2W63k + 2W64 k + 3W65 k
2
3
3
u (n) = 4 (n) + (n 1) + (n 2) + (n 3) + (n 4) + (n 5)
2
2
=

3 X (2k ) =

n =0

n=0

n =0

n =3

x(n)W62nk = x(n)W3nk = x(n)W3nk + x(n)W3nk

n =0

n =0

= x(n)W3nk + x( n + 3)W3k ( n +3)

2

n =0

n=0

= x(n)W3nk + W33k x (n + 3)W3nk

2

= [ x( n) + x(n + 3)]W3nk , k = 0,1,2

n =0

V (k ) = v(n)W3nk = X (2k )
n=0

= [ x(n) + x( n + 3)]W3nk , k = 0,1,2

n =0

v( n) = x(n) + x (n + 3), n = 0,1,2

v (0) = x(0) + x(3) = 5
v (1) = x(1) + x(4) = 3
v (2) = x(2) + x(5) = 2
v( n) = 5 (n) + 3 (n 1) + 2 ( n 2)

19 X (k ) N x (n) N X (k ) N
X (k ) x1 ( n) x (n) x1 (n)

N 1

x1 (n) = X (k )W
k =0

nk
N

N 1
N 1

kn
nk

= x(n )W N W N = x( n ) W Nk ( n + n)
k = 0 n = 0
n = 0
k =0

N 1 N 1

N 1

W
k =0

k ( n + n )
N

N
=
0

n + n = Nl

N 1

x1 (n) = Nx( n + Nl ) = Nx ((n)) N R N (n)

n

20 DFT x(n) = R N (n)

x(n) = R6 ( n)
1 6 6
2 6 12

1 0 n L 1
x1 [n] = x 2 [ n] =

0
3-6 L = 6 N DFT N = L N DFT

k =0

N 1
N
X 1 ( k ) = X 2 (k ) = W Nkn =
n =0
0

x1 [ n]

( a)
X 1 [k ] X 2 [k ]

N 2
X 3 (k ) = X 1 [k ] X 2 ( k ) =
0
x3 [n] = N

k =0

0 n N 1

3-6 x 2 [ ((n m)) N ] x1 [m]

x1 [m] x 2 [ ((n m)) N ] N

 x1 [n] x 2 [n] 2L L
2L 3-7

x1 [n] x 2 [n] 3-7 N = 2 L

X 1 [k ] = X 2 [k ] =

1 W NLk
1 W Nk

3-7e x3 [n] DFT N = 2 L

1 W NLk
X 3 [k ] =
k
1 WN

DFT
x1 [n] x 2 [n]
X 1 [k ] X 2 [k ]

DFT N DFT
x3 [n] = x1 [n]x 2 [n]

X 3 [k ] =

1
N

N 1

X [l ] X [ ((k l )) ]
l =0

DFT
x1 [n]x 2 [n]

1
X 1 [k ] X 2 [k ]
N

21 x(n) 2N

x ( n + N ) = x ( n)

0 n N 1

x1 (n) = x(n) R N (n) N DFT X 1 ( k )

x (n) 2N DFT X (k ) X 1 ( k )

DFTX (k ) = 2 X 1

22 f (k ) = { 3,2,1,2} h(k ) = { 2,3,4,2}

1 f (k ) h(k ) f (k ) h(k )
2 f (k ) h(k ) f (k ) h(k )
3
1 y ( k ) = 6h(k ) + 13h(k 1) + 20h(k 2) + 21h(k 3)

y (k ) = 6h(k ) + 13h( k 1) + 20h(k 2) + 21h(k 3) +

14h(k 4) + 10h( k 5) + 4h(k 6)

