Feasibility Study For Solar Cooling Systems

ALTENER Project Number
4.1030/Z/02-121/2002
GUIDELINES FOR SOLAR COOLING FEASIBILITY STUDIES & ANALYSIS OF THE FEASIBILITY STUDIES
ALTENER PROJECT
CLIMASOL
May 2005
LIST OF CONTENTS
A. Guidelines for solar cooling feasibility studies
0/ INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................4 1/ DATA OF THE PROJECT...................................................................................................7 1.1/ General presentation 1.2 / Cooling equipments 1.3/ Orientation of the study 1.4/ Pre-sizing using SACE Solar cooling Light Computer Tool 2/ SYSTEM SIZING...............................................................................................................13 2.1/ Sizing data 2.2/ Chiller 2.3/ Solar collectors 2.4/ Cooling tower (only for closed cycle technologies) 3/ THERMAL BALANCE OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM.......................................................15 3.1/ Calculation method 3.2/ Meteorological data 3.3/ Data on "domestic hot water consumption" 3.4/ Component features 3.5/ Presentation of the calculation results 4/ INSTALLATION & WORKING PRINCIPLES.................................................................17 4.1/ Installation principle 4.2/ Working principle 5/ SYSTEM TELEMONITORING..........................................................................................19 5.1/ Functions of the telemonitor 5.2/ Description of the measurments 5.3/ Monitoring 6/ ECONOMICAL BALANCE................................................................................................20 6.1/ Evaluation of the cost of the project 6.2/ Evaluation of the annual savings 7/ ENVIRONMENTAL ADVANTAGES...............................................................................23
Guidelines for solar cooling feasibility studies
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B. Analysis of the CLIMASOL feasibility studies

1/ INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................24 2/ MAIN DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDIES........................................................................24 3/ STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE STUDIES................................................................25 3.1/ Technical parameters 3.2/ Economical parameters 3.3/ Environmental benefit 4/ CONCLUSION AND FUTURE OF THE STUDIED PROJECTS....................................34
ANNEX : DETAILED PRESENTATION OF 5-6 REPRESENTING CASE STUDIES.......34 A) DEC system (9,5 kW) : Conference room (Marathon, Greece) B) Absorption system (8,6 kW) : Office building (St Etienne, France) C) Absorption system (200 kW) : Office building (Mnchen, Germany) D) Adsorption system (10 kW): Office building (Milano, Italy) E) Absorption system (15 kW) : Metal Industry (Schlierbach, Austria) F) Absorption system (35 kW) : Laboratory (Grenoble, France)
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A. Guidelines for solar cooling feasibility studies

0/ INTRODUCTION Indoor comfort depends on many factors. Most dominating out of them are indoor temperature and humidity. The indoor temperature felt by an individual of course depends on both air temperature and the temperature of surrounding wall surfaces. Indoor temperature and humidity depend on many factors which are related to the climate of the site, the building and its construction and user depending factors. Most important climatic factors are the solar radiation, outdoor air temperature and outdoor air humidity. Building related factors are among many others the buildings thermal mass, building orientation, window sizes and characteristics, shading devices and their control, construction of walls and ceilings etc.. Internal loads strongly depend on internal equipment and use of artificial lighting, infiltration and ventilation gains and occupation of rooms by persons. Goal of the presented guideline for solar cooling feasibility studies is to show how to realize a feasibility study using a solar cooling system. The different chapters briefly give general notions to build a structured feasibility study. Details about the used technologies and the different system configurations can be found in the Handbook Solar-Assisted Air-Conditioning in Buildings A Handbook for Planners which has been produced in the framework of Task 25 [Hans-Martin Henning (Editor); SolarAssisted Air-Conditioning in Buildings A Handbook for Planners. Springer Wien/NewYork; ISBN 3-211-00647-8]. For more information on the results of the Climasol project, a brochure has been produced in English and in the different national languages of the participating countries. A website is dedicated as well to the project at www.raee.org/climasol. In introduction, the following decision scheme is to guide the decision for a certain technical solution for a given situation, defined by climatic, building and occupation related factors as described above. Finally each solution represents a technical solution to use solar thermal energy for building air-conditioning. A basic scheme to guide the decision is shown in Figure 1Figure 1. A basic assumption is that both, temperature and humidity of indoor are to be controlled. The starting point always is a calculation of cooling loads based on the design case. Depending on the cooling loads and also according to the desire of the users/owner, either a pure air system, a pure water system or hybrid air/water systems are possible for extraction of heat and humidity out of the building. The basic technical decision is whether or not the hygienic air change is sufficient to cover also cooling loads (sensible + latent). This will typically be the case in rooms/buildings with a requirement of high ventilation rates, such as e.g. lecture rooms. However, a supply/return air system makes only sense in a rather tight building, since otherwise the leakages through the building shell is to high. In cases of supply/return air systems both thermally driven technologies are applicable, i.e., desiccant systems as well as thermally driven chillers. In all other cases only thermally driven chillers can be used in order to employ solar thermal energy as driving energy source.
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Building Distribution medium Technology

Cooling load calculation (building parameters, e.g., materials, geometry, orientation; internal loads, meterological conditions) cooling load, required hygienic air change
Pure chilled water system Climate temperate and extreme no Supply air system + chilled water system Climate temperate and extreme Conv. AHU, thermally driven chiller, chilled water network 6C - 9C (Figure 7) no Thermally driven chiller, chilled water network 6C - 9C (Figure 6)
Installation of centralized air handling unit feasible and yes desired? yes
Hygienic air change able to cover cooling load? no yes
Building construction appropriate for supply / return air system (building tight enough)? yes
Climate temperate Building construction appropriate for supply / return air system (building tight enough)? yes extreme
Climate temperate extreme
no Full air system (supply and exhaust air) + chilled water system
DEC system, standard configuration, chilled water network 12C - 15C (Figure 8)
Conv. AHU, thermally driven chiller, chilled water network 6C - 9C (Figure 7)
DEC system, standard configuration (Figure 2)
Conv. AHU, thermally driven chiller 6C - 9C
DEC system, special configuration, chilled water network 12C - 15C (Figure 8)
DEC system, special configuration (Figures 3 and 4)
Pure air system: Full air system (supply and exhaust air)
Figure 1 Basic scheme for decision guidance The lowest required temperature level of chilled water is determined by the question whether air dehumidification is realized by conventional technique, i.e., cooling the air below the dew point or whether air dehumidification is realized by a desiccant process. In the latter case the temperature of chilled water - if needed at all - can be higher since it has to cover only sensible loads. Application of desiccant technique in extreme climates, i.e., climatic conditions with high humidity values of the ambient air, special configurations of the desiccant cycle are necessary in order to be able to employ this technology. More items of the design which cannot be covered in this presentation are for instance: Necessity of a backup system for the cold production or to allow solar autonomous operation of the solar assisted air conditioning system; Flexibility in comfort conditions, e.g. to allow certain deviations from the desired air states; Economical issues; Availability of water for humidification of supply air or for cooling towers; Comfort habits for room installations: fan coils have lowest investment cost, but allow dehumidification only when connected to a drainage system; chilled ceilings and other gravity cooling systems require for high investment cost, but provide high comfort.
It is not indicated here, which type of thermally driven chiller is applied. In case of a desiccant system is required with an additionally chiller to cover peak-loads, the required chiller may be an electric driven compression chiller for economical reasons.
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A basic technical scheme of a system which contains both open desiccant cycles and closed cycle water chillers is shown in Figure 2Figure 2. Also different options of back-up are shown in Figure 2Figure 2, namely back-up on the heat side by other heat sources (e.g. gas burner, connection to a district heating network, co-generation plant etc.) and a back-up compression chiller. To provide cooling in the room several solutions are possible: a fan-coil system which is used in summer and winter, a radiative cooling system such as chilled ceilings or a ventilation system providing fresh air which is cooled and dehumified.
heat prod.
storage heat
heat distr.
cold production
storage cold
cold distr.
building, load
solar collector
other heat sources
air handling unit
Figure 2 Scheme of a complete system including desiccant technique and heat driven water chiller
conditioned air
hot water
chilled water
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1/ DATA OF THE PROJECT 1.1/ General presentation Description of the type of building (place, area, use) Building in construction, renovation program 1.2 / Cooling equipments Load calculation & thermal balance Planned HVAC system (central ventilation, decentralized ventilation, other cooling equipment beside air treatment, ....). Place of the technical premices Reasons of the choice of a solar system (power limitation, environmental considerations)
1.3/ Orientation of the study List of criteria permitting to evaluate the level of suitability of a solar cooling system with the load : - power range of the load if less than 8,6 kWcold : no absorption chillers available desiccant cooling system available requirinq centralised air distribution system if more than 35 kWcold : power range of the absorption chillers : multiple number of 35 kWcold power range of the adsorption chillers : multiple number of 70 kWcold desiccant cooling systems : no power range restriction - seasonal correlation of the load with the climate The amount of solar cooling energy usable will be directly depending on the correspondance between the season (more or less sunny) and the load (occupation level, load profile) - daily adequation between solar energy available and load profile The best situation is a diurnal load profile with peak load at midday. The use of a storage capacity will be required whether the peak load is in the morning or in the evening. - available space for the solar cooling components
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It is very important to see where a solar collector field can be installed and integrated in the architecture of the place. Same question for the technical premices (not forget the cooling tower in a ab/adsorption chiller configuration) After considering these different criteria, it is relevant to choose a strategy for the solar cooling system in the entire cooling system : pre-cooling of the chilled water loop in summer and pre-heating in winter if use of an absorption system other strategy permitting to increase the solar fraction : study of the ratios solar cooling and net collector efficiency (cf. next chapter)
1.4/ Pre-sizing using SACE Solar cooling Light Computer Tool The SACE Solar Cooling Light Computer Tool is a fast and easy-to-handle computer tool to study the feasibility of using solar thermal energy for building air conditioning. It has been developed in the framework of the EU project SACE Solar Air Conditioning in Europe by Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE. 1.4.1. General scheme of use The tool has the function to carry out a draft feasibility study about application of solar cooling for a given load file and a given solar collector. The tool uses a combined meteo-load-file as input (produced with TRNSYS or any other similar program) and a configuration file for definition of the system. The format of the meteo-load file has to follow exactly the following scheme:
hour 1 2 3 4 Oper Vdot m3/h 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 Troom C 19.60 19.60 19.40 19.30 rhroom Tamb % C 51.0 8.30 51.0 8.30 50.0 7.80 48.0 7.60 rhamb % 70.0 70.0 72.0 73.0 Pheat Wh 0 0 0 0 Pcool Wh 0 0 0 0 Phumi Wh 0 0 0 0 Pdehu Wh -0 -0 -0 -0 Itot Idif Icol theta Wh/m2 Wh/m2 Wh/m2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
. . in total 8760 lines, one for each . . 8757 0 0.0 19.50 56.0 8758 0 0.0 19.30 56.0 8759 0 0.0 19.20 55.0 8760 0 0.0 19.10 55.0
hour of the year
12.30 11.70 11.50 11.20
76.0 79.0 80.0 82.0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Figure 3 Scheme of the format of the meteo-load file 1.4.2. Basic description of the method Based on meteo-load-file and configuration of the system the annual solar fraction for heating and cooling is calculated based on an hour-by-hour comparison of needed heat for a thermal driven cooling and available solar heat. A parametric study for different collector areas, expressed as specific collector area AA (m2 of collector per m of conditioned room), is automatically carried out. In order to assess the effect of storage, also different sizes of a heat storage, expressed in kWh of storage capacity per m2 of collector, are considered. Purpose of this
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method is to achieve a first assessment of a reasonable value of collector area and storage size for a given meteo-load system and a given solar collector. 1.4.3. How to install and use the tool Steps for installation are : 1. Copy the ZIP-File SACE-SolCool-Tool.ZIP on your computer 2. Extract the ZIP-File; the File-structure should be the same as in the ZIP-File Steps for use are : 1. Open SACE Solar Cooling Light Computer tool by Double-Click on SolarCoolingLight.exe in the main directory. 2. Open ExCel and open the Work Sheet Postprocessor_SolarCoolingLight.xls in the path ..\ResultFiles 3. If you want to open a saved configuration file from the hard disk: Chose a configuration file either by clicking on the File in the top line or click on the Open File button. Select a file from the file list. 4. The window on the left hand side of the screen shows all parameters which have to be defined in order to run asimulation. You can either use the values from the current configuration or change them. To save the configuration file with a new name click on File, Save Config File in the main menu and chose a name for the new file. 5. Insert all the parameters for the chosen system (solar collector, room, global efficiencies of backup heater and thermal driven chiller). It is important that the value of the room area is identical with the area of the rooms which were used for the production of the load file. If you use for instance an example file for the hotel, you should also use the area of the hotel example, which is contained in the respective configuration file.
Figure 4 Example of the interface of the SACE Tool
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Chose a meteo-load-file either by clicking on the File in the top line or double-click on Load and Meteo Data File or click on the Open File button. Select a file from the file list. In this list you can add own files produced with any building simulation program with the file format as described in chapter 2. 6. Start Simulation by clicking on Calculate in the top line and then choose to start calculation either with or without saving the configuration file. 7. Go to ExCel in the Work Sheet Postprocessor_SolarCoolingLight.xls 8. Press Ctrl j. An Excel Macro should start which inserts values from the latest simulation into the Excel work sheet in the tables Input and Time_series. 9. To save results save the ExCel-File under a new name. 10. The following pages show examples of the results and describe the meaning. 1.4.4. Results
Specific collector area m2/m2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Heat storage size kWh/m2 coll 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Heat for Cooling kWh/m2 room 128.17 128.17 128.17 128.17 128.17 128.17 128.17 128.17 128.17 128.17 128.17 128.17 128.17 128.17 128.17 128.17 128.17 128.17 128.17 128.17 128.17 128.17 128.17 128.17 128.17 128.17 128.17 128.17 128.17 128.17 128.17 128.17 128.17 128.17 128.17 128.17 128.17 128.17 128.17 128.17 128.17 128.17 128.17 128.17 128.17 128.17 128.17 128.17 128.17 128.17 Heat for Heating kWh/m2 room 67.75 67.75 67.75 67.75 67.75 67.75 67.75 67.75 67.75 67.75 67.75 67.75 67.75 67.75 67.75 67.75 67.75 67.75 67.75 67.75 67.75 67.75 67.75 67.75 67.75 67.75 67.75 67.75 67.75 67.75 67.75 67.75 67.75 67.75 67.75 67.75 67.75 67.75 67.75 67.75 67.75 67.75 67.75 67.75 67.75 67.75 67.75 67.75 67.75 67.75 Radiation on collector kWh/m2 coll. 1566.42 1566.42 1566.42 1566.42 1566.42 1566.42 1566.42 1566.42 1566.42 1566.42 1566.42 1566.42 1566.42 1566.42 1566.42 1566.42 1566.42 1566.42 1566.42 1566.42 1566.42 1566.42 1566.42 1566.42 1566.42 1566.42 1566.42 1566.42 1566.42 1566.42 1566.42 1566.42 1566.42 1566.42 1566.42 1566.42 1566.42 1566.42 1566.42 1566.42 1566.42 1566.42 1566.42 1566.42 1566.42 1566.42 1566.42 1566.42 1566.42 1566.42 Gross collector output kWh/m2 coll. 840.39 840.39 840.39 840.39 840.39 840.39 840.39 840.39 840.39 840.39 840.39 840.39 840.39 840.39 840.39 840.39 840.39 840.39 840.39 840.39 840.39 840.39 840.39 840.39 840.39 840.39 840.39 840.39 840.39 840.39 840.39 840.39 840.39 840.39 840.39 840.39 840.39 840.39 840.39 840.39 840.39 840.39 840.39 840.39 840.39 840.39 840.39 840.39 840.39 840.39 Backup Cooling kWh/m2 room 100.34 82.21 71.83 66.02 62.5 60.4 58.91 57.89 57.17 56.6 96.13 71.8 55.5 43.29 34.3 27.81 23.01 19.36 16.52 14.4 93.5 66.53 46.64 32.55 22.68 16.41 12.39 9.88 8.25 7.38 90.18 61.1 39.09 25.17 16.15 11.03 7.73 5.97 4.76 4.07 87.88 57.06 34.39 21.12 13.12 8.43 5.64 4.17 2.96 2.07 Backup Heating kWh/m2 room 55.58 51.04 48.92 47.67 46.86 46.29 45.83 45.48 45.23 45.01 50.64 39.51 31.06 25.05 20.32 16.43 13.44 11.26 9.58 8.36 46.8 31.4 21.85 15.37 10.84 8.1 6.25 5.33 4.62 4.02 41.59 25 14.79 9.79 6.49 4.42 2.84 2.13 1.52 1.1 39.44 22.53 12.1 7.72 4.47 2.02 0.96 0.37 0.22 0.21 Solar Fraction Cooling % 21.71 35.86 43.96 48.49 51.24 52.88 54.04 54.83 55.40 55.84 25.00 43.98 56.70 66.22 73.24 78.30 82.05 84.90 87.11 88.76 27.05 48.09 63.61 74.60 82.30 87.20 90.33 92.29 93.56 94.24 29.64 52.33 69.50 80.36 87.40 91.39 93.97 95.34 96.29 96.82 31.43 55.48 73.17 83.52 89.76 93.42 95.60 96.75 97.69 98.38 Solar Fraction Heating % 17.96 24.66 27.79 29.64 30.83 31.68 32.35 32.87 33.24 33.56 25.25 41.68 54.15 63.03 70.01 75.75 80.16 83.38 85.86 87.66 30.92 53.65 67.75 77.31 84.00 88.04 90.77 92.13 93.18 94.07 38.61 63.10 78.17 85.55 90.42 93.48 95.81 96.86 97.76 98.38 41.79 66.75 82.14 88.61 93.40 97.02 98.58 99.45 99.68 99.69 Solar Fraction Total % 20.42 31.99 38.37 41.97 44.18 45.54 46.54 47.24 47.73 48.14 25.09 43.19 55.82 65.12 72.12 77.42 81.40 84.37 86.68 88.38 28.39 50.02 65.04 75.54 82.89 87.49 90.49 92.24 93.43 94.18 32.74 56.05 72.50 82.16 88.44 92.11 94.60 95.87 96.79 97.36 35.01 59.38 76.27 85.28 91.02 94.67 96.63 97.68 98.38 98.84 Gross collector efficiency % 53.65 53.65 53.65 53.65 53.65 53.65 53.65 53.65 53.65 53.65 53.65 53.65 53.65 53.65 53.65 53.65 53.65 53.65 53.65 53.65 53.65 53.65 53.65 53.65 53.65 53.65 53.65 53.65 53.65 53.65 53.65 53.65 53.65 53.65 53.65 53.65 53.65 53.65 53.65 53.65 53.65 53.65 53.65 53.65 53.65 53.65 53.65 53.65 53.65 53.65 Net collector efficiency % 25.54 20.00 16.00 13.12 11.05 9.49 8.32 7.39 6.63 6.02 31.38 27.01 23.27 20.36 18.04 16.14 14.54 13.19 12.05 11.05 35.51 31.28 27.12 23.62 20.74 18.24 16.17 14.42 12.98 11.78 40.95 35.05 30.23 25.69 22.12 19.20 16.90 14.99 13.45 12.18 43.79 37.13 31.80 26.67 22.77 19.73 17.27 15.27 13.67 12.36
Figure 5 ExCel-Table Postprocessor_SolarCoolingLight.xls:
Calculation Solar fractions
in for
the work sheet heating, cooling and
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heating+cooling are calculated for different collector areas (1st column) and storage sizes (2nd column) based on the simulation results.
100
50 40 30 20 10 0
Solar fraction cooling, %
80 60 40 20 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
2
0.8
2
0.9
Specific collector area, m /m

