CMST 1061 Midterm Review Introduction to Communication (What is Communication Powerpoint) Features of communication o Communication is a process o Communication consists

of creating and responding to messages o Communication involves adapting to people and the environment Visible aspects of communication o People o Symbols o Technology Invisible aspects of communication o Meaning o Subjectivity o Learning Communication modes o Visual messagessight o Tactile messagestouch o Olfactory messagessmell o Gustatory messagestaste o Auditory messagessound What is Comm Theory? (What is Communication Powerpoint) 2 types of relationships (circumstance and choice) o Relationship of circumstance o Exists outside of your control o Ex: family, teachers, classmates, etc. o Relationship of choice o People you choose to have a relationship with o Ex: boyfriend/girlfriend, doctors, friends, etc. 3 dimensions of relationships (trust, intimacy, power) o Trust o Intimacy o We can be ourselves in front of other people, and they will accept who we are o Power o Getting a person to do what you want them to do Areas of Comm Theory o Intrapersonal communication o Focuses on the individual and cognitive processing o One person communication o Interpersonal communication o Focuses on two people interacting (usually) face-to-face,

who are in some kind of relationship with one another, such as friends, romantic partners, family members, or coworkers o Interact simultaneously with another person o Small group communication o Focuses on small groups who are interacting in order to accomplish a joint goal o 3-5 people together for a common purpose o Organizational communication o Focuses on the communication that occurs in formal organizations, such as business or government agencies o Businesses, employees, and how they function and communicate o Health communication o Occurs within the healthcare system o Disclosing personal health related information to doctors, family, etc. Contexts of Communication o Psychological o How your mood/state affects how you communicate o Physical o Your location, environment o Social o Status relationship between the participants communicating o Cultural o Deals with what is acceptable or unacceptable in a particular culture o Temporal o The time of day, week, month, year, etc., in which the communication takes place What is Rhetoric? (What is Communication Powerpoint) 3 dimensions of rhetoric o Human beings create messages o Symbols are the medium for rhetoric o Its goal is to persuade (influence) others Social truths o As a common group, what we believe to be true Aristotles 2 kinds of proofs o Inartistic proof o Physical evidence such that is brought into a courtroom o Artistic proof o Evidence created by the speaker to convey the audience

o Ethoscharacter of us as a speaker; Logosrational proof; Pathosuse of emotion to persuade the audience Stages of rhetorical criticism o Description o Describe whats done, seen, and said o Interpretation o What does this mean? o Evaluation o Was it effective or ineffective? What is Performance Studies? (What is Communication Powerpoint) Broad vs. Narrow definition of performance o Broad definition o View all human communication encounters as performative in nature; all individuals who are engaging in dialogue are performing; perform all of the different roles we play in our everyday lives o Narrow definition o The art of communicating a message to an audience via aesthetic or artistic texts; sending a message to an audience artistically; highlights social, cultural, and aesthetic aspects Key elements of performance o Performer o Text o Context o Time, place, audience, composition Burkes Pentad o Actwhat happens? o Agentby whom? o Agencyhow? o Scenewhere and when? o Purposewhy? Types/Genres of Performance Everyday life o We role take (natural extensions of the self) and role play Literary o Take literary text engage with it and bring it to life for an audience Storytelling o Tell oral histories: slave narratives, Holocaust survivors, Katrina survivors, folk tales, stories passed down over generations, etc.

Ethnographic o You, as a researcher, interested in a particular cultural group; study them and write about it; performer observes a group of people, interviews them, and then scripts the information to perform Cultural o Ex: weddings, football games, Mardi Gras, Macys Thanksgiving Day Parade o Performance within a community; scheduled, set up and prepare for it in advance; framed temporally and specially; occasions for people to come together; aesthetically elaborate Postmodern/avant-garde/performance art o Non-traditional performances; involve art or artists; uses performance as an instrument of change; through shock, disturbance; rebellion/objection of traditional theatrics