235 x(n)
1 x ( n) x ( n)
5

2 x ( n) x ( n)
x( n )
3
2
1
0 1 2 3 4

x ( n ) x( n )
3
2
1

10
2

13
4

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

x ( n) x ( n)
13 10 11 10
5
0

1 2 3 4

24DFT
M,N M+N-1,
DFT IDFT

25 X (k ), Y (k ) N x (n), y ( n) DFT

X (k ), Y (k ) x(n), y ( n) NIFFT

x(n) X (k ), y (n) Y (k )

Z (k ) = X ( k ) + jY (k )

Z (k ) N IFFT

z (n)

DFT

IDFT [ X (k ) + jY (k )] = IDFT [ X (k ) + jIDFT [Y (k )] = x(n) + jy (n)

x(n), y (n)

z (n) = x(n) + jy (n)

x (n) = Re[ z (n)]

y (n) = Im[ z (n)]

2 X (k ) X (e

X (k )

3N
NT N T

4 N x[n] z X (z ) X (z ) M

M < N M IDFT x1 [n] x[n]

X 1 [ m] = X ( z ) z =e j 2M m , m = 0,1, , M 1

X 1 [m] X (z ) M

x1 [k ] = IDFT { X 1 [m]} =

x[k + lM ]R

l =

[k ]

 x (k ) M [0M 1]
x1 [k ] MN x[k ] M

5FFT

x(n)

MZ X ( Z ) =

M 1

x (n) Z

n =0

X (Z ) N X ( Z k )

Zk = e

2
k
N

1 N

, k = 0,1,, N 1, NFFT

< MN M NFFT X ( Z k )

(2) X ( Z k ) IDFT x (n) ?

1 N

x (n) N x ' ( n) x ' ( n) N

FFT X ( Z k )

N<M

x (n) N x ' ( n)

x ' (n) M FFT X ( Z k )

2 N

x (n)

8 x(n) = a u ( n),0 < a < 1 z X (z )

n

X (k )

= X ( z ) z =W k IDFT [ X (k )]
N

X (z) =

1
1 az 1

X (k ) = X ( z ) z =W k =
N

1
1 az 1

=
z =WN k

1
1
1 aN
=

1 aW Nk 1 a N 1 aW Nk

N 1

1
1 aN

(aW
n=0

k
N

)n =

1
1 aN

N 1

a W
n

n =0

kn
N

1
a n R N (n)
N
1 a

IDFT [ X (k )] =

X ( z ) = a n z n =
n =0

1
1 az 1

X (k ) = X ( z ) z =W k = a l z l
N

x1 (n) =

1
N

N 1

1
N

X (k )WNnk =

K =0

N 1

l =

k =0

1
N

N 1

W
k =0

k (l n )
N

x1 (n) =

kl
N

l =

[ a l u (l )WNkl ]WNnk

K = 0 l =

N
=
0

l = n + mN
l n + mN

x(n + mN )

m =

= 0,1,2

0 n N 1

m =0

m =0

= a n + mN u (n + mN ) = a n a mN
=

a u (l )W

a l u (l )W Nk (l n)

N 1

l =0

z =W N k

0 n N 1

1
a n R N (n)
N
1 a

9 M x (n)

x(n),0 n M 1
x ( n) =
0, n

X ( z) =

M 1

x (n) z

n =0

z=e

2
k
N

, k = 0,1, N 1 N > M

X (z ) N
N

>M

x (n) N

N DFT

 x( n),0 n M 1
x0 (n) =
0, M n N 1

X (e

2
k
N

N 1

) = x 0 ( n)e

2
nk
N

,0 k N 1

n =0

10 x(n) = {1,0,1,1,0,1} Z X (z ) 5
X (k ) X ( k )

= X ( z)

z =W5 k

, k = 0,1,2,3,4

X (k ) x1 (n)

X ( z ) = x ( n ) z n = 1 + z 2 + z 3 + z 5
n =0

X (k ) = X ( z ) z =W k
5

= 1 + W52 + W53 + W55 = 2 + W52 + W53

4

= x1 (n)W5kn
n =0

x1 (n) = { 2,0,1,1,0}
11 x(n) Z X (z ) X (z ) 4
X (k )

X (k ) = X ( z )
z =e

2
k
4

, k = 0,1,2,3

X (k ) 4 x1 (n) x1 (n) ( P379 )

x( n )
1

-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

6 7

X (z ) 4 x(n) 4
x1 (n) =

x((n + 4r )) x (n)

r =

x1 ( n )
2
1

-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

6 7

1 DFT?

2?