SF-0 eta-0 SF-0.5 eta-0.5 SF-1 eta-1
SF-2 eta-2
SF-3 eta-3
Figure 6 ExCel-Diagram SFC_eta in the work sheet Postprocessor_SolarCoolingLight.xls. Solar fraction for cooling and net collector efficiency are shown for different collector areas (x-axis) and storage sizes (curves). Example: specific collector area of 0.2 means 0.2 m2 of collector per m2 of room. SF-0.5 means the solar fraction for a storage size of 0.5 kWh per m2 of collector. eta-0.5 means the net collector efficiency for a storage size of 0.5 kWh per m2 of collector.
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Net collector efficiency, %
Figure 7 ExCel-Diagram Dia_1h in the work sheet Postprocessor_SolarCoolingLight.xls: Hourly required heat (Wh per m2 of room) for heating (t) or cooling (Q) versus hourly solar gains. Each line stands for a certain value of the specific collector area AA (m2 collector per m2 room area). A dot below the line demonstrates a situation in which solar gains exceed the actual required heat. A dot above the line demonstrates a situation in which solar gains are lower than the actual required heat. All these indicators must help the engineer to pre-size some parameters : type and collector area, storage size.
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2/ SYSTEM SIZING 2.1/ Sizing data SCENARIO 1 : UNDERSIZED SYSTEM USING AN ABSORPTION SYSTEM The target is : - produce cooling energy without significant storage, - use all the produced cold. To reach this goal, the cooling power of the absorption machine must be less than the minimum cooling load. SCENARIO 2 : OPTIMIZED SYSTEM USING DEC, AD- OR ABSORPTION CHILLERS Notice : The following part of the guidelines until chapter 5 is based on the hypothesis of the choice of SCENARIO 1. For the studies using SCENARIO 2, a specific solar cooling sizing software is required. TRNSYS for example permits to do this work as well as SOLAC, a design tool which is the result of the work of the Subtask B of the IEA Task 25 (http://www.iea-shctask25.org). This tool will be accessible on demand at this internet address in 2005. 2.2/ Chiller sizing Description of the features of the chosen absorption chiller fitting with the minimum cooling load and in maximum operating conditions - Cooling capacity - Chilled water temperature - Generator temperature - Inlet cooling temperature Flowrates to respect : - Evaporator flowrate - Generator flowrate - Absorber/condensor flowrate 2.3/ Solar collectors 2.3.1/ Collector implementation After consulting the architects (in the case of a new building), study of the available space : - on the roofs (building, parking, etc...) - on the ground in a free and protected place Estimation of the total area available with the orientations and tilt angle
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Technical specifications of the suitable collectors (3 maximum to reduce the cases) : - gross and net absorber area - performance coefficients 2.3.2/ Maximum use of the collected solar energy Economical interest & overheating problems for the collectors avoided. Maximim heating power from the collectors in the following conditions : - solar max. input: 1000 W, - max. external temperature : C - max. outlet collector temperature : C - collector efficiency : that means : - max. usable heating power : kW. On that basis with the following other max. conditions : - generator temperature of C, - condensor temperature of C, - chilled water temperature of C, - COP of the chiller of , this means a max. cooling capacity of kW , less to the minimum cooling load.
2.4/ Cooling tower (only for closed cycle technologies) Open or closed according to the water quality. Dimension features based on the maximum operating conditions: - heat power to evacuate (max cooling capacity + max heat source power), - outlet cooling tower temperature, - humid bulb temperature, - water flowrate. Addition potential of an anti-corrosive continuous treatment and an anti-alga discontinuous treatment.
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3/ THERMAL BALANCE OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM 3.1/ Calculation method SOLO method (from the CSTB, the French Scientific Center for Building Technologies) normally dedicated to solar thermal hot water systems and adapted here to solar cooling systems. Available online on the TECSOL website (www.tecsol.fr) 3.2/ Meteorological data
Choice of the reference meteo station . External temperatures : (average daily values) (in C) : Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Solar irradiation : Data in Wh/m2.jour for a given orientation & tilt angle Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
3.3/ Data on "domestic hot water consumption" Cold water temperature : The cold water temperature (return generator temperature) is fixed at Hot water temperature : The value is approximated to 3.4/ Component features Solar collectors : Efficiency, area per unit. 3.5/ Presentation of the calculation results Daily needs (in kWh/day). Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec C
C so that the installation is never in over-production.
Solar collector production (in kWh/day) : Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
On the cooling period, global results (based on a cooling period from April to October):
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MONTH April May June July August September October TOTAL
Nb days 15 31 30 31 31 30 15
Solar Energy kWh/d
Solar Generator COP Energy Energy machine kWh/month kWh/month
Cooling energy produced kWh/month
Collectors losses (non usable solar energy + distribution losses) estimated at 10% of solar collected energy: generator energy = 0,90 x solar energy. Cooling energy = Average COP of the absorption chiller x generator energy On the heating period : global results (based on a heating period from November to March): MONTH November December Januar Februar March TOTAL Solar Energy Nb days kWh/d 15 31 30 31 31 Solar Energy kWh/month
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4/ INSTALLATION & WORKING PRINCIPLES 4.1/ Installation principle
Solar collectors : Location of th collectors Spacial repartition Architectural integration Piping description, insulation technology
Primary solar loop : Power of the heat exchanger (optional); Description of the components used in the loop (fluid, circulating pump, valves)
Secondary solar loop : Power of the buffer storage (optional); Description of the components used in the loop (fluid, circulating pump, valves)
Generator loop : Description of the components used in the loop (fluid, circulating pump, valves)
Absorption chiller : Dimensions of the machine(s) Connection features with the different loops
Evaporator loop : Description of the components used in the loop (fluid, circulating pump, valves)
Cooling tower condensor loop : Cooling tower description Description of the components used in the loop (fluid, circulating pump, valves)
4.2/ Working principle Primary solar loop : starting & stopping conditions for the circulating pump (solar sensor for example).
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Secondary loop : starting & stopping conditions for the circulating pump (temperature difference for example) Chiller : regulation strategy linked with the manufacturer specifications Cooling tower : regulation strategy linked with the manufacturer & chiller specifications
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5/ SYSTEM TELEMONITORING 5.1/ Functions of the telemonitor The function of a telemonitoring apparatus that can be questioned at a distance by telephone is twofold: - ensure a permanent control of the solar installation performance and the working order of the different components, - inform the system manager immediately in the case of a breakdown or a failure of one of the components. For these reasons, it is an essential tool needed to obtain guaranteed results
5.2/ Description of the measurments Depending on the system architecture 5.3/ Monitoring The datalogger will be questioned every week, the collected data will be stocked and processed. The processed data will be published at the end of each month in the form of a statement that will be sent to all the partners. The purpose of this solar statement is to materialize the energetic performance and the conventional energy savings.
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6/ ECONOMICAL BALANCE 6.1/ Evaluation of the cost of the project - Collectors - Piping, primary loop accessories - Heat exchanger - Piping, secondary loop accessories - Piping, generator loop accessories - Chiller(s) - Cooling tower - Piping, condensor loop accessories - Piping, evaporator loop accessories - Set-up material - Management - Telemonitoring - Checkings, maintenance ____________ TOTAL WORKS.. Engineering and telemonitoring actions on several years (3 to 5 years) ... _____________ TOTAL GENERAL Notice : in the cost of the proejct, the distribution network and terminals is not included. This is due to the fact that in any solution (solar or other), this part is compulsory and represents nearly the same cost. 6.2/ Evaluation of the annual savings Cost of the primary energy savings : The reference solution to calculate the savings is based on the technology which would be used if the solar system was not implemented. Summer : Electricity, Fuel, gas. Cost of useful kWh (in c) Winter : Electricity, Fuel, gas Cost of useful kWh (in c) For a reference solution, the cost of useful kWh includes the cost of primary energy and the efficiency of the reference solution to produce 1 kWh of cold or heat. This cost does not include the cost of the auxillary consumptions (electricity, water) because the total consumption per kWh is nearly the same between the reference solutions and the solar one. An exception is to be noted with an air/air electric system. It does not require water consumption but this product has to be replaced after 10 years (20 years for a solar or gas system). So, if this replacement cost is considered as damping, it widely covers the water consumption cost.
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The costs of operation and maintenance are not included as well in the calculation of primary energy savings because the level per installed kW is nearly the same for all the solutions (gas, electric and solar). Useful solar energy : This represents the amount of energy produced by the solar system and available for the load (cooling and heating energy) - Winter : - Summer : Annual savings : Cooling energy cost (summer) : cooling energy x cost of useful kWh) / an (value obtained by : useful solar kWh kWh
Heating energy cost (winter) : heating energy x cost of useful kWh)
/ an (value obtained by : useful solar
TOTAL ANNUAL SAVINGS : .. The amount of saved energy is quantified because it represents the gain between a solar system and a reference one. Indeed, in the majority of the cases, the investment of a conventionnal solution as a back up is however necessary to face the load when the sun is not present. So, it can not be considered as a kind of saving.
6.3/ Overcost evaluation The reference solution to calculate the overcost of the solar system is based on the technology which would be used if the solar system was not implemented. An equivalent service must be done. For example, this can correspond to an electric heat pump (able to produce cold in summer and heat in winter ) or an gas absorption system (with an absorption machine and a boiler). A single compression non reversible system can not be considered as a reference solution. To consider the solar system overcost, the cost of the project must be decreased of the value of the reference solution cost. SOLAR OVERCOST = SOLAR PROJECT COST REFERENCE SOLUTION COST Notice : in the solar cooling projects, the working and maintenance costs are not taken into account because they are estimated to be at the level of the ones of a reference solution.
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6.4/ Grants Without financial incentives, solar-assisted air-conditioning cannot, for the time being - given the energy prices and system component costs that were used - be economically competitive to conventional systems. However, with funds that support energy-saving measures and the use of systems that exploit renewable energy sources - as are available in several countries - solar-assisted air-conditioning become financially competitive, and can be considered a promising approach for the future. The grant level is generally calculated with a ratio of the solar overcost of the project. Some European rules are managing the maximum levels so as to limit excess and non-concurrency cases. The final solar project cost can be obtained with the initial cost decreased with the financial incentives. A notion of pay back can be thus integrated by dividing this final cost by the annual energy savings.
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7/ ENVIRONMENTAL ADVANTAGES The CO2 production due to primary energy production is contributing at the level of 50% to the greenhouse effect. Amount of tons of avoided CO2 emission thanks to the solar cooling system. Saving in primary energy. A example of such a comparison with traditional thermal systems is shown in the following pictures :
81 49
COP_PE = 0.81
2,8 29
Compression system Absorption machine Transportation
COP_PE = 0.49
0,6
34 0,38
Turbo-alternator
88 0,88
Gas burner
82 0,82
Compression
100
gas
100
Sorption
Figure 8 Comparison on primary energy between traditionnal thermal system and solar cooling system
COP_PE = 0.81
81 49
COP_PE = 0.98
2,8 29
Compression system Absorption machine Transportation
0,6
34 0,38
Turbo-alternator
88 0,88
Gas burner
41 0,82
41
solar
Compression
100
gas
50
Sorption
The two pictures show the COP based on primary energy. On the top, a comparison between an electric system and a gas system and on the bottom, a comparison between an electric system and an hybrid solar/gas system. The COP is far better for the solar/gas system.
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B. Analysis of the CLIMASOL feasibility studies

