AE-325 Gas Dynamics

Dr. Abdullah M. Al-Garni

Lecture 11: 1-D Isentropic Flow

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AE-325 Gas Dynamics

Dr. Abdullah M. Al-Garni

Overview Isentropic Flow in a Streamtube Equations of 1-D Isentropic Flow Stagnation Conditions Example

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AE-325 Gas Dynamics

Dr. Abdullah M. Al-Garni

Isentropic Flow in a Streamtube

Recall that Isentropic Flow is an adiabatic frictionless flow. Consider compressible flow through streamtube with small area change dA/dx. Applying the momentum eq. will give the Euler eq. as we show previously.

But

a=

p = RT
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AE-325 Gas Dynamics

Dr. Abdullah M. Al-Garni

Isentropic Flow in a Streamtube

This will give But M = V/a therefore, (1) Applying the energy equation will yield

Or (2)
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AE-325 Gas Dynamics

Dr. Abdullah M. Al-Garni

Isentropic Flow in a Streamtube

From State Eq.: ()

Substituting Eq.(1) and (2) in (3) gives (3)

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AE-325 Gas Dynamics Summarizing the 3 equations:

Dr. Abdullah M. Al-Garni

Isentropic Flow in a Streamtube

(1) (2)

(3) These three equations relate the change in pressure, temperature and density to the Mach Number, M. To see how the Mach number affects the compressibility (density variation) lets consider Eq. (3).

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AE-325 Gas Dynamics Density variation with Mach #

Dr. Abdullah M. Al-Garni

Isentropic Flow in a Streamtube

(3) To see how the Mach number affects the compressibility (density variation) lets consider Eq. (3) at different Mach # and the same dV/V At M = 0.1, the fractional change in density will be 1% of the fractional change in velocity. Therefore, we can assume incompressible flow. At M = 0.33, the fractional change in density will be ~11% of the fractional change in velocity At M = 0.4, the fractional change in density will be 16% of the fractional change in velocity Thus as a rough guide, if M > 0.3, then there is a good possibility that compressibility effects will be significant.
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AE-325 Gas Dynamics temperature variation with Mach #

Dr. Abdullah M. Al-Garni

Isentropic Flow in a Streamtube

(2) So for air ( = 1.4), at M = 0.1, the fractional change in density will be 0.4% of the fractional change in velocity. At M = 0.33, the fractional change in temperature will be ~4% of the fractional change in velocity At M = 0.4, the fractional change in temperature will be ~6% of the fractional change in velocity At M = 0.8, the fractional change in temperature will be ~25% of the fractional change in velocity So, temperature variation becomes increasingly important as Mach numbers increases. (see slide 13).
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AE-325 Gas Dynamics

Dr. Abdullah M. Al-Garni

Isentropic Flow in a Streamtube

Remember that no real flow is entirely isentropic (adiabatic and frictionless). But there are many flows of great practical importance in which the major portion of the flow can be assumed to be isentropic. For example, in internal duct flow the effects of viscosity and heat transfer are restricted to thin layers adjacent to the walls, i.e., are only important in the wall boundary layers, and the rest of the flow can be assumed to be isentropic as shown. Similarly in external flows, the effects of viscosity and heat transfer can be assumed to be restricted to the boundary layers, wakes, and shock waves and the rest of the flow can be treated with adequate accuracy by assuming it to be isentropic as indicated
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AE-325 Gas Dynamics

Dr. Abdullah M. Al-Garni

Isentropic Relations
Recall that for isentropic flow (see slide 76)

p2 T2 = p1 T1

2 T2 = 1 T1

p2 2 = p1 1

Lets write the above equations in terms of the Mach #. Applying Energy equation, we have

V22 V12 m C pT2 + m C pT1 + =0 2 2

Or

V22 V12 T2 + = T1 + 2C p 2C p
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AE-325 Gas Dynamics

Dr. Abdullah M. Al-Garni

Isentropic Relations
But

V = Ma = M RT
2 M 2 RT2 M 12 RT1 T2 + = T1 + 2C p 2C p

But This gives

cp R

T2 1 + 2 1 M 12 = 1 2 T1 1 + 2 M 2

Substitute in Eq. (*) to get

p2 1 + 2 M = p1 1 + 2 1 M
1
2 1 2 2

2 1 + 2 M = 1 1 + 2 1 M
1
2 1 2 2

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