3 X ( f ) X (k )

4DFT
DFT

5FFTN2
1025 kHz 5 Hz1.
2.3.
f m 1.25kHz
f s 2 f m = 2.5kHz

2.5 1000
fs
= 500
5kHz N
5
N

N 2

N = 512
T =

1
f s min

1
1
=
ms = 0.4ms
2 f s 2.5

 T p min = N T = 512 0.4ms = 204.8ms

6 110.241024

2
1024
1 F

10240
= 10
1024

2 T

1
= 97.66 s
10.24

1024 T=97.66

1024=100ms

78kHz512DFT

f s = s , F0 = 0
2
2
fs s
=

F0 0
s 0

fs s
=
=N
F0 0

F0 =

f s= 8kHz, N = 512

fs
N

F0 =

8000
= 15.625 Hz
512

82
10 Hz 0.1ms
123

T0

T0

1
s
10

1
, F0 10 Hz
F0

 0.1s
2

fs =

1
1
=
10 3 = 10kHz
T 0.1

fs > 2 fh
fh <

1
f s = 5kHz
2

5kHz
3 N

T0 0.1
=
10 3 = 1000 N 2
T 0.1

= 210 = 1024

1 DFT

1 100 s 20 s
N=1024 DFT {x ( n)] FFT
1 N 2 NN 1
T1

T1 = N 2 100 + NN 1 20 = 125808640 s = 125.80864 s

2 2FFT

N
log 2 N N log 2 N
2

FFT 1024 DTF T2

T2 =

N
log 2 N 100 + N log 2 N 20 = 716800 s = 0.7168s
2

2N FFT

N
log 2 N N log 2 N
2
2

3 ___________ e j N k ____
____ _______,___________________

2
k
N

n
4FFTDFT W N (n = 0,1, , N 1)

DFTDFT
W N
(n+ N )k

W N
n+ N 2

W N

= W Nnk = W N( k + N ) n

= W Nn

5 2FFT
kn

W N N DFT

N
log 2N N log 2N
2

2 FFT

12-FFTN=8

3 N = 8 2 FFT
x[ k ] = {1,1,1,1,0,0,0, 0} DFT

48 x (n) 4FFT x (n) 8DFT

X (k ) =

x(n)W

nk
8

n =0

r =0

r =0

= x(2r )W82 rk + x(2r + 1)W8( 2 r +1) k

3

= g (r )W4rk + W8k h(r )W4rk

r =0

r =0

= G (k ) + W H (k ), k = 0,1,2,3
k
8

r =0

r =0

X (k + 1) = g (r )W4r ( k + 4 ) + W8k + 4 h(r )W4r ( k + 4)

3

= g (r )W
r =0

rk
4

k
8

h(r )W
r =0

rk
4

= G (k ) W H ( k ), k = 0,1,2
k
8

x(0)
x ( 2)

x ( 4)
x(6)

4
DFT

X (0)
X (1)

X ( 2)
X (3)

G (3)
H (0)W80

x(1)
x(3)
x(5)

G (0)
G (1)
G ( 2)

H (1)W81

1
1
1
1

4
H (2)W82
DFT
3
H (3)W8

x (7 )
FFT

1 X [k ] N x[n] DFTN

x1[n] =
x2 [ n ] =

1
( x[2n] + x[2n + 1])
2

1
N
( x[2n] x[2n + 1]),0 n 1
2
2

X ( 4)
X (5)
X ( 6)
X ( 7)