1/ INTRODUCTION The analysis of existing installations has enabled the Promoting solar AirConditioning project participants (9 participants from 7 different countries) to identify a certain number of conditions that are favourable to the success of solar air conditioning projects, and to define criteria for the research of potential sites, either new or in building in a retrofitting process. Targets for solar air conditioning have been defined. Three existing or projected buildings have been selected from these criteria in each country (except for Germany with only 2 sites), and a feasibility study carried out for each one. Each partner was responsible for the research of the sites in their country and for the quality of the studies. The aim was to be able to have demonstration set-ups in each country that can serve as an example for other building owners. Some difficulties were encountered to make these studies. The first problem was to find building owners ready to pay for a feasibility study. In countries such as France were the studies are partially supported by public fundings, the research was easier. Finally, all the planned studies have been found. Another difficulty has been to quantify the cooling load and then size the solar cooling system. A few software or tools easy to use are adapted to this target. Indeed, the sizing phase must be done on energy and not on power because the sun irradiation is changing during the day and the season (contrary to gas or electricity). This trouble could partially solved thanks to simple tools such as the SACE tool described in this Guideline.
2/ MAIN DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDIES The participants per country involved in the production of the feasibility studies are the following : Austria : ESV France : RAEE & TECSOL Germany : FhG - ISE & BE Greece : CRES Italy : Punti Energia Portugal : AMES Spain : EVE
In total, 21 studies were done : 3 per each country, except 2 for Germany and 4 for France. The feasibility studies has been made, respecting the following plan : 1. Data on the project orientation of the study 1.1 General presentation of the project 1.2 Existing cooling and heating equipment 1.3 Orientation of the study 2. Targeted building description Analysis of the feasibility studies page 24
2.1 Building structure 2.2 Occupancy 2.3 Conclusions 3. Impact of the improvement of the energetic quality of the building 3.1 Building modelling for intial conditions 3.2 Building modelling with passive techniques (eg. night ventilation) 4. Installation sizing 4.1 Sizing data 4.2 Solar sorption system sizing 4.3 Solar collectors 4.4 Cooling tower (for ab- or adsorption systems) 4.5 Technical premices 5. Thermal balance for solar production 5.1 Calculation methods 5.2 Meteorological data 5.3 Components features 5.4 Calculation results for solar cooling production 5.5 Calculation results for solar heating production 5.7 Calculation results for solar hot water production 5.8 Conclusion 6. Installation and working principle 6.1 Installation principle 6.2 Working principle 7. Telemonitoring 7.1 Telemonitoring objectives 7.2 Measurement description 8. Economical data 8.1 Project cost evaluation 8.2 Solar overcost evaluation 8.3 Yearly energy savings evaluation 8.4 Subsidies 9. Environment benefit A large variety of targeted buildings is presented in these studies : 10 office buildings 2 churches 3 laboratories 1 sport centre 1 hotel 1 factory 1 swimming pool 1 single family house 1 school
Different technologies are studied : absorption, adsorption and desiccant evaporative cooling. The solar cooling power range is from 10 to 285 kW. At the same time, the cooled
Analysis of the feasibility studies
page 25
area of each project is from 80 m up to 12 000 m. Of course, the solar cooling penetration rate is different from one project to the others. That is why a statistical analysis of the results is necessary in the following chapter
AB. : Absorption Building AD. : Adsorption cooled area DEC : Dessicant 1200 5800 500 310 80 12000 2600 600 3000 4000 600 1500 550 412 180 240 3000 450 230 700 1100 AB AB AB AB DEC AB AB AB AB AB AB AB AD AD AB AB AB AB AB DEC AB Cooling capacity (kW) 40 200 35 35 9.5 176 105 70 150 282 70 70 35 10 15 15 15 35 8.6 35 35 Gross Collector type : SAC, FPC, VTC, collector area ) CPC (m VTC VTC VTC VTC FPC VTC VTC VTC CPC CPC CPC FPC + VTC CPC VTC FPC VTC/FPC FPC VTC VTC FPC VTC 120 580 70 140 45 770 310 385 135 210 170 290 (67+223) 60 22 74 65 73 116 36 50 119
Country
Location Berlin
Application office building office building church laboratory hotel office building new office building sport centre office building office building swimming pool church office building office building single family house technical college metal industry office building office building laboratory laboratory
GERMANY
Mnchen Chrissopigi
GREECE
Athens Marathon Bilbao
SPAIN
Bilbao
Leioa Sintra PORTUGAL Sintra Sintra Seriate ITALY Povegnano Milano Thening AUSTRIA Wels Schlierbach Valence St Etienne Vaulx en Velin St Martin d'Heres
FRANCE
Figure 9 Building and solar cooling system description
3/ STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE STUDIES 3.1/ Technical parameters Cold production technology : The first criteria to classify the different project is the technology of cold production : absorption, adsorption and DEC. The following chart is showing the repartition :
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2 2
17
Absorption
Adsorption
DEC
Figure 10 Sorption technology repartition in the feasibility studies The principal technology is absorption with more than 80% (17 FS) of the feasibility studies. This leading position is well in accordance with the existing solar cooling systems in Europe : the proportion reaches 60%. The explanation of such dominating position is mainly due to the majority of centralised cooling distribution systems made of chilled water instead of cold air, especiallly in Mediterranean countries. Type of solar collectors : Three kind of solar collectors are used for the systems : - flat plate collectors (FPC) ; - vacuum tube collectors (VTC) - compound parabolic collectors (CPC) The following chart is showing the repartition :
CPC 17%
FPC 26%
VTC 57%
VTC
FPC
CPC
Figure 11 Repartition of the solar collector technology in the projects.
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The technology with Vaccum Tube Collectors is the most represented with 57% of the projects (13 projects). It is to note that for one project, two technologies are used at the same time : FPC and VTC. But most generally, only one technology is studied and preferred. The most experimented and used pair is VTC and absorption while DEC is majoritairely used with FPC. Solar cooling capacity :
300 250 200 150 100 50 0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Solar cooling capacity (kW)

Figure 12 Solar cooling capacities for the different projects The average cooling capacity is 68 kW and 80% of the projects are working on solar cooling capacities of less than 110 kW. The minimum value is 8,6 kW and the maximum one is 282 kW. The repartition into the power ranges is the following : 0-30 kW : 6 projects ; 30 60 kW : 7 projects and > 60 kW : 8 projects. Solar collector gross area :
900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Solar collector gross area (m)
Figure 13 Solar collector gross area for the different projects
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The average area is 184 m and 75% of the projects are designed with areas of less than 200 m. The minimum value is 22 mand the maximum one is 770 m. Solar collector gross area / solar cooling capacity ratio : An interesting link can be made between the cooling capacity and the collector area. The following chart is showing for all the case studies in each country these different data and the ratio between the collector area and the cooling capacity :
AB. : Absorption AD. : Adsorption DEC : Dessicant GERMANY GREECE AB AB AB AB DEC AB AB AB AB AB AB AB AD AD AB AB AB AB AB DEC AB
Cooling capacity (kW) 40 200 35 35 9.5 176 105 70 150 282 70 70 35 10 15 15 15 35 8.6 35 35
Collector type VTC VTC VTC VTC FPC VTC VTC VTC CPC CPC CPC FPC + VTC CPC VTC FPC VTC/FPC FPC VTC VTC FPC VTC
Collector Ratio gross area Area/capacity (m) (m/kW) 120 580 70 140 45 770 310 385 135 210 170 290 60 22 74 65 73 116 36 50 119 3.0 2.9 2.0 4.0 4.7 4.4 3.0 5.5 0.9 0.7 2.4 4.1 1.7 2.2 4.9 4.3 4.9 3.3 4.2 1.4 3.4
SPAIN
PORTUGAL
ITALY
AUSTRIA
FRANCE
Figure 14 Technical data on the 21 projects The collector area/cooling capacity ratio average is 3,2. A precision has to be given : by solar collector gross area is meant the area occupied by the entire collector. It is different from the useful or net area which corresponds to the area of the absorption structure of the collector. As systems using absorption chillers and vacuum tube collectors are representing the majority of the studies, the average value of 3,5 can be a very good number for the ratio collector gross area / solar cooling capacity. A small number of systems have values of less than 1. This means finally a small solar fraction and the presence of a important back-up. The strategy is to participate to the cold production but at a low level. The solar fraction in this case can reach 10%. At the opposite, some values are of more than 5. This high value can have several reasons : wish of high solar fraction, possibility to use the solar energy in other applications than only
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solar cooling, relative low efficiency of the solar collector field because of non optimal orientation or tilt angle. Annual cold production estimation / solar cooling capacity ratio : This ratio represents the number of hours in the year at nominal cooling capacity for the solar cooling system. The average on the 21 studies is of nearly 650 hours. This number could represent a good key for solar cooling system sizing in a first approach.
1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Annual cold production estimation/ cooling capacity ratio (h)