Section 1: The Agent The Agent in Comm Theory Perceptionthe way we see the world o The active process of selecting certain stimuli from the wide array of stimuli we are receiving and creating patterns and making sense out of those patterns Roles o A set of expected behaviors that are associated with a particular situation and guide how we are expected to behave toward others o Identity scripts: guide us in how to behave so that others will judge us in certain ways Self-concept o Describes who you are; how you view yourself; determines your actions and the choices you make; everything we think and feel about ourselves; our attitudes, beliefs, and values o Attitudes o Likes and dislikes o Beliefs o Believing in aliens, the sky is blue, the world is round o Values o Love, justice, honesty Real self o How we think about ourselves, who we think we are Ideal self

o What we want to be possible for ourselves and hold ourselves to Public self o What you let others see; how you appear to others o When interacting with others, the self that we want to present Private self o Who we are in moments of quiet reflection, which we are at our core when were alone Self esteem o The value you place on yourself; your feelings of self worth Self-Awareness o The ability to recognize and understand our own moods, emotions, and drives, and how those feelings affect others Self-regulation Self-monitoring o Loware who they are in the world, do not change o Highbeing really aware of people around them and how theyre behaving Social comparison theory o Look at other people and compare/measure ourselves up to them Looking glass self (reflected appraisal) o We look at other people and take in what we like or do not like about them Self-Disclosure o Communicating personal, self-revealing information to others o Moves in small steps; from impersonal to personal o Involved risk; needs to be reciprocal Matching Prematuretoo much, too quick Floodedsomeone at first meet just wants to tell you everything The Johari Window Known to Self Known to others Not known to others OPEN HIDDEN Not known to Self BLIND UNKNOWN

The Agent in Rhetoric Rhetorthe person doing the persuading Ethics o Principles for acceptable and unacceptable behavior o Guided by our societal value system (fairness, honesty, equality, freedom, respect, etc.)

o Your ethical value system is the basis for your communication ethics Ethical Communication o Those who conform to the moral standards a society establishes for its communicators o DOs o Present the truth to the best of their ability o Back up claims with facts, stats, or other information o Give credit to the source of information when it is not o DONTs o Intentionally lie o Expose the audience to half-truths that could cause significant harm o Fabricate information (make up information and present it as the truth) o Plagiarize information (present the words and ideas of others as they were the speakers own without giving credit to the original source) Ethos o The persuasive potential of a speaker; personal credibility o Speaker must exhibit: intelligence, virtue, and goodwill Initial Ethos o The ethos the source has prior to the beginning of the speech or communication act o Based on background, personal characteristics, position and/or appearance Derived Ethos o The ethos the source produces during the communication act o Derived from the content and presentation of the message o Content, distinction, presentation, temperament Terminal Ethos o The ethos of the source at the completion of the communication act Constraints (external and internal constraints) o Those obstacles that must be overcome in order to facilitate both the persuasive and practical effects desired by the speaker o External constraints o The objects, processes and events that may physically obstruct any productive action even if persuasion of an audience has occurred Objecta physical object whose characteristics or presence (or lack thereof) imposes challenges on the undertaking of the recommended course of action Processesthe bureaucratic and personal channels

through which approval must be sought, plans relayed, etc. Eventsa recent occurrence that disrupts the smooth operation of a planned productive action o Internal constraints o The beliefs, attitudes, and values of an audience that must be changed if persuasion is to occur Ways credibility can be damaged o If your actions or behaviors contradict your message o If the audience learns you have fabricated or plagiarized information o Poor delivery style o Selfish motives o Underestimating terminal ethos Persona o Generates or modifies a rhetors ethos o Not the actual character or reputation of a speaker (ethos), but how the rhetor constructs and presents an image of him or herself within a particular rhetorical text o Like a mask or costume, it creates a public face that best suits the immediate needs of the rhetor o Still used to establish credibility; credibility through image o Creates favorable first impressions o Used when addressing skeptical audiences in order to modify their ethos o Ethos is acquired over time; persona is tied to a specific discourse and always tied to that discourse The Agent in Performance Performer/actor Everyday life performancePerformer as role-taker/role-player Literary performancePerformer as character or narrator Avant-Garde performancePerformer as instrument for social change Personal narrativePerformer as version of yourself Ethnographic performancePerformer as other Characterization o Biological: human or animal; male or female o Physical: age, size, posture, facial features, voice qualities, habits, etc. o Social: economic status, profession, religion, what relationship is like o Positional: personality, mood