X 1 [k ]

X 2 [k ]

x1 [n]

x 2 [ n]

N
DFT
X 1 [k ] X 2 [k ]
2

x[n] N DFT

N
1
2

N 1

ml

l =0

DFT { x[2k ]} = x[2k ]W Nmk = x[l ]W N2 l

k =0

N 1

= x[l ]
L =0

lN
2
N

1+W
1
N
W Nml = ( X [m] + X [ m + ])
2
2
2
N
1
2

N 1

ml 1
2

k =0

l =0

DFT { x[2k + 1]} = x[2k + 1]W Nmk = x[l ]W N

2

lN

(1 W N2 ) ml m 1
N
= x[l ]
W N W N = ( X [m] X [m + ]W N m
2
2
2
l =0
N 1

X 1 [ m] =

1
1
N
N
(1 + W N m ) X [m] + (1 W N m ) X [m + ],0 m 1
4
4
2
2

X 2 [ m] =

1
1
N
N
(1 W N m ) X [m] + (1 + W N m ) X [m + ],0 m 1
4
4
2
2

X [m] = (1 + WNm ) X 1[m] + (1 WNm ) X 2 [m],0 m

X [m +

N
1
2

N
N
] = (1 W Nm ) X 1 [m] + (1 + W Nm ) X 2 [m],0 m 1
2
2

2 2-FFT N = 8

3 2 4FFT

FFT


1N x (n) y (n) DFT X (k ) Y (k )

x(n) y (n) NIFFT

x(n) X (k ), y (n) Y (k )

Z (k ) = X ( k ) + jY (k )

Z (k ) N IFFT

z (n)

DFT

IDFT [ X (k ) + jY (k )] = IDFT [ X (k ) + jIDFT [Y (k )] = x(n) + jy (n)

x(n), y (n) z (n) = x(n) + jy (n)

x( n) = Re[ z (n)]
y ( n) = Im[ z ( n)]

2 2N x(n) DFT X (k ) (k = 0,1,...,2 N 1)

X (k ) x (n) N IFFT
x(n)

u ( n) = x ( 2n)
n = 0,1,..., N 1
v(n) = x (2n + 1)

X (k ) = U (k ) + W2kN V ( k )
k = 0,1,..., N 1
X (k + N ) = U ( k ) W2kN V (k )

U (k ) V (k ) u (n) v (n) N DFT U (k ) V (k )

U (k ) =

1
[ X (k ) + X (k + N )]
2
k = 0,1,..., N 1

1
V (k ) = W2Nk [ X (k ) X (k + N )]
2

 X (k )(k = 0,1,...,2 N 1) X (k )
U (k ) V (k ) 4.9

y ( n) = u (n) + jv(n)
U (k ) V (k ) N IFFT u (n) v(n)

(n = 0,1,..., N 1) x(n) x(n)

(n = 0,1,...,2 N 1)
5

1 FFT x ( n) h( n)

x (n) h(n) N 1 , N 2 , N N 1 + N 2 + 1
FFT x(n) h(n)
1 x(n) h(n) N N N 1 + N 2 + 1 N = 2 M (M
)

n = 0,1,...N 1 1
x ( n)
x ( n) =
n = N 1 , N 1 + 1,...N 1
0
n = 0,1,..., N 2 1
h ( n )
h( n) =
n = N 2 , N 2 + 1,..., N 1
0
2 FFT x (n) h(n)

x(n) FFT

X (k )

h(n) FFT

H (k )

3 Y (k ) = X (k ) H (k )
4 IFFT Y (k )

x(n) h(n) = IFFT [Y (k )] N

1 FIR

2 FIR h(0) = h(7) = 1, h(1) = h(6) = 3,

h(2) = h(5) = 5, h(3) = h(4) = 6 n h( n) = 0 H (e j )

h(n) = {1,3,5,6,6,5,3,1} ,0 n 7
N 1

H (e j ) = h(n)e jn
n =0

= 1 + 3e j + 5e j 2 + 6e j 3 + 6e j 4 + 5e j 5 + 3e j 6 + e j 7
=e

7
j
2

7
5
5
7
3
3
7
1
1
j j
j
j j
j
j j
j
j 72 j 72
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
e + e + 3e e + e + 5e e + e + 6e e + e 2