Figure 15 Annual cold production estimation /cooling capacity ratio for the 21 projects
Solar cooling fraction :

100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Solar cooling fraction
Figure 16 Solar cooling fraction for the 21 projects
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This notion of solar cooling fraction means the ratio between the cooling load of the building (in kWh) and the solar cooling production (in kWh as well) in a cooling season. The analysis of the repartition of the fraction on the different projects underlines the fact that different strategies are adopted. 5 studies show a fraction of 100% : this means that there is no back up and that the cooling load have no precise quantitative value. The comfort conditions are reached with the temperature decrease due to the solar system. This concept involves an important tolerance level from the buildings users. In the case of a low solar cooling fraction (i.e less than 10%), the solar cooling system is generally a part of a large traditionnal cooling network. It has a function of pre-cooling and is never sufficient to face the load. More generally, every solar cooling system must be able to valorize all the solar cooling energy produced. So, two strategies are possible : for one thing, there are strict comfort conditions and the solar cooling energy is always less importan than the cooling load, avoiding solar energy in surplus. For another thing, if there is no strict comfort conditions, the solar cooling system can be alone to cool the ambiance of the building when the weather is sunny. Back-up system :
2 7
11
Electricity
Gas
Wood
Others
Figure 17 Back up technology repartition for the 21 projects In the case of a use of a back up system, two principal strategies are used : a hot back up system, mainly with gas (1 project with wood and 1 with a district heating network). This heating source can be generally connected to the solar absorption chiller or to another one. For the cold back up system, the wide majority is made from compression chillers. The most relevant strategy in this case is to consider the solar cooling system as a pre-cooling one and to connect the electric compression device in serie to fill the needs of the load. A majority of gas back up are used (52%) because this technology permits to do as well heating as cooling with a good flexibility.
3.2/ Economical parameters
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Cost of the solar system : The analysis of the cost of the 21 studied projects makes appear a wide range because of the different sizes of the systems. The average cost is of 146 000 . The lowest cost is of 15 000 and the bigest is of 756 500 . The cost of a solar cooling system is generally including (without tax) : solar collectors, piping, hydraulics, control, sorption machine, storages (buffer, hot or cold storage), monitoring and engineering. The distribution system is not included, being generally the same as for a traditionnal system. An interesting ratio to calculate is the solar cooling system cost by the collector area (picture below). This shows, that except one value (for an experimental DEC system), nearly all the projects have a cost between 500 and 1000 /m. The average value is of 920 /m. This number can be a good basis for sizing middle range solar cooling system (35-100 kW).
3000
/m2 (collector gross area)
2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Figure 18 Solar cooling project cost on the collector area ratio for the 21 projects
Overcost of the solar system (compared to a traditionnal solution): In each project, a solar overcost can be calculated : this represents the difference between the total solar cooling project cost and the cost of a traditionnal solution permitting to give the same result. This notion is important because it allows to obtain the payback time of the solar system by dividing this overcost with the annual energy savings. In addition, this overcost is the basis to calculate the amount of invesmtent subsidies in several countries (for example in France). This overcost is in any case a percentage of the total solar cooling system cost. The following figure shows the large distribution of such an overcost.
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21 19 17 15 13 11 9 7 5 3 1
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90% 100%
Figure 19 Solar overcost on total solar cost system ratio for 19 projects (data for 2 projects missing) Subsidies : On the 21 projects, 9 are susceptible to benefit from grants. These subsidies are particular to Germany, Spain and France and are planned to help the development of demonstration project using solar energy such as solar cooling projects. The level of subsidies is from 26 to 70% of the investment cost. 3.3/ Environmental benefits Avoided C02 emission : In each project, a quantity of CO2 avoided emission was calculated. The total quantity for the 21 project is reaching the value of 360 tons. The average value per project is of 17 tons.
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4/ CONCLUSION AND FUTURE OF THE STUDIED PROJECTS All of the 21 feasibility studies were done for a large variety of buildings. The question of the future of the projects were asked by each participant of the project at the end of the CLIMASOL project in Aprirl/May 2005feasibility studies. The picture based on these returns is quite positive. As indicated also in the project specific performance indicators in two cases the studies have led to the construction of a solar cooling plant. This is the case in Austria and in Italy. In the majority of the cases, no precise answer could be given. The situation in France is also promising as Nevertheless, especially in France the building owner can count on a where specific investment supports can be attributed,. For two 3 projects a positive decision has been taken. In two other countries, Greece and Italy, this is also the case. are ongoing for the year 2005. In other countries such as Austria, one project is optimistically on a good way for a close future. For the rest two-thirds of the feasibility studies the follow up is much more uncertain. This is mainly due to The reason why so few answers could be given on the possibility to realize the operations is the lack of visibility on possible national or European grants for the building owner. Indeed, the overcost of the solar systems are quite always large high in comparison with traditionnal solutions ones and the project will be carried out are possible only if support helps can fill in the financial gap. The initial goal of 13 realisations on the 21 studies could not be achieved in a short term, but thiese studies have permitted allowed to have in the participating countries theorietical case studies. This will give additional support material for convincing and motivating the potential building owners. Among the 21 studies, 6 studies are presented with more detail in the annex because they are well representing the diversity of sorption technologies, countries, applications (hotel, office, industry), and sizes, and different applicationsI n the majority of the cases, no precise answer could be given. The situation in France is also promising as the building owner can count on a where specific investment supports can
ANNEX : DETAILED PRESENTATION OF 6 REPRESENTING CASE STUDIES
A) DEC system (9,5 kW) : Conference room (Marathon, Greece) B) Absorption system (8,6 kW) : Office building (St Etienne, France) C) Absorption system (200 kW) : Office building (Mnchen, Germany) D) Adsorption system (10 kW): Office building (Milano, Italy) E) Absorption system (15 kW) : Metal Industry (Schlierbach, Austria) F) Absorption system (35 kW) : Laboratory (Grenoble, France)
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FRAMEWORK FOR FEASIBILITY STUDIES
1. Data on the project orientation of the study

1.1 General presentation of the project
The hotel is situated Nea Makri, Attica, Greece. It has 144 rooms, 3670 m inhabited area and a conference room, situated roof garden, of 80 m surface to be climatised by solar energy. In the photos below we may observe the entrance of the lobby of the hotel as well as its terrace, where solar collectors are to be placed for the solar cooling system under design.
1.2
Existing cooling and heating equipment
Two years ago, the hotel changed the reciprocating compression air conditioning central system into VRV system, which is able to provide heating as well. The required heating loads are restricted to a minimum value, since the hotel for the moment is seasonal performance (only summer operation extended period sometimes) The installed cooling capacity is equal to 120 RT (420 kW). LPG is used for the hot water production. For a conference room to be installed besides the roof garden, under design, there is no cooling system designed yet. 1.3 Orientation of the study
There is need of a system which uses solar energy for winter operation and able to give any cooling load during summer with a back up based LPG.
2. Targeted building description

2.1 Building structure
Heavy weight structure is applied. Windows glazing is double. There exists insulation on the roof. 144 indoor units, split to 15 outdoor VRV units have a cooling capacity of 120 RT. Using VRV units the hotel director pretends an energy saving level equal to 25% (compared to the previous reciprocating and low efficient chillerswater cooled) 2.2 Occupancy
The mean occupancy, 6 month based, is 45%. The director targets at a 12month occupancy equal to 70%. 2.3 Conclusions
Since the conference room will de deserved by a hybrid (FCU for space loads and pre-climatised air for the fresh air intake) system, we oriented the study to put VRV system for FCU for space loads and deciccant evaporative cooling for the fresh air intake, where soalr energy will regenerate.
3. Impact of the improvement of the energetic quality of the building

3.1 Building modeling for initial conditions
The solar system will supply cooling and space heating locally to a conference room situated on the roof top. 3.2 Building modeling with passive techniques (eg. night ventilation)
A retrofitting with double glazing to the doors of the rooms as well as to the glazing of the lobby area is foreseen.
4. Installation sizing
4.1 Sizing data
The room is sized 13x6x3 m3.It is foreseen to receive 40 persons at maximum. The load for heating is 8,75 Mcal/h and it is calculated according DIN77. The design temperatures are 20C (room inside) and 3C (outdoor) The cooling load is calculated approximately 9,24 kW. The design temperatures are 27C & 50% (room inside) and 33,2C 10 K (outdoor for rd 23 July) The above fresh air loads correspond to ach 5,7 (air changes per hour), or a fresh air intake equal to 20 cfm (33,8 m3/h) per person. We suppose a 3hour conference or meeting every day while the room will be open (and climatised) 8 hour a day. A hot water production is planed for the needs of the catering process in the nearby kitchen. We estimated these needs for hot water production equal to 500 lit/day. 4.2 Solar system sizing
According to the fresh air needs, an air handling unit with air flow rate of 1350 m3/h will be selected, equipped with both heat recovery heat exchanger and desiccant wheel. 4.3 Solar collectors
There is shortage of space to install the solar collectors which are selected flat plate and this is why we faced to install them as a solar roof solution, oriented to the west (azimuth angle -900 ). The solar system is to compare with the reference conventional solution of a boiler for space heating and hot water production and of a chiller for the space cooling. The surface of collectors is 40m, therefore 50% of the climatised area. 4.4 Cooling tower (for ab or adsorption systems)
Not needed, since desiccant system. 4.5 Technical premises
Roof area is restricted down to 40 m. Room available exists in a corner of the conference room and is restricted to 3 m. An air handling unit with air flow rate of 1350 m3/h will be equipped with both heat recovery heat exchanger and desiccant wheel. A second recovery possibility is drawn from the exhaust air discharge from the desiccant wheel to the incoming fresh water in the hot water storage tank.
5. Thermal balance for solar production

5.1 Calculation methods
For the study of the solar cooling system, desiccant evaporative, we have run four software: SACE, TSOL, 4M and SECO.exe, with: Operation temperature space heating 45C Operation temperature cooling 70C 5.2 Meteorological data
Data base of SACE concerning Athens and lecture room. 5.3 Components features FPC 0,78 3,8 W/m2K 0,03W/m2K2 0,5 0,85 0,55 1 hour
Collector type Optical efficiency Linear loss coefficient Quadratic loss coefficient Solar collector area against climatized area Efficiency of heating system Efficiency of DEC-cooling system Time equivalent of the storage volume 5.4 Calculation results for solar cooling production
Amount of heat for cooling, reference to m2 room 50,4 kWh/m2 Solar fraction cooling 70 % The solar system will supply fresh air loads The remaining space cooling load (up to the 11 kW) is covered by a small conventional electrically driven chiller sized 4RT. 5.5 Calculation results for solar heating production
Amount of heat for heating, reference to m2 room 28,8 kWh/m2 Solar fraction SPACE heating 66 % A large amount of solar hot water is produced and can let the collector achieve larger collector efficiencies 5.7 Calculation results for solar hot water production 6357 kWh/y 6357 kWh/y
Annual needs for hot water production Delivered by the solar collector 5.8 Conclusion
Amount of heat energy for space cooling Amount of electric energy for space cooling, if conventional Amount of energy for space heating Amount of energy for SHW heating
5781 kWh/y 1514 kWh/y 4664 kWh/y 6357 kWh/y
Amount of back-up energy for space cooling Amount of electric back-up energy for space cooling, Amount of back-up energy for space heating Amount of back-up energy for SHW heating
1749 kWh/y 0 kWh/y 1194 kWh/y 0 kWh/y
6. Installation and working principle

6.1 Installation principle
The cooling system is based on the solar assisted evaporative cooling in a desiccant air supply and we have a small conventional backup, oil fired. The solar collector field, sized 40m, produces hot water around the year, which will be supplied to the kitchen/restaurant for the hot water needs of the catering process A desiccant evaporative cooling air handling unit selected, sized 1350 m3/h, equipped with an additional air to water heat recovery coil, which preheats the fresh water in to the hot water storage tank before it is heated by the solar system 6.2 Working principle
Space cooling The hot water from solar collectors (appr. 75C) feeds the regenerating coil of the air handling unit. A 2000 lit buffer permits to the storage of heat able to cover the cooling load during 1 hour. A desiccant wheel, 1350 m3/h, technology SECO, dries the outdoor air, so the latest is able to be cooled down effectively due the water spray unit (by the evaporative effect). A new section of the air handler contains a heat recovery pre-cooler of the fresh air intake, by recovering the cold energy from the exhaust air side. No cooling tower is needed. Nevertheless, make up water flow is necessary and important SHW production The water intake goes first through the recovery coil in the air handler and then to the storage tank. The solar heat is kept from the buffer to the storage tank via a plate heat exchanger. Finally, a conventional boiler (back up) using a new heat exchanger, gives the necessary heat to achieve the final temperature required at the water supply.
7. Telemonitoring
7.1
Telemonitoring objectives
Not yet suggested 7.2 Measurment description
Not yet suggested
8. Economical data
8.1
Project cost evaluation