o Psychological: emotional, intellectual aspects, desires, motivations Questions to ask yourself to help develop a character Whowho are they talking to? Whatwhat is the character talking about? Whenwhen is the speaker speaking? Wherewhere is the speaker speaking? Howhow does the speaker speak? Whywhy does the speaker speak? Certainties o Definite answers supplied by the text Probabilities o Weighted likelihoods; probably Possibilities o Not definite, but kind of have a hint Distortions o Given a known certainty but decide to perform against it Section 2: Audience The Audience in Comm Theory Types of relationships based on o Number of people o Dyads o Groups o Purpose o Task relationships o Social relationships o Duration o Short-term o Long-term o Level of intimacy o Casual o In-between o Intimate Social and personal relationships o Social relationships are those relationships we have with others that are based on our public selves o The audience members are the others who are involved in the event o Personal relationships are those relationships with others with whom we share more of our private selves o These are achieved through the process of self-disclosure Social Exchange Theory

o We work to sustain relationships that give us the greatest total benefit: o Perceived relationship rewards Perceived relationship costs = Perceived relationship benefits o Rewardssecurity, affection, sharing activities, etc. o Coststime, money, emotional involvement, lack of autonomy, etc. o Economic Model of Relationships o Rewards > costs = continue o Rewards = costs = continue o Rewards < costs = terminate Stages of the Ten-Stage Model of Relationships o Stage 1: Initiating o Decide whether to initiate interaction with the person o Take notice of the other person, glance in their direction, smile o Superficial communication (handshake, greeting, insignificant topics like the weather) o Typically, communicators are simply trying to display themselves as a person who is pleasant, likeable, understanding, and socially o Stage 2: Experimenting o Find out if the relationship is worth pursuing o Gather information about the person (demographic information, likes, dislikes, interest, background) o Trying to discover the unknown o Stage 3: Intensifying o Increasing self-disclosure o Talk about more serious issues o Spend more time together, share more activities o Forms of address become more informal (nicknames, terms of endearment) o Private symbols begin to develop (private language) o Stage 4: Integrating o Perceived by other people as a pair or a couple o Become we instead of I and you o Begin to act, speak, and think more alike o Social circles merge (since the two individuals become a common packageone present, one letter, one invitation) o Intimacy trophies are exchanged (pictures, rings) o May have common property (move in together, joint bank account, our song) o Stage 5: Bonding o A public ritual that announces to the world that

commitments have been formally contracted o It is the institutionalized of the relationship o E.g., getting engaged, getting married o Stage 6: Differentiating o To become more distinct or different in character o Partners remind each other that they are separate individuals o The we and ours becomes I and mine and you and yours o Stage 7: Circumscribing o Communication is restricted in both amount (talk less about fewer topics) and quality (reveal less and less personal information and feelings) o Begin to withdraw physically and mentally from the relationship o Stage 8: Stagnating o The relationship becomes inactive; it no longer grows o Interactions become very superficial, or communication may stop altogether o Conversations become stilted and awkward o Some couples linger at this stage because they hope that they will eventually be able to revive the relationship, or they want to avoid the pain of terminating the relationship o Stage 9: Avoiding o Take steps to avoid face-to-face interaction; stay away from each other as much as possible o Can include a trial separation, one person moves out, different class schedules, etc. o Ex: I cant stay long. Or Im really busyI dont know when Ill be able to see you. o Stage 10: Terminating o The relationship is over o Termination can occur immediately after a greeting or after a 20 year relationship o The end may be communicated face-to-face, over the phone, in a letter, a legal notice, etc. o Depending upon the nature of the relationship and how the participants feel about ending it, this stage can be shortlived or prolonged, cordial or bitter Causes of interpersonal conflict in relationships o Goals to be pursued o Allocation of resources or scarcity of resources