3
5
7 j 2
= 12 cos + 10 cos + 6 cos
= H ( )e j ( )
+ 2 cos
e
2
2
2
2

H (e j )

3
5
7 j 2
H ( ) = 12 cos + 10 cos + 6 cos
+ 2 cos
e
2
2
2
2

H (e j )
7
( ) =
2

H ( z) =

0.2871 0.4466 z 1
2.1428 + 1.1455 z 1
+
1 1.2971z 1 + 0.6949 z 2 1 1.0691z 1 + 0.3699 z 2

1.8557 0.6303 z 1
+
1 0.9972 z 1 + 0.2570 z 2

4
1 H ( z ) =

3 z 3 3 .5 z 2 + 2 .5 z
( z 2 z 1)( z 0.5)

2 H ( z ) =

4 z 3 2.8284 z 2 + z
( z 2 1.4142 z + 1)( z + 0.7071)

1 H ( z )

3 z 3 3.5 z 2 + 2.5 z
3 3.5 z 1 + 2.5 z 2
=
( z 2 z + 1)( z 0.5) ( z 2 z 1 + 1)(1 0.5 z 1 )

5 z 1 + 3)(0.5 z 1 1)
2
1 z 1
=
+
( z 2 z 1 + 1)(1 0.5 z 1 ) 1 0.5 z 1 z 2 z 1 + 1

3 3.5 z 1 + 2.5 z 2
=
1 1.5 z 1 + 1.5 z 2 0.5 z 3

4 z 3 2.8284 z 2 + z
H ( z) = 2
( z 1.4142 z + 1)( z + 0.7071)
4 2.8284 z 1 + z 2
=
(1 + 1.4142 z 1 + z 2 )(1 + 0.7071z 1 )
=

4.5857 + 0.4143 z 1
0.5857
+
1
2
1 + 1.4142 z + z
1 + 0.7071z 1

H ( z ) = (1

1 1
1
z )(1 + 6 z 1 )(1 2 z 1 )(1 + z 1 )(1 z 1 )
2
6

H ( z ) = (1
= (1

1 1
1
z )(1 + 6 z 1 )(1 2 z 1 )(1 + z 1 )(1 z 1 )
2
6

1 1
1
z 2 z 1 + z 2 )(1 + z 1 + 6 z 1 + z 2 )(1 z 1 )
2
6

5 1
37 1
z + z 2 )(1 +
z + z 2 )(1 z 1 )
2
6
8
205 2 205 3 8 4
= 1 + z 1
z +
z z z 5
3
12
12
3
= (1

6FIR

1
H ( z ) = (1 + 3 z 1 + 5 z 2 + 3z 3 + z 4 )
5

1
3
3
1
h(n) = (n) + (n 1) + (n 2) + (n 3) + (n 4)
5
5
5
5

1
= 0.2
5
3
h(1) = h(3) = = 0.6
5
h(2) = 1
h(0) = h(4) =

 h(n) n

N 1
= 2 N N=5
2

x(n)

z 1

z 1

z 1

z 1

0.2

0.6

y (n)

P5-7

7
1

y ( n)

3
1
1
y (n 1) + y (n 2) = x(n) + x(n 1)
4
8
3

x(n)

y (n)
z 1

z 1
1

3/ 4

z 1

1/ 8
2

x(n)

y (n)
z 1
3/ 4

1/ 3
z 1

1/ 8
3

x(n)

y (n)
z 1
1/ 4

z 1

1/ 3

1/ 2

1
1 + z 1
1
3
H ( z) =

1
1
1 z 1 1 z 1
4
2
4

7/3

x(n)

y (n)