COP CHI-Electric chiller (COP=2,8/3,1) 2.64 10 RT RT 2.8 3.1 Cost 5282.5
L/K-Oil burner -Air Handling Unit Installation TOTAL
8.75 1352 2.5
Mcal/h m3/h RT
1500.0 3000.0 2000.0 11782.5
8.2
Solar overcost evaluation

COP Flat plate collectors Storage tank Oil burner -Air Handling Unit with desiccant wheel Installation TOTAL 40 2000 14.45 1352 0 m2 lit Mcal/h m3/h RT 0,55 Cost () 8000.0 2000.0 2479.0 10500.0 2800.0 25779.0
Overcost evaluation 8.3 Yearly energy savings evaluation

Type of fuel elecricity oil heating oil "motion" kWh/y saved 1514 2024 7478 Price (/kWh) 0,055 0,042 0,083
13 996
For the production of hot water in Greece we must use the motion oil which is more expensive than the oil for space heating. 8.4 Subsidies
Not yet sought
9. Environment benefit
Emissions of gases Unitary values oil electricity Reference oil electricity amount (kg, MWh) 1 1 Hu (kWh/kg) 11.92 1 CO2 3142 850 A. Overall emissions of reference 3417.73 1286.99 SO2 0.7 15.5 CO 0.572 0.18 Nox 2.384 1.2 HC 0.191 0.05 particules 0.286 0.80 TOTAL 3146.133 867.73 units g/kg kg/MWh
1087.76 1.51
11.92 1.00
0.76 23.47
0.62 0.27
2.59 1.82
0.21 0.08
0.31 1.21
3422.22 1313.83 4736.06
kg i/y kg i/y total kg/y
Solar cooling oil 290.48 electricity 0.00
11.92 1.00
B. Overall emissions of solar cooling 912.69 0.00
0.20 0.00
0.17 0.00
0.69 0.00
0.06 0.00
0.08 0.00
913.90 0.00 913.90
kg i/y kg i/y total kg/y
Annex 1 Installation schemes Annex 2 Calculations

Glaciology & Geophysics Laboratory (Saint Martin dHres) Rhne Alpes area (France) Total area of the building to cool : 1 100 m, on 3 levels. Office building built in 1982. Height per floor : 2,5 m.
1.2
No major cooling equipment (1 Split system for the manager room) except the cold rooms in the ground floor.
1.3
Orientation of the study
Cooling season between May and end of September. First priority for cooling : 1982 Building (1 100 m). Heating in winter. No hot water needed. Excess of solar coolin used in a second building (built in 1973) nearby -> Solar absorption system (35 kW) chosen because no air distribution system adaptable for DEC.

Walls : concrete, internal insulation 100 mm. Ceiling : concrete, rockwool 100 mm, Windows : double glazed No forced ventilation system Solar protection on eastern and western facade Infiltration : 0,6 V/h
Roof : plate
2.2
Occupancy
50 people in the 1 st floor (400 m). Small office rooms (12 m) with 2 to 3 researchers. 3 laboratories on the ground floor and the cold rooms. Planning : 8h->12h & 14h->18h from Monday to Friday
2.3
Conclusions
Use of solar protection to be optimised. Add-in of a night ventilation device.

3.1 3.2 Building modelling for intial conditions Building modelling with passive techniques (eg. night ventilation)
Night ventilation : 8 vol./h Optimal use of the solar protections Annual cooling load (for a normal year) at 27C : 1 500 kWh Annual cooling load (for a special very hot year eg. 2003) at 27C : 20 000 kWh Benefit of using solar protections but not sufficient : solar cooling required
4.1 Sizing data
120 100
Et exceptionnel (2003) - LGGE
Cooling load for the 1982 building for a hot season (2003) (instantaneous power in kW)
80
(kW)
60
40
20
0
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
Mois Charge thermique
Cooling needs first covred with solar cooling system (35-45 kW) : self-sufficient for a normal year Use of a back up for special hot years (2003) necessary for only a few days
4.2
Solar sorption system sizing
YAZAKI Absorption Chiller : - Cooling power : 35 kW - Chilled water temp. : 7C - Inlet generator temp. : 95C - Inlet condensor temp. : 29,5C - Evaporator flowrate : 6 m 3/h - Generator flowrate : 8,5 m 3/h - Absorber.condensor flowrate : 14,6 m 3/h
4.3
Solar collectors
510 m available on the plate roof of the 1973 building (see picture). 27 Evacuated tube collectors (Thermomax Mazdon) Absorber area per unit : 3,04 m Total useful area : 82 m Efficiency : c0 = 0,798 c1= 1,3 W/m.K. c0= 0,0082 W/m.K.
4.4
Cooling tower
Open cooling tower Features : - Cooling power : 80 kW (35 kW + 45 kW), - Outlet temp. : 27C, -Wet bulb temp. :22C, - Flowrate : 14,6 m3/h.
4.5
Technical premices
Located in northern part of the 1973 building, at immediate proximity of both the solar collector field (located in the 1973 building roof) and the cooling load (located in the 1982 building) just below the roof and on the top of the building. Dimensions : 5 x 2,5 x 2,5 m (L x w x h)

TRNSYS : hourly simulation for one year long of both the load (building) and the solar cooling system.
5.2
Meteorological data
Average monthly meteo data from GRENOBLE (temperature and irradiation). Sinusoidal extrapolation made by TRNSYS
5.3
Components features
Presence of a 1 000 liters hot water buffer storage between the solar collector field and the absorption machine.
5.4
Calculation results for solar cooling production
Cooling load for the 1982 building (5 months of cooling season for an exceptionnal year) : 21 220 kWh Solar cold production : 19 610 kWh
5.5
Calculation results for solar heating production
Heating load (7 months of heating season at 20C) for the 1982 building : 423 700 kWh Solar heat production : 39 000 kWh
5.7
Calculation results for solar hot water production
No hot water use..
5.8
Conclusion
Total solar energy produced and used in the building : 58 610 kWh No need of a cooling back up system because the target is reached for a normal year : acceptable confort conditions for the 1982 building in summer. Excess of cooling energy is used in the 1973 building. For exceptionnal year, only a few days without respect of comfort conditions occur. Heating back up in winter : central conventionnal heating system.

Limites prestation solaire Capteurs solaires
Rseau ventiloconvecteurs btiment 1982
Tour de refroidissement
Retour circuit eau glace btiment 1973

Ballon 500 l
Retour eau glace vers groupes froids 2 x 100 kW
Con
IC
RD
Eva
Abs
29,5C Ballon tampon 1 000 l

Gn
80C
Machine absorption
VE
VE arrt : 80C marche : 75C
Arrive rseau chaleur d'appoint optionnelle
Schma n 2
Circulateur Clapet anti-retour (sens de circulation) Vanne d'arrt NO Vanne d'arrt NF Soupape de scurit RD Cellule d'clairement Rgulateur diffrentiel Sonde Purgeur d'air automatique Compteur volumtrique metteur d'impulsions
Septembre 2004
TECSOL
BP 434 - TECNOSUD - 66 004 PERPIGNAN Tl : 04.68.68.16.40 Fax : 04.68.68.16.41
LGGE - Rafrachissement Btiment 1982 - Grenoble (38)

Projet Rafrachissement solaire
Principe gnral rafrachissement et chauffage solaire
6.2
Working principle
Priority to the 1982 building. Cold production for the 1973 building otherwise No interruption of the system during the week end (to maintain comfort conditions for the monday)
7. Telemonitoring
7.1 Telemonitoring objectives
To check the quality in the working of the installation, Capacity of a fast intervention in case of troubles.
7.2
Measurment description
Irradiance Solar collector loop energy Generator (or available for heatin) energy Evaporator energy Condensor energy State of the different pumps
8. Economical data
8.1 Project cost evaluation
Technical premices Solar collector field + piping Primary loop Hot water buffer storage tank Absorption machine + generator loop Cooling tower + condensor loop Control + electricity Telemonitoring Engineering TOTAL Solar system cost : 112 000 (without tax) Distribution network TOTAL cost estimation : 163 000 (without tax)
8.2

Electricity configuration (reversible compression chiller) : Cost of the compression chiller : 10 000 Cost of the technical premices : 10 000 Estimation of the overcost due to the solar system : 112 000 10 000 10 000 = 92 000
8.3
Yearly energy savings evaluation

Electricity useful kWh (including conversion efficiencies) : Useful kWh in summer : 0.0125 Useful kWh in winter : 0,053 TOTAL savings : 3 170 /year
8.4
Subsidies
Level of subsidies avalaibable to support the project : 70 % (but not yet fixed) Final cost for the owner with deduction of the grants : 33 880 (distribution network excluded) Payback time : 10,7 years
9. Environnment benefit
Estimation of the CO2 avoided emissions : 16,1 tons compared to electricity :
Annex 1 Installation schemes
Garage 1973
2,5 m
Btiment 1973 Champ de capteurs solaires
Ballon tampon
Echangeur
Canalisations Local technique solaire (emplacement provisoire)

Machine absorption 4m
hsp : 2,2 m
Dtail local technique
S O E N Local technique 1973 Groupes froids existants (2 x 100 kW) O E Tour de refroidissement (emplacement provisoire)
Schma n 1 Septembre 2004
TECSOL
Btiment cible 1982
LGGE - Rafrachissement Btiment 1982 - Grenoble (38)

Implantation capteurs solaires et local technique
Feasibility study Solar Cooling Metal industry Schlierbach (Upper Austria)

Main data of the project (owner of the building, size and kind of use of the building)
Metal industry factory Schlierbach Upper Austria Use of the building: 2000 m2: production of metal parts for die casting 2x 500 m2: offices 1.2 Existing cooling and heating equipment
For existing buildings, description of the cooling and heating components
Production and offices are heated by natural gas with high efficiency (use of the gross calorific value). Heat recovery is done from the compressed air unit and additionally with a air/air-heat exchanger. 2 300 m2 of the production area and 700 m of the offices are heated by a underfloor heating. Additional ventilators and radiators are in use. Cooling is needed for process-cooling of machines. The major part of the cooling is done by a water buffer tank with a capacity of 100 m3 and the tank is fed with cold water from the spring of the company. For the remaining demand an electric compression chiller with 35 kW cooling capacity is installed. 1.3 Orientation of the study
Principal wishes of the owner for the use of solar energy : which part of the building has to be cooled, how to valorize solar energy during winter (heating, hot water...)
The owner is very much interested to use as less energy as possible and the energy which has to be used should be ecological and renewable.
The company produces high quality products, thus the owner and the managers are always interested in new intelligent technologies and techniques. Solar cooling would fit into this corporate philosophy. Solar cooling should replace the electric compression chiller and the additional solar yield should reduce the natural gas consumption for heating purposes.

Description of the building structure (walls, windows, lights, doors, infiltration and AHU systems). Division of the building into separated and independent zones
?? ?? ?? ?? ??
ferro-concrete ceilings thermal insulation walls U=0,3 W/mK Offices with glass faade windows: U = 1,1 W/mK lighting: high pressure mercury lamps in production area; fluorescent lamps in offices ?? natural gas (high efficient by use of the gross calorific value), air/air heat exchanger, heat recovery from compressed air system ?? under floor heating 2.2 Occupancy
Typology of the existing or forecast occupancy per zone in the building
Solar cooling should be used for process (machine) cooling. The production equipment produces about 100 kW of waste heat. Most of the cooling can be done by the spring. Only about 35 kW of cooling load must be performed by additional cooling with electrical compression or solar cooling with a thermal driven chiller. 2.3 Conclusions
Discussion on the energetical quality of building. Recommandations to improve this quality (solar protection to be added, roof insolation to increase, night ventilation...)
The building is new and built according to the highest thermal standards. Heat recovery, heat exchange and efficient production of heat and cold yields to a very low overall energy consumption.

3.1 Building modelling for intial conditions
If possible, modelling of the building without passive techniques improvement and virtual temperature profile of the different zones. Quantification of the uncomfortable conditions level
3.2
Building modelling with passive techniques (eg. night ventilation)
If possible, modelling of the building with passive techniques improvement and virtual temperature profile of the different zones. Quantification of the uncomfortable conditions level decrease. Necessity of the active techniques (solar cooling)
4.1 Sizing data
Load calculation and cooling strategy
Cooling should be performed mainly by use of water from the spring. About 7 m3/h of cold water can be pumped out of the spring. This gives a cooling capacity of the spring of up to 75 kW. Only a maximum of 35 kW of additional cooling by use of electrical or thermal driven chillers is necessary. To obtain a system with high hours of operation, a 15 kW absorption cooling unit driven by solar energy is planned. 4.2 Solar sorption system sizing
Estimation of the nominal power requested for the sorption machine so as to fit the load as much as possible.
15 kW H2O/LiBr absorption cooling system 4.3 Solar collectors
Estimation of the collector area requested so as to make work the machine. Study of the available space for collectors on the roof or on any other place near the targeted building.
65 m flat plate collectors There is sufficient flat roof available for the installation of the collector system. 4.4 Cooling tower (for ab- or adsorption systems)
Estimation of the nominal power requested for the cooling tower and study of the available space to put this device.
The cooling tower with a cooling capacity of 32 kW is planned. Problems of space or noise are not expected. 4.5 Technical premices
Description of the layout of the premices (dimensions, networks requested (electricity, water inputs and outputs). Study of the space requested for the installation of the technical premices.
The two main assemblies, evaporator absorber and generator condenser, can be readily installed, wired and piped and connected by quick-disconnect couplings. The cabinet of the automatic control technology is also already produced by the factory. Furthermore, the plant consists also of: ?? solvent and refrigerant pumps ?? heat exchanger ?? ventilation system ?? control cabinet Additional equipment is necessary like: ?? heat, cooling and cold water pumps
buffer storage: The company has a 100 m3 buffer storage tank for the cold water. Heat from the solar collectors can be integrated and used directly for heating of the production area. The integration of the solar collector circle is done by external heat exchanger.

