Chapter 29: The New Imperialism, 1869-1914 (pg.

725 to 739) New Imperialism was a tremendous explosion of territorial conquest Imperial powers bring them into the world economy as suppliers of foodstuffs and raw materials and as consumers of industrial products -- done by conquest and colonial administration 1. The New Imperialism: Motives and Methods Latin American republics became economic dependencies of the United States and Europe. a. Political motives i. Establish or increase of prestige French sought to reestablish their nations prestige through territorial acquisitions overseas after the defeat in Prussia Great Britain felt the need to protect India, its jewel in the crown Germans believed their country required an impressive empire overseas ii. Many colonies gained through on-the-spot border skirmishes Colonial agents sent troops to take over neighboring territories first and informed their home governments afterwards b. Cultural motives i. Exporting their norms of civilized behavior determined to abolish slavery in Africa Bring Western education, medicine, hygiene, and monogamous marriage to all the worlds peoples. ii. Missionaries softened colonialism, but also clashed with local peoples Mary Slessor (British missionary in SE Nigeria): campaigned against slavery, human sacrifice, the killing of twins, and womens rights India missionaries: denounced the customs of child marriages and sati iii. Cultural superiority and progress Technological innovations was equal to progress and change for the better Europeans and Americans believed that Western technology proved the superiority of Western ideas, customs, and culture racist ideas relegated non- Europeans to a status of permanent inferiority: used as an excuse to rule over African and Asians Social hierarchy ranked these races, ranging from civilized to the bottom being savage iv. Imperialism gained mass appeal attractive to young men who found opportunities for adventure and glory in the imperialist enterprise European people and parliaments were indifferent or hostile to overseas adventuresbut a few easy victories in the 1880s helped to overcome their reluctance By 1890s, imperialism was the overseas extension of nationalism

c. Economic motives i. Entrepreneurs demanded stable supplies of goods copper for electrical wiring, tin for canning, chrome and manganese for the steel industry, coal for steam engines, and gold and diamonds economic depression of the mid-1870s to the mid-1890s gave the industrialized countries an incentive to seek control of the sources of raw materials and the markets for their industrial products New imperialism was made possible due to the sudden increase in the power industrial peoples could wield over non-industrial peoples and nature d. The tools of the Imperialists i. Steamships Building of the Suez Canal and the development of increasingly efficient engines led to a boom in shipping to the Indian Ocean and East Asia gave European forces greater mobility and better communications than Africans, Asians, or Latin Americans development of a global network of submarine telegraph cables ii. Quinine used to prevent Falciparum malaria allowed Europeans to enter Africa in large numbers for the first time open the continent to merchants, officials, and missionaries iii. The breech-loader and smokeless powder Breech- loader could be fired accurately ten times as fast as, and five or six times farther than, a musket Smokeless powder: did not foul the gun or reveal the soldiers position, could shoot fifteen rounds in fifteen seconds iv. The battle of Omdurman September 2, 1898(Sudanese attacked an Anglo-Egyptian expedition): Horatio Kitcheners troops had twenty machine guns and four artillery pieces; Sudanese equipped with muskets and spears Few hours later: eleven thousand Sudanese and forty-eight British lay dead e. Colonial agents and administration i. The system of colonialism and the transformation of Africa and Asia Colonialism: system of administering and exploiting colonies for the benefit of the home country ii. Different types of colonies and styles Protectorates: retained their traditional governments(monarchs) , had a European resident or consul-general to advise them Others were directly administered by a European governor. iii. Cooperation of local elites no colony was wealthy enough to pay the salaries of more than a handful of European officials educated a few local youths for modern jobs as clerks, nurses, policemen, customs inspectors iv. Women and colonialism

British Womens Emigration Association(Ellen Joyce) was recruiting single women to go out to the colonies to marry British settlers Led to increasing racial segregation 2. The Scramble for Africa Africa was invaded and divided among the European powers in a movement a. Egypt i. Modernization build canals, harbors, railroads, and other public works; export crops(cotton) ii. Debt and resulting British and French intervention financed with high-interest loans from European creditors Egyptian govt sold its shares in the Suez Canal to Great Britain and accepted four foreign commissioners of the debt to oversee its finances Obliged Ismail to appoint a Frenchman as minister of public works and a Briton as minister of finance iii. British occupation of Egypt and economic development b. Western and equatorial Africa i. The French conquest of Sudan ii. Three people conquered the Congo Basin iii. The scramble for Africa iv. Effective occupation c. Southern Africa i. Had been occupied by Europeans for quite awhile ii. The Zulu and king cetshways iii. Afrikaners iv. The union of South Africa d. Political and social consequences i. People reacted differently to colonial rulefrom welcome to pastoralist protest ii. People with longtime contact with Europeans also fought back iii. Ethiopia iv. Most people tired to remain unaffected but this was not possible due to the many changes that occurred under colonialism e. Cultural responses i. Missionaries and mission schools ii. Ethiopian churches iii. Islam