1/ 4
10 / 3
z 1
1/ 2

8 H ( z ) =

2 z 3 + 3z 2 2 z
( z 2 z + 1)( z 1)

1
2 z ( z + 2)( z 1 )
1 z
1 + 2 z 1
2
2
H ( z) = 2
= 2

1
2
1
( z z + 1)( z 1)
1 z + z
1 z

H ( z) = 2 +

7z 2 6z + 2
4z + 1
3
= 2+ 2
+
2
( z z + 1)( z + 1)
z z +1 z 1

4 z 1 + z 2
3z 1
= 2+
+
1 z 1 + z 2 1 z 1
b

z 1 1

z 1
1
a

2
X

z 1
3

z 1

z 1

9
2 n
h( n) =
0

0n5

y ( n) = h(n) x(n) =

k =0

k =0

h( k ) x ( n k ) = 2 k x ( n k )

z 1
x(n)

z 1
2

z 1
4

z 1
8

z 1
16

32

y (n)

10 H ( z ) = (1 1.4 z 1 + 3 z 2 )(1 + 2 z 1 )

H ( z ) = (1 1.4 z 1 + 3 z 2 )(1 + 2 z 1 )
= 1 + 0.6 z 1 + 0.2 z 2 + 6 z 3

(8.3)
(8.4)

8.3 T8.11 a8.4

T8.11b

z 1
X
z

1 .4

z 1

z 1

x(n)

0.6

z 1

z 1
0.2

y (n)

( a)

( b)
T8. 11

IIR

1IIR Hz ) =

0.9 + z 1

1 + 0.9 z 1

2
1

[ ]
H ( s ) L

ha (t )

ha (nT )

[ ]
= h(n) L

H ( z)

31
2

123
4S
Z

5IIR DFS j 2Fs

Z

2arctg ( )

7
SZ

9IIR DF

IIR DF

2
tg
T 2

10 H a (s ) H ( z ) = H a (

z +1

z 1
1 = 0

s =

2 =
30

= 0

s=

z +1
s +1
z=
, z = e j , s = j
z 1
s 1

S
Z

=0
=

=
=0

= 0 = 2
11

H a ( s ) = 1 ( s 2 + s + 1)
T=2 H (z )

s = c

2
, T = 2
T

1 z 1
1 + z 1

z +1
)
z 1

s=

1 z 1
1 + z 1

H ( z ) = H a ( s) |

s=

1 z 1
1+ z 1

1 z 1 1 z 1

+
+1
1
1
1+ z 1+ z
(1 + z 1 ) 2
=
3 + z 2
12

1
2

H ( e j )
1

1
3

2 3

H (e j )

H ( e j ) = T

H a ( j ) = H a ( j )
T
T

5 2

2
+ 3 , 3 3
2
5
2
H ( e j ) = + ,
3 3
3

0
,
[

2 3

5 2

2
T + 3 , 3T 3T
2
5
2
T + ,

j
H a ( j) = H (e ) | =T =
3 3T
3T

0,

H a ( j)

1
3
2 3T

3T

3T

2 3T

H a ( j) = H a ( jc tan

)
2

= c tan( )
2

= 2 arctan( )
c

4
5
3
arctan + , 3c
c 3
3

5 3
4
H a ( j) = arctan + ,
c 3c
c 3 3

0,

H a ( j )

1
3

3c

3
c
3

3
c
3

3c

13 3 Butterworth f s = 720 Hz
f 1 = 60 Hz f 2 = 300 Hz
H(s):

1
pc/(s+pc)
pc2/(s2+1.414pcs+pc3)
pc3/(s3+2pcs2+2pc2s+pc3)
4
4
pc /(s +2.613pc s3+3.414pc 2s2+2.613pc 3s+pc 4)