Description of the main features of numerical tool or method to make the thermal balance. Assets and limits of the tool.
The solar heat circle was calculated using the programme T*SOL. With this programme, particularly with the latest version, all components of the solar system and its basic conditions (consumer profile, temperatures, etc.) can be modified very well independently from each other - so that a simulation of the solar system for solar cooling can be done with sufficient accurateness. SACE Solar Cooling Light Computer Tool: The tool has the function to carry out a draft feasibility study in order to investigate the application of solar cooling for a given load file and a given solar collector. The tool uses a combined meteo-load-file as input (produced with TRNSYS or any other similar program) and a configuration file for definition of the system. Based on meteo-load-file and configuration of the system the annual solar fraction for heating and cooling is calculated based on an hour-by-hour comparison of needed heat for a thermal driven cooling and available solar heat.
A parametric study for different collector areas, expressed as specific collector area AA (m of collector per m of conditioned room), is automatically carried out. In order to assess the effect of storage, also different sizes of a systemintegrated energy storage, expressed in h of peak cooling load, are considered. The storage is not modelled as a technical component, but simply as a buffer which enables the use of excess solar heat (or cold) of one hour in later hours in which the solar gains are not sufficient to match the load. A storage size of 1 hour means, that the peak cooling load of the entire year can be covered by the storage for one hour without any other energy input into the s ystem. In a real system, storage can be integrated either on the hot side (storage of excess solar heat), on the cold side (storage of excess solar produced cold) or on the load side, e.g. using the building thermal mass. 5.2 Meteorological data
Source of the meteo data and values used for the calculations
T*SOL: The meteorological data are provided by the programme T*SOL and come from the Swiss programme Meteonorm. For the given plant in Schlierbach the meteorological data of Kremsmnster were used. SACE: The meteo-load file contains all information which is used to compute the hourly performance of the solar assisted air conditioning system. Any well-known building simulation tool with a radiation processor can be used in order to produce the file. In this case, a pre-defined meteo-load file for an lecture room with nearly the same load in Freiburg (Germany) was taken. This meteo-load file was developed in the framework of Task 25 Solar Assisted Air-Conditioning of Buildings of the Solar Heating and Cooling Programme of the International Energy Agency (IEA). 5.3 Components features
Description of the inputs for the model (compared to chapter 4., complementary information on components features)
5.4
Results of the calculations to determine the solar cooling production. Solar cooling penetration rate. Impact on the temperature profiles in the building. Level of comfort reached in comparison with comfort conditions expected.
Cooling production: 10 MWh 5.5 Calculation results for solar heating production
Results of the calculations to determine the solar heating production. Solar heating penetration rate. Impact on the temperature profiles in the building. Level of comfort reached in comparison with comfort conditions expected.
No heating support is taken into account 5.7 Calculation results for solar hot water production
Results of the calculations to determine the solar hot water production. Solar penetration rate.
Hot water production: 10 MWh 5.8 Conclusion
Total solar energy produced and used in the building. Need of a back-up system. Proposal for the management of the back-up.
Total solar energy production: 24,3 MWh Cooling production: 10 MWh As a back-up system the plant has an electric compression chiller for cooling and a natural gas heating system for the heating of the building and hot water production.

Description of the different parts of the solar system : type of pumps, estimated lenght and nature of the piping, ...etc
Conventional components of the solar technology are used. Estimated length of the pipeline outdoors: 70 m Estimated length of the pipeline in the building: 20 m 6.2 Working principle
Description of management of the system : control rules, hierarchy between the different uses of solar energy
Hierarchy: If there is a cooling load, primary the cold water from the spring, buffered in the storage tank, is used. If the cooling demand is higher, the absorption cooling system produces the remaining cold. Whenever the solar collectors produce a surplus in energy which is not used in the absorption cooling system, this heat is used for hot water production. During the transitional period and wintertide, the priority is switched to hot water supply, whereas the collector fields are integrated in the hot water supply.
7. Telemonitoring
Explanation of the objectives of telemonitoring : quality in the working of the installation, interest for a fast intervention in case of troubles.
The objective of the installation of a cooling system driven by solar energy is to produce cheap and clean cold for the plant. Preliminary economical calculations show negativ results. To obtain a better economical result, the installation must be supported with subsidies. For this support the company offers information and practical experiences e.g. Proof of the operational and functional safety of the absorber and identification of improvement potentials Ratio of the different heat sources (solar heat, conventional heating) to ensure an economic cooling mode Collection of experiences during the layout and the operation of solar cooling systems 7.2 Measurement description
Basic description of the measurement points (sensors, flowmeters, energy)
Solar system: ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? external temperature sensor irradiation sensor primary flow temperature sensor primary backward temperature sensor primary flow rate counter secondary flow temperature sensor secondary backward temperature sensor secondary flow rate counter secondary heat flow counter for the buffer storage secondary heat flow counter for the solar support of the hot water system
Absorption cooling machine: ?? pressure and temperature measurements at different points in the cooling cycle process to get specialized knowledge and to point out optimization steps
8. Economical data
List of the components included in the solar project. Cost estimation with engineering and cold distribution.
Cooling machine + control Collectors including assembly Buffer storage and distribution system Installation costs, accessory, recooling system inclusive piping Additional costs and detailed planning of the cooling Total 8.2 Solar overcost evaluation
15,000 16,500 9,000 5,500 9.000 55,000
Estimation of the overcost due to the solar system in comparison with a traditional system (for cooling and heating)
A traditional cooling system can be installed at costs of 10,000. The heat production of the solar system equals a conventional heating system which can be installed at costs of 5.000. Thus, the overcost is about 40,000. 8.3 Yearly energy savings evaluation
Energy savings for different technologies (electricity, gas, fuel...)
3,250 kWh electrical energy; approx. 1,000 m3 natural gas 8.4 Subsidies
Level of subsidies available to support the project, final cost for the owner with deduction of the grants. Payback time.
Preliminary economical calculations show negativ results. To obtain a better economical result the installation must be supported with subsidies. The owner of the plant will install the solar cooling system if the costs are equal or just a bit higher as a traditional system.
Estimation of the CO2 avoided emissions
5,841 kg / year

Solar collector installation, technical premices, working priniciple
Annex 2 Calculations
Calculation data sheets, detailed results

Office building
Milano (Italy) 1. Data on the project orientation of the study

Location: Milan (Italy) Headquarters of an association Total area of building to cool: 412 m 2 Major functional areas of the building: - Multi-purpose rooms 254 m 3 heated and cooled with radiant panels; - Office 1280 m 3 heated and cooled with radiant panels and air treatment unit; - Cloakrooms 72 m 3 heated with radiators; - Total volume to cool: 1534 m 3; - Total volume to heat: 1607 m 3; Average floor height: 3,9 m
1.2
For the production of DHW and space heating 19 m 2 of evacuated tube collectors are being used in addition to two 32 kW condenser boilers for the back-up system. The heating terminal for space heating are radiant panels. No cooling system is available.
1.3
Cooling season between May and end of September. Cooling peak demand 27 kW. Heating season between October and end of April: Heating peak demand: 26,6 kW. DHW production of 420 litres/day at 45 C with an overall energy demand of 6 MWh/year. Solution proposed within specific constraints defined by the client: - to maintain the same surface area of solar panels; - to install absorption machine with chemical heat storage; - to use traditional chiller compressor; - to not use condenser boilers during summer season.
Office building organised on the basis of the open space concept with glazed partitions and an enclosed meeting room. Inner height of ceilings 4,35 m and with a false ceiling placed at a height of 3,90 m realised with eraclit insulating boards. Above the floor slab there is a polystyrene layer where tubes for radiant heating have been placed below the pavement finish. Structure built in reinforced concrete frame and with perimeter walls in brick and concrete to which has been applied, during renovation works, an external insulating coat. Old industrial iron windows with single glazing replaced by double glazing low-emissivity 6/16/6 with air gap filled with gas. Characteristics of building elements: - perimeter walls: U-value 1,849 W/m 2K and thickness 0,3 m; - roof: U-value 0,924 W/m 2K and thickness 0,62 m; - floor slab: U-value 0,837 W/m 2K and thickness 0,26 m; - windows: 5-12-5 U-value 2,191 W/m 2K and thickness 0,022 m.
2.1
Occupancy
Average occupancy rate: 0.07 people/m 2 in moderate office activity (latent heat 38 W/m 2, sensible heat 67 W/m 2). Fluorescent lighting: 16 W/m 2 Electrical appliances (e.g. 30computers, printers): Air change rate: 1,5 m 3/hour Multi-purpose hall: according to the programme Office running time: Monday to Saturday
2.2
Conclusions
We suggest the use of horizontal and vertical overhangs to minimise solar contribution and thus reduce cooling loads and improve internal comfort.

3.1 Building modelling with passive techniques (e.g. night ventilation)
The building modelling (ASHRAE TFM) adopted does not allow us to take into account passive techniques, in particular night ventilation.
4.1 Sizing data
Unit Reference System with Chiller Evacuated tube collector
19
Energy - related comparison 0. General Data 1 2 Collector type Collector Area (absorber)
Solar System
m2
Evacuated tube collector

19
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Volume of heat storage Volume of Domestic Hot Water (DHW) Airflow (air-handling unit) Heating power, back-up heater (n.3 boiler) Nominal chiller power, compression chiller Nominal chiller power, thermally driven chiller Nominal power of cooling tower
m3 lt m 3/h kW kW kW kW
0 420 1.000 32 30 0,00 0,00
0 420 1.000 32 30 10 20
4.2
Solar absorption system sizing
Technical data of ClimateWell DB220 (see annex for more information)
Model Chiller Power Chilled Water Cooling Water Temperature Temperature Input Output Input Output Input Hot Water Temperature Output Range Electricity Electricity data Consumption Electrical current Consumption average Solution Weight charge Type kW C C C C C C C V/phase/Hz W A kWh/year kg
DB220 10 12 7 29 90 80 - 100 220/1/50 40 - 80 6 580 112 LiCl
4.3
Solar collectors
Solar Collector data
Company Model Type a0 a1 a2 Collector net surface Inclination of Collector Kloben SP 16 CPC Evacuated tube 0,632 0,936 0,0076 19 45 m2
Azimuth Average temperature of collector in summer Average temperature of collector in winter
south 90 45
C C
4.4
Technical premises
At the top floor level there is the availability of providing technical premises having a total surface area of: 60 m 2.

5.1 Meteorological data
5.2
Calculation results for solar cooling production, solar heating production and solar hot water production
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Reference System with Solar System Chiller 1. Result of annual energy balance for system design (obtained with simulation programme) annual electricity consumption , chiller kWh 15.510,97 12.923,98 annual energy produced by solar collector for kWh 0,00 7.391,41 cooling/dehumidification annual required heat for heating/humidification kWh 73.108,01 73.108,01 annual required heat for domestic hot water kWh 5.901,30 5.901,30 total annual heat kWh 79.009,31 86.400,72 annual heat from 2nd heat source low temperature (fossil kWh 69.559,42 68.205,02 fuel) annual heat from 2nd heat source high temperature (fossil kWh 0,00 0,00 fuel) total annual heat from 2nd heat source (fossil fuel) kWh 69.559,42 68.205,02 annual amount of fossil heat source (primary energy) kWh 67.533,42 66.218,47 annual radiation on collector kWh 32.329,64 32.329,64 annual heat produced by solar collector kWh 15.486,89 15.486,89 annual heat used by solar collector kWh 9.449,89 15.486,89 annual heat used by pre-heating DHW kWh 0,00 1.354,40 annual overall cold production (cooling, dehumidification) kWh 31.021,95 31.021,95 annual cold production by compression kWh 31.021,95 25.847,96 maximum electricity demand (maximum hourly value) kW 20,00 20,00 3 total annual water consumption m 0,00 148,11 Energy - related comparison Unit Energy - related comparison Unit Reference System with Solar System
System with Chiller 27 28 39 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 2. Energy related evaluation annual useful solar heat kWh annual gross collector efficiency % annual net collector efficiency % annual COP of compression chiller annual COP of thermally driven cold production annual primary energy consumption kWh annual primary energy savings kWh relative primary energy savings % specific useful net collector output kWh/m 2 specific primary energy saving kWh/m 2 9.449,89 48 % 29 % 2,00 110.619,46 497,36 15.486,89 48% 48% 2,00 0,70 102.118,41 8.501,04 8% 815,10 813,66
5.7
Conclusion
Total solar energy produced and used in the building (7,4 MWh/year). Not being able to provide a larger solar collector surface area the absorption machine can only partially cover the required cooling load and the traditional chiller provides for the back-up. We suggest the installation of additional solar collectors on the facade of the building, positioned to act also as horizontal overhangs to screen from direct solar penetration the transparent surfaces.