o Decisions to be made o Inappropriate behaviors o Individual differences o Rivalry o Definition of the relationship Conflict resolution strategies o Non-assertivenot standing up for yourself, your needs or desires o Avoidance Choose not to deal with the conflict; withdraw from confrontation Ignore it and it will go away; physically and emotionally separate themselves from the situation Act as if they dont care, change the subject; attempt to joke it away o Accommodation Give in to others; self-sacrificing Typically overvalue the relationship and undervalue their own goals, needs, desires Favor harmony; attempt to smooth things over A win-lose approach o (Compromising) o Aggressivedominating others, or violating the rights of others, to get your own way o Competitive Strive to force their position on the other person Overwhelming need to win; win at all costs Maximize their own needs while diminishing the needs of others A win-lose approach o Assertivestanding up for your own rights without damaging others o (Compromising) Try to find a middle ground Give and take; both parties get some degree of what they want Leaves the individuals only partially satisfied A lose-lose approach o Integration/Collaboration The needs of both parties are integrated into the solution Both parties get what they want A win-win approach

Situational constraints o What is considered appropriate and effective communication depends on the situation; the situation includes the social and physical environment o Social environment consists of not only the individuals that are present, but also the roles that they are playing o Physical environment includes the setting or place of the interaction The Audience in Rhetoric Target audience o The specific audience that the rhetor wishes to address Empirical audience o The audience that physically exists in a particular place and time and hears a speech when it is given Evoked audience o The textual constriction of the audience created by the rhetor for the purpose of persuasion Audience adaptation o Rhetorical discourse forges a link between the rhetors views and those of an audience o To be successfully persuasive, the rhetor must attend to the audiences values, experiences, beliefs, social status, and expectations o The rhetor must consider what an audience accepts as true, probable, or desirable o This constant pursuit of audience approval in rhetoric had led to the criticism that rhetors decide what to say or write solely on the basis of what they believe their audience wants to hear Audience analysis Demographics Psychographics Rhetorographics Identification o We identify with someone when we see ourselves as sharing some quality or experience with another person or group Polarization o Us vs. them Distinction o The characteristic of being separate and often superior to the group to which an audience belongs o Credibility from expertise o The persona of the rhetor stands apart from the evoked audience

The Audience in Performance Studies Literary Performance o Speakers audience o The person(s)/listener(s) to whom the speaker of the text is speaking o The relationship between the speaker and the speakers audience is usually described as either open or closed, depending upon whether the listener is outside the text or within the situation of the text itself o Performers audience o Those who are watching the performance Open situation o The speaker of the text addresses the audience directly o Breaking the fourth wall Closed situation o The speaker of the text addresses a listener or listeners within the world of the text; the audience simply overhears o Speaking behind the fourth wall Aesthetic distance o Important in literary performance o The audience must believe that Snow Whites apple is poisoned, yet aesthetic distance lets the audience know that this is a performance o Prevents the audience members from rushing to the stage to grab the apple from Snow Whites hand Spectators o Passive audience members who simply view the performance Spect-actors o Active audience members who, in some way, participate in the performance Integral audience o One where people come because they have to or because the event is of special significance to them; necessary to accomplish the performance; surest evidence that the performance is a ritual o Often knows what is going on and members of the audience often know one another o Integral-aesthetic: people who have received a special invitation o Integral-ritual: audiences at weddings, funerals, graduations, etc. Accidental audience o A group of people who, individually or in small clusters, go to performances that are publically advertised and open to all;

comes to see the show o They attend voluntarily and have often paid to attend o Each individual or small group is a stranger among strangers o Accidental-aesthetic: commercial productions, publically advertised performances o Accidental-ritual: tourists watching a ceremony in which they are not a part of, simply observing Festival o Considered to be more pagan, secular, or recreational; more relaxed in tone; more public (accidental audience); experiments with meaning; structure is more loose, less fixed or rigid o Ex: Mardi Gras, Woodstock, etc. Ritual o Includes both words and acts; a partial fusion of performer and audience; often associated with an official religion or religious practice; more privatized (integral audience); more serious in tone; attempts to control meaning; structure is more or less fixed o If there is no performance, there is no ritual o Ex: weddings, funerals, communions, bar mitzvahs, etc.