2
3
4

1 = 2 f 1 f = 2 60 720 = 6
s
2 = 2 f 2 f = 2 300 720 = 5 6
s
p k

p
2

2
p = 3 c = tan
= 2 f s tan =
fs
Ts
2
6
3
3

f s3

3 3
H a (s) = 3
=
2 2
2
3
4
8
8
s + 2 c s + 2 c s + c
s3 +
f s s 2 + f s2 s +
f s3
3
3
3 3
3
c

H1 ( z ) = H a ( s )

s=

2 1 z 1
1 z 1
1 = 2 f s
Ts 1+ z
1+ z 1

1
=

3 3
(1 z 1 ) 3 +

(1 + z 1 ) 3

2
1
(1 z 1 ) 2 (1 + z 1 ) + (1 z 1 )(1 + z 1 ) 2 +
(1 + z 1 ) 3
3
3
3 3

a = cos(

1 + 2
1

) / cos( 2
) = cos / cos
2
2
2
3

k = c tan(

p
2 1

3 1
) tan
= c tan . tan =
.
2
2
3
6
3
3

z 1

2k 1 k 1
1
Z +
Z 2
2
k +1
k +1 =
2 = 2Z 1
=
2
k 1 2 2k 1
1
Z
Z +1
Z 2 + 1 Z 2
k +1
k +1
2
Z 2

H d (Z ) = H 1 ( z)

z 1 =

2 Z 2 1
Z 2 2

1
=

3 3
( Z 2 + 1) 3 +

(3Z 2 3) 3

2
1
( Z 2 + 1) 2 (3Z 2 3) ( Z 2 + 1)(3Z 2 3) 2 +
(3Z 2 3) 3
3
3
3 3

FIR

1FIR

2FIR Hz ) =

1 z 1

3FIR h(n) :

1 h(n)
2 h(n) n = ( N 1) 2 h(n) = h( N 1 n)

4FIR

1 h(n)
2 h(n) n = ( N 1) 2 h(n) = h( N 1 n)

5FIRhnN H ( )

6FIR

7FIR

8FIR =

k , k

FIR

( ) = k + , k ,
9FIR

10 FIR h(n) /

h(n) = h( N n) FIR

FIR h(n) /

h(n) = h( N 1 n) FIR
11FIRIIR
FIR

12FIR

13 Gibbs?

N
8.95%; N
8.95%,
=20lg(
/)

14 ?FIR
( )

 ( ) = ( , )
FIR
h(n)
h(n) n =

N 1
h( n) = h( N 1 n)
2

15

1
2

z 1

z 1

x( n )
1

1
6

z 1
y( n )

1 h(n) N=6
FIR DF
2 H ( z ) = 1 3 z 1 6 z 2 + 6 z 3 + 3 z 4 z 5
y ( n) = x(n) 3 x(n 1) 6 x (n 2) + 6 x(n 3) + 3x (n 4) x(n 5)
16 h(n) N (0

n N 1) FIR

( )

= m, m

h(n) N m
h( n ) = h( N 1 n )
N m m =

N 1
2

17 FIR
hd ( n )

( )

hd ( n ) H d e

18FIR
h( n ) = h( N 1 n )
( ) = 0 0


19 8 h1 (n) h2 (n)
h2 ( n )

h1 ( n)

0 12 345 67

0 12 345 67

18
2FIR h1 (n)h2 (n)

h1 (n)h2 (n) h2 (n)h1 (n)

h1 (n) h2 (n)

~
~
h1 (n) = h2 (n + 4) R N (n) = h2 (n + 4) R8 (n)
DFT

H 1 (k ) = W84 k H 2 (k ) = (1) k H 2 (k )

H 1 (k ) = H 2 (k )

[]

2 h1 (n)h2 (n) hd ( n) sin c

h(n) h1 ( n)

h2 (n) H 2 (e j ) H 1 (e j )
h1 ( n) h2 ( n)