See the annex 2. Red line: Delivery circuit. Blue Line: Return circuit.
7. Tele-monitoring
7.1 Tele-monitoring objectives
A tele-monitoring is not foreseen, but within the building there is an automatic thermal regulation of the entire plant.
8. Economical data
Reference System with Chiller
Economic Assessment 1. Investment costs
Unit
Solar System
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52
solar collector system including supporting structure heat storage unit (additional) heat source (e.g. gas burner) Installation costs (including piping, pumps) air-heating unit or desiccant air-heating unit compression chiller thermally driven chiller cooling tower cold storage unit pumps control system planning costs total investment cost without funding subsidies funding (investment support) funding related to solar collector final total investment cost
0,00 0,00 0,00 2.000,00 0,00 8.134,20 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 1.000,00 500,00 11.634,20 0,00 0,00 11.634,20
0,00 0,00 0,00 6.000,00 0,00 8.134,20 10.000,00 1.044,00 0,00 0,00 1.000,00 720,00 26.898,20 0,00 0,00 26.898,20
8.2
Energy savings for different technologies (electricity, gas, fuel...)

Economic Assessment 2. Annual costs 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 annuity factor, conventional equipment annuity factor, solar system (collector, storage) capital costs cost for maintenance, inspection annual electricity cost ( consumption) annual electricity cost (peak) annual heat cost (fossil fuel) annual w ater cost total annual cost annual extra cost of solar system annual operation an maintenance cost
Unit
Solar System
% %
6,00 802,46 232,68 2.177,74 1.200,00 1.918,82 0,00 6.331,70 0,00 5.529,25
6,00 1.855,27 300,00 1.814,53 1.200,00 1.881,46 74,05 7.125,32 793,61 5.270,04
8.3
Subsidies
Economic Assessment 3. Comparative evaluation 64 payback time 65 cost of saved primary energy
Unit
Solar System
year /kWhPE
0 0
58,9 0,093354697
Under the economical point of view, the payback period is too high versus its real benefits.
Estimation of the avoided CO2 emissions
Economic Assessment 66 saved electric energy 67 CO2 saving due to electricity saving 68 saved electric power 69 saved fossil fuel energy for heat 70 CO2 saving due to heat saving 71 water saving 72 overall primary energy saving 73 total CO2 saving 74 material pair solar system (refrigeration/sorbent) 75 refrigerant reference system 76 environment advantage of solar system Unit kWh kg kW kWh kg m
3
Solar System 2.586,99 1.482,58 0,00 1.314,95 272,53 -148,11 8.501,04 1.755,11
kWh kg -
water/LiCl FKW R134a -

Office building of a company Unterfhring / Mnchen (Germany) the building has a gross area of 66.000 m; approximately 58.600 m used area; Office building with use from Monday to Friday, 08:00 am to 6:00 pm; The building is very representative and architectural filed; 640 employees are working in this building; there is also a kitchen which is cooking 500 meals per day; joined on the district heating system it is the aim of the building owner to reduce CO2-emissions
1.2
As the building is used since 2001 the whole technology for cooling and heating is present: Energy Sources: Unit Heating energy Capacity Energy consumption for heating Electricity Capacity Electric energy consumption Consumption of fresh water Distribution System: 1. For heating and cooling: Ventilation system with heating and cooling exchangers (with 6 central air conditioning systems) 2. For heating: floor heating system kW MWh/a kW MWh/a m/a 2.500 3.500 1.280 5.700 17.500
3. For cooling: activation of constructional elements (cooled concrete-ceilings) Room temperature control system
1.3
It is a important aim of the building owner to reduce the CO2-emissions of the building. The building is getting its heating energy from a CHP-plant which is burning waste. Additionally to the innovative heating and cooling concept and to the heat-source the building management is always trying to reduce the energy consumption. There is a very high emphases to improve the building to a low energy consumption! The solar panels installed for the solar cooling will also produce heat in winter and in transition period for the hot water production of the building. There are 3 hot-water tanks with 500 liter volume each so the support of the solar energy is interesting.

For the ventilation system there are 6 units which will be conditioned in a own central station. The central air conditioning is including in all units a heat recovery system. There is one central cooling-production with a cooling capacity of 1077 kW. The building has a high quote of glassed faade; there are two different sun protection devices in the building: first the outside rolling blinds which are controlled automatically, second the hedge around the whole building which has leaves in summer and is giving natural shading. The lightning concept is also very efficient. It is controlled via the central Building-controlSystem (with motion detector) and could be also switched manual. The lightning devices are very efficient (with reflector). The area on the flat roof is giving space for approx. 5.000 m collector-area. 2.2 Occupancy
In the building are working 640 employees. It is used from Monday to Friday, 08:00 am to 06:00 pm.
2.3
Conclusions
The building has the following specific energy consumption values: Energy source Unit SwissRe-Value Common value in Germany
Specific Heating energy consumption Specific electricity consumption Specific cooling energy consumption
kWh/ma kWh/ma kWh/ma
59,32 96,61 8
110 18 50
As it is shown in the table above the building has a very good specific value concerning heating and cooling consumption. But in comparison to other office buildings in Germany the building has a very high specific electricity consumption. This results from the energy consumption of the ventilation system and from the high control standard. The cooling and heating distribution is based on a very good system. The cooling and heating of the surrounding faces in combination with the conditioned air system (air exchange rate of 1,2) is giving a very comfortable room climate and is producing the low heating and cooling consumption.

3.1 3.2 Building modelling for intial conditions Building modelling with passive techniques (eg. night ventilation)
4.1 Sizing data
The building management has installed a amperemeter to measure the electricity consumption of the conventional cooling machines. We got the dates with 15 minutes measurement including the data about the temperature outside. With the given volts and with the given COP of the cooling machines we made the following graph showing the cooling load of the year 2004.
Jahresdauerlinie
600
500
400
kW
300
200
100
0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 h/a 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500 8000 8500
Concerning this cooling loads of the building we decided to analyze a absorption cooling system. Why not the desiccant cooling system: because the later installation of a desiccant wheel in the air centrals is very difficult and expensive and the distribution of the hot air to each air-conditioningcentral is very expensive and there are much heat losses. Why not the Adsorption machine: because this cooling machine is quite big and unfortunately very expensive.
4.2
We decided to analyze two different sizes of absorption machines to get more information about the economy of smaller and bigger installation sites. Absorption Chiller Cooling capacity Chilled water temperature Hot water temperature Electricity consumption Working pair Unit kW C C W Model 1 100 8/16 95 500 Water/LiBr Model 2 200 8/16 95 1000 Water/LiBr
4.3
Solar collectors
Unit m m % % Model 1 292 250 77,6 55 Model 2 583 500 77,6 58
Evacuated tube collectors Gross collector area Net collector area Optical Efficiency Annual efficiency
4.4
Cooling tower (for ab or adsorption systems)

Unit kW Model 1 250 Model 2 510
Wet cooling tower Cooling capacity
4.5
Technical premises
For the solar system it is also necessary to install a storage tank. The storage tank for the two models will have a volume of 9 and 18 m. The storage tank as well as the cooling machine do have place on the roof and in the technical room in the ground floor. So it has to be decided where the technology has to be installed and which possibility has the most advantages. To optimize the utilization of the absorption machine it is planned to use the district heating as a backup system. This should additionally reduce the electricity consumption and therefore the CO2-consumption (as the district heating is produced from burning waste).
5.1 5.2
Calculation methods Meteorological data
Strahlungsdaten
220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Monate
The picture is giving the global radiation in Munich in one year. Reference: Deutscher Wetterdienst; 5.3 Calculation results for solar cooling production
Unit kWh/m a kWh/a kWh/a kWh/a Conventional Model 1 1.178 84.100 131.600 94.400 2,9 0,65 Model 2 1.178 177.500 187.500 44.500 2,9 0,65
Global radiation of a year Solar cooling energy Cooling energy from district heating Electricity consumption for cooling Annual COP conventional chiller Annual COP absorption chiller
kWh/m Flche
0 0 166.600 2,9
5.4

Unit kWh/a KWh/a Conventional 0 3.500.000 Model 1 32.400 3.467.600 Model 2 68.300 3.431.700
Solar heating energy Consumption of district heating energy
5.7
Conclusion
Unit kWh/a % kWh/a % Conventional 0 3,22 0 Model 1 72.200 3,22 232.400 16,9 Model 2 122.100 3,22 393.000 35,6
Reduction in electricity consumption Primary energy factor for electricity Annual primary energy savings Solar fraction for cooling

6.1 Working principle
There is a clear hierarchy between the use of the different energy sources to produce cooling energy: 1. absorption machine with solar energy 2. absorption machine with district heating 3. conventional cooling machine The storage tank should give the solar system the possibility to bridge over some hours if no sun is shining and no solar energy can be produced.
7. Telemonitoring
The monitoring system should check the quality of the system and should give a clear overview of the energy balance. It is necessary to have a clear dates to improve the system continuous.
7.2 -
Measurment description Irradiation Temperature outside Power of absorption chiller Power of evaporating and condensing energy Electricity consumption of the secondary advices and absorption chiller Electricity consumption of the conventional system Temperature of the solar heating water Temperature of the storage tank Mass flow of the solar collector Mass flow from the storage tank Temperature of chilled water Mass flow of chilled water Temperature of the district heating system (secondary side)
Mass flow of the district heating system to the absorption chiller Mass flow and temperature of the cooling tower
8. Economical data
Unit Model 1 124.880 13.500 50.000 8.750 29.570 23.660 30.000 280.360 Model 2 249.750 27.000 90.000 17.850 57.690 38.460 45.000 525.750
Solar collector Storage tank Absorptions chiller Re-cooling tower Measuring system Installation costs Planning Total Investments
8.2
Solar overcost evaluation / Yearly energy savings evaluation

Unit Conventional 0 125.190 145.750 0 270.940 Model 1 15.890 111.860 144.880 3.550 272.590 1.650 Model 2 29.310 99.870 143.910 6.060 273.090 2.160
Capital costs Annual costs for electricity Annual costs for district heating (heating) Annual costs for district heating (cooling) Total annual costs Annual overcosts
/a /a /a /a /a /a
8.3
Subsidies
In the calculation to get the values from table 8.2 the support of the program Solarthermie2000plus has been integrated. It is possible to get 50 % of the collector costs, the planning costs and the measurement costs. For this project the subsidies values approx. 88.520 for Model 1 and 171.090 for Model 2.
Unit CO2-equivalent for electricity CO2-emission savings electricity To/MWh Tons Model 1 0,162 12 Model 2 0,162 20
CO2-equivalent for district heating Total CO2-savings
To/MWh
0 12
0 20
The CO 2-equivalent for electricity is lower than the equivalent of the typical electricity-mix in Germany because the SwissRe is sourcing electricity from hydropower (certificated ecological power).
Annex 2 Calculations
Energetische und kologische Betrachtung
Einheit Jhrliche Sonneneinstrahlung Netto-Kollektorflche spezifische nutzbare Sonnenenergie Nutzbare Sonnenenergie Nutzbare Sonnenstrahlung fr Khlung Nutzbare Sonnenstrahlung fr Heizung Klteenergiebedarf davon solar erzeugt davon Absorption mit FW davon konventionell erzeugt Strombedarf zur Klteerzeugung Wrmebedarf (inkl. Warmwasserbereitung) Solare Heizungsuntersttzung Bentigte Heizenergie (Fernwrme) Jhrlich verwendete Solarenergie Jhrlicher COP Kompression Jhrlicher COP Absorption Endenergiebedarf Strom Fernwrme Endenergieeinsparung Strom Fernwrme spez. Endenergieeinsparung fr Khlung Solarer Deckungsgrad Klteerzeugung Reduktion der elektrischen Spitzen Elektr. Anschlussleistung Bewertung CO2 Strom CO2-Einsparung Bewertung CO2 Fernwrme CO2-Einsparung Summe CO2-Einsparung kWh/ma m kWh/ma kWh/a kWh/a kWh/a kWh/a kWh/a kWh/a kWh/a kWh/a kWh/a kWh/a kWh/a kWh/a konventionelles System 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 497.986,24 0,00 0,00 497.986,24 166.550,58 3.500.000,00 0,00 3.500.000,00 0,00 2,99 0,00 Variante 1 1.178,00 250 648 161.813 129.450,55 32.362,64 497.986,24 84.142,86 131.625,00 282.218,38 94.387,42 3.500.000,00 32.362,64 3.467.637,36 116.505,49 2,99 0,65 Variante 2 1.178,00 500 683 341.279 273.022,98 68.255,74 497.986,24 177.464,94 187.500,00 133.021,30 44.488,73 3.500.000,00 68.255,74 3.431.744,26 245.720,68 2,99 0,65
kWh/a kWh/a kWh/a kWh/a kWh/ma % kW kW to/MWh to/a to/MWh to/a to/a
166.550,58 3.500.000,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0 1280 0,647 0,00 0 0,00 0,00
94.387,42 3.670.137,36 72.163,16 -170.137,36 288,94 16,90 100 1180 0,647 46,69 0 0,00 46,69
44.488,73 3.720.205,79 122.061,85 -220.205,79 244,37 35,64 200 1080 0,647 78,97 0 0,00 78,97
Wirtschaftlichkeit - Investitionen
Investitionen Einheit konventionelles System Variante 1 Variante 2
Spezifische Preise Spezifische Kosten Vakuumkollektoranlage Spezifische Kosten Absorptionskltemasch. Spezifische Kosten Speicher Spezifische Kosten Rckkhlwerk Investitionen Kollektoranlage Pufferspeicher Absorptionskltemaschine Khlturm Installation Mess-, Steuer-, Regelsystem Planung, Entwicklung Investitionskosten Frderung Kollektoranlage Frderung MSR Frderung Planung Frderung Absorptionsklteanlage Investitionskosten inkl. Frderung
/m /kW /m /kW
0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00
500,00 500,00 1.500,00 35,00
500,00 450,00 1.500,00 35,00
0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00
124.880,00 13.500,00 50.000,00 8.750,00 23.660,00 29.570,00 30.000,00 280.360,00 49.952,00 29.570,00 9.000,00 0,00 191.838,00
249.750,00 27.000,00 90.000,00 17.850,00 38.460,00 57.690,00 45.000,00 525.750,00 99.900,00 57.690,00 13.500,00 0,00 354.660,00
Statische Investitionsrechnung SOLARE KLIMATISIERUNG

Wirtschaftlichkeit A Wirtschaftliche Prmissen Strompreis Arbeit Leistung Fernwrmepreis Arbeit Leistung Fremdkapitalzinssatz Nutzungsdauer Eigenkapital Zinssatz B Investition Anteil Eigenkapital Anteil Fremdkapital Summe Jahresgesamtkosten Kapitalgebundene Kosten Eigenkapital-Annuitt Fremdkapital-Annuitt Summe Verbrauchsgebundene Kosten Strombezug Fernwrme (Heizung) Fernwrme (Klte) Summe Betriebsgebundene Kosten bleiben gleich Kostensumme Mehrkosten pro Jahr Kosten je eingesparte Tonne CO2 30% 70% 0,00 0,00 0,00 57.551,40 134.286,60 191.838,00 106.398,00 248.262,00 354.660,00 Einheit konventionelles System 6,00 90,00 2,70 20,50 0,00 0,00 0,00 Solares System Solares System
ct/kWh /kW ct/kWh /kW % a %
6,00 90,00 2,70 20,50 5,50 20,00 5,00
6,00 90,00 2,70 20,50 5,50 20,00 5,00
0,00 0,00 0,00 125.193,03 145.750,00 0,00 270.943,03
4.618,07 11.237,01 15.855,09 111.863,25 144.876,21 3.553,88 256.739,45
8.537,65 20.774,40 29.312,05 99.869,32 143.907,09 5.062,50 243.776,42
270.943,03 0,00
272.594,54 1.651,50 35,37
273.088,47 2.145,43 27,17

Local Electric utility in Rhne Alpes area (Saint Etienne) Total area of the building to cool : 230 m, on 3 levels. Office building in 5 levels but only the 3 on the top are concerned Height per floor : 3 m.
1.2
No cooling equipment.
1.3
Cooling season between May and end of September. Cooling needs : 20 kW for the 3 levels. First priority for cooling : meeting room (77 m). Heating in winter. No hot water needed. Space available for the technical premices in the attic Only 80 m on the roof for the collectors. -> Small solar absorption system (10 kW) chosen because no small size DEC available on the market.

Walls : stone 400 mm, internal insulation rockwool 85 mm, plaster 10 mm. Ceiling : concrete 100 mm, rockwool 100 mm, plaster 10 mm. Windows : double glazed 4/16/4 of U coefficient = 2,8 W/m.K No forced ventilation system Infiltration : 0,6 V/h Roof : tiles Division of the building into 3 separated zones (one per floor)
2.2
Occupancy
Level 3 (meeting room) : 20 30 people for 1 to 2 days/week. Level 4 :3 rooms and 5 people. Level 5 :3 rooms and 5 people. Planning : 8h->12h et 14h->18h from Monday to Friday
2.3
Conclusions
Solar protection to be added on the windows in the Southern facade

3.1 Building modelling for intial conditions
50
45
40
35
(C)
30
25
20
15
10
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
Mois
Salle Runion
R+4
R+5
External temperature >25C 345
Meeting room temperature >25C Floor 4 temperature >25C 2858 3268 Number of hours beyond the internal temperature limit (25C) (between 01/05 and 30/09 (3 672 hours))
Floor 5 temperature >25C 3191
3.2
Building modelling with passive techniques (eg. night ventilation)

With solar protections :
Meeting room temperature >25C Floor 4 temperature >25C 1646 2385 Number of hours beyond the internal temperature limit (25C) (between 01/05 and 30/09 (3 672 hours)) Floor 5 temperature >25C 2283
External temperature >25C 345
Benefit of using solar protections but not sufficient : solar cooling required
50
45
40
35
(C)
30
25
20
15
10
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
8
8
8
Mois
Salle Runion
R+4
R+5
4.1 Sizing data
12 10
Cooling load for the meeting room (instantaneous power in kW)

(kW)
0
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9
Mois
Charge thermique salle runion (kW)
4.2
Phnix Absorption Chiller : - Cooling power : 8,6 kW - Chilled water temp. : 6C - Inlet generator temp. : 90C - Inlet condensor temp. : 27C - Evaporator flowrate : 2,9 m 3/h - Generator flowrate : 1,2 m 3/h - Absorber.condensor flowrate : 2,6 m 3/h
4.3
Solar collectors
80 m available on the roof. 15 Evacuated tube collectors (Cortec Giordano) Absorber area per unit : 1,675 m Total useful area : 25 m
Efficiency : c0 = 0,836 c1= 0,79 W/m.K. c0= 0,009 W/m.K.
4.4
Cooling tower
Open cooling tower (but not definitive choice) Dimensions : 1,3 x 0,9 x 1,3 m (L x w x h) Weight : nearly 120 kg. Features : - Cooling power :25 kW (10 kW + 15 kW), - Outlet temp. : 27C, -Wet bulb temp. :22C, - Flowrate : 2,6 m3/h.
4.5
Technical premices
Located in the attic, just below the roof and on the top of the building. Dimensions : 3 x 2,5 x 2 m (L x w x h)

TRNSYS : hourly simulation for one year long of both the load (building) and the solar cooling system.
5.2
Meteorological data
Average monthly meteo data from LYON (temperature and irradiation). Sinusoidal extrapolation made by TRNSYS
5.3
Components features
Presence of a 500 liters hot water buffer storage between the solar collector field and the absorption machine.
5.4
Cooling load for the meeting room (5 months of cooling season) : 3 535 kWh Solar cold production : 7 676 kWh (4 141 kWh available for the 2 other levels)
Impact on the confort conditions of the meeting room (when empty and busy)
External temperature >25C Meeting room temperature >25C Busy meeting room temperature >25C Busy meeting room temperature >30C
345
1034 159 11 Number of hours beyond the internal temperature limit (25 or 30C) (between 01/05 and 30/09 (3 672 hours))
5.5
Heating load for the 3 zones (7 months of heating season at 20C) : 10 290 kWh Solar heat production : 11 026 kWh (but only 3 312 kWh in phase so usable to fit the load)
5.7
Calculation results for solar hot water production
No hot water use..
5.8
Conclusion
Total solar energy produced and used in the building : 10 990 kWh No need of a cooling back up system because the target is reached : acceptable confort conditions for the meeting room in summer. Heating back up in winter : central conventionnal heating system.

Ventiloconvecteurs
Capteurs solaires Tour de refroidissement
RD
Ballon tampon 500 l
Con
Eva
Abs
29,5C
Gn
80C
Machine absorption
VE
VE
Schma n 3
Circulateur Clapet anti-retour (sens de circulation) Vanne d'arrt NO Vanne d'arrt NF Soupape de scurit RD Cellule d'clairement Rgulateur diffrentiel Sonde Purgeur d'air automatique Compteur volumtrique metteur d'impulsions
Juin 2004
TECSOL
SIEL - Saint Etienne (26)

Principe gnral rafrachissement et chauffage solaire
6.2
Working principle
Priority to the meeting room when used. Cold production for the 2 other levels otherwise No interruption of the system during the week end (to maintain comfort conditions for the monday)
7. Telemonitoring
To check the quality in the working of the installation, Capacity of a fast intervention in case of troubles.
7.2
Measurment description
Irradiance Solar collector loop energy Generator (or available for heatin) energy Evaporator energy Condensor energy State of the different pumps
8. Economical data
Technical premices Solar collector field + piping Primary loop Hot water buffer storage tank Absorption machine + generator loop Cooling tower + condensor loop Control + electricity Telemonitoring Engineering TOTAL Solar system cost : 44 800 (without tax) Distribution network TOTAL cost estimation : 51 800 (without tax)
8.2

Gas configuration (indirect absorption chiller with a gas burner) : Cost of the absorption machine : 12 000 Cost of the coolin tower + storage tank : 4 000 Cost of the technical premices : 2 700 Estimation of the overcost due to the solar system : 44 800 12 000 4 000 2 700 =26 100 Electricity configuration (reversible compression chiller) : Cost of the compression chiller : 3 000 Cost of the technical premices : 2 700 Estimation of the overcost due to the solar system : 44 800 3 000 2 700 = 39 100
8.3

Gas (including conversion efficiencies) : Useful kWh in summer : 0.0638
Useful kWh in winter : 0,0407 TOTAL savings : 624 /year Electricity useful kWh (including conversion efficiencies) : 0,0452 TOTAL savings : 497 /year
8.4
Subsidies
Level of subsidies avalaibable to support the project : 70 % (but not yet fixed) Final cost for the owner with deduction of the grants : 13 440 (distribution network excluded) Payback time : 21,5 years (gas) and 27 years (elec.)
Estimation of the CO2 avoided emissions : 5,1 tons compared to gas 2,2 tons compared to electricity :

Canalisations Capteurs solaires Trappe accs toiture Contours toiture
17 m
1,2 m 4,8 m
Conduits chemines existants
Vue de dessus toiture btiment
N
TECSOL
Schma n 1
Juin 2004
O E
SIEL - St Etienne (42)

Implantation capteurs
Machine absorption
Vue intrieur combles
Arrive canalisations solaires
Contours toiture Ballon solaire Vers tour de refroidissement
Rgulation + circulateurs
Rseau eau glace
A
Chappe bton Conduits chemines existants
Coupe A-A
Trappe accs toiture Machine abs. Ballon
N
TECSOL
Schma n 2
Juin 2004
O E
SIEL - St Etienne (42)

Implantation local technique

Feasibility Study For Solar Cooling Systems

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ALTENER Project Number

Guidelines for solar cooling feasibility studies

B. Analysis of the CLIMASOL feasibility studies

Guidelines for solar cooling feasibility studies

A. Guidelines for solar cooling feasibility studies

Guidelines for solar cooling feasibility studies

Building Distribution medium Technology

Hygienic air change able to cover cooling load? no yes

Climate temperate extreme

Conv. AHU, thermally driven chiller, chilled water network 6C - 9C (Figure 7)

DEC system, standard configuration (Figure 2)

Conv. AHU, thermally driven chiller 6C - 9C

DEC system, special configuration (Figures 3 and 4)

Guidelines for solar cooling feasibility studies

other heat sources

air handling unit

Guidelines for solar cooling feasibility studies

Guidelines for solar cooling feasibility studies

hour of the year

12.30 11.70 11.50 11.20

76.0 79.0 80.0 82.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Guidelines for solar cooling feasibility studies

Figure 4 Example of the interface of the SACE Tool

Guidelines for solar cooling feasibility studies

Figure 5 ExCel-Table Postprocessor_SolarCoolingLight.xls:

Calculation Solar fractions

the work sheet heating, cooling and

Guidelines for solar cooling feasibility studies

Solar fraction cooling, %

Specific collector area, m /m

Guidelines for solar cooling feasibility studies

Net collector efficiency, %

Guidelines for solar cooling feasibility studies

Guidelines for solar cooling feasibility studies

Guidelines for solar cooling feasibility studies

C so that the installation is never in over-production.

Guidelines for solar cooling feasibility studies

MONTH April May June July August September October TOTAL

Solar Energy kWh/d

Solar Generator COP Energy Energy machine kWh/month kWh/month

Cooling energy produced kWh/month

Guidelines for solar cooling feasibility studies

4/ INSTALLATION & WORKING PRINCIPLES 4.1/ Installation principle

Guidelines for solar cooling feasibility studies

Guidelines for solar cooling feasibility studies

Guidelines for solar cooling feasibility studies

Guidelines for solar cooling feasibility studies

Heating energy cost (winter) : heating energy x cost of useful kWh)

/ an (value obtained by : useful solar

Guidelines for solar cooling feasibility studies

Guidelines for solar cooling feasibility studies

Compression system Absorption machine Transportation

Compression system Absorption machine Transportation

Guidelines for solar cooling feasibility studies

B. Analysis of the CLIMASOL feasibility studies

Analysis of the feasibility studies

Athens Marathon Bilbao

Figure 9 Building and solar cooling system description