Professional Documents
Culture Documents
on
July,
Overview Land Rigs Mobilizing Land Rigs Jack-Up Rigs Mobilizing Jack-Up Rigs Platform Rigs Submersibles Semi-submersibles Semi-submersible Mobilization Drill ships Kelly & Top Drives...11 Making Hole Overview Top Drive System Top Drive Operation Kelly Systems Kelly Operation Drilling String Components..12 Overview Drill Pipe Drill Pipe Specs Box & Pin Drill Pipe Make Up Heavy Walled Drill Pipe Spiral Heavy Walled Drill Pipe Drill Collars Slick & Spiral Drill Collars Crossover Subs Reamers & Stabilizers Bottom Hole Assembly Pipe Rack Drill Bits.15
2
OILWELL DRILLING -----BHUVANESHWAR CHAUDHARI Overview Roller Cone Bits Steel Tooth Bit Tungsten Carbide Bit Fixed Cutter Bit PDC Bit PDC Compact Diamond Bit Core Bit and Barrel Special Drill Tools...16 Overview Drilling Jars Drilling Jar Operation MWD Mud Motor Directional Wells Horizontal Wells
String
VOLUME TWO
BASIC BLOWOUT PREVENTION EQUIPMENT Pressure Control.17 Overview Blowout Taking a Kick Blowout Preventers18 Basic Concepts BOP Operation Basic BOP Equipment 20 Overview Drillers BOP Control Accumulator Hydraulic Lines Operating Lever on Accumulator Choke Manifold / Chokes Choke Operation Choke Control Panel Mud-Gas Separator Separator Operation Flare Line & Flare Pit Trip Tank Trip Tank Operation
3
OILWELL DRILLING -----BHUVANESHWAR CHAUDHARI Subsea BOP Equipment22 Overview Marine Riser System Riser & Guideline Tensioner Drill String Valves & IBOPs...23 Overview Upper / Lower Kelly Cocks Full-Opening Safety Valve Safety Valve Usage Float Valves
VOLUME THREE
INTRODUCTION TO DRILLING FLUIDS Mud Types.24 Overview Water Based Mud Oil Mud Drilling with Air Foam Drilling Aerated Drilling Drilling Fluid Function...25 Overview Cleaning the Hole Cooling / Lubrication Protecting Wellbore Walls Controlling Formation Pressure Obtaining Downhole Information Mud Properties & Additives.26 Bentonite Barite PH Caustic Soda Gelled Mud Mud Tests..27 Overview Mud Balance Marsh Funnel Rotational Viscometer Filter Press Chloride Test
VOLUME FOUR
MUD CIRCULATION & TREATING EQUIPMENT Mud System Overview...29 Overview Mud Tanks Mud Pumps Standpipe & Rotary Hose Bit & Annulus Return Line, Shaker & Mud Tanks Mud Storage, Tanks & Reserve Pit.30 Overview Mud House Bulk Tanks Active Tanks Sand Trap Settling Tanks Reserve Tanks Slug Tank Suction Tank Chemical Tank Reserve Pit Mud Pumps...31 Overview Triplex Pump Triplex Pump Operation Duplex Pump Pump Components Bladder-Type Pulsation Dampener Nonbladder-Type Pulsation Dampener Suction Dampener Discharge Line Relief Valve Suction Line Relief Valve Pump Discharge Line Mud Conditioning 34 Overview Shale Shaker Degasser Vacuum Degasser Operation Hydrocyclone Operation Centrifuge Agitator
5
OILWELL DRILLING -----BHUVANESHWAR CHAUDHARI Pit Volume Totalizer Centrifugal Pump Hopper Jet Hopper
VOLUME FIVE
HOISTING EQUIPMENT Overview37 Function of Hoisting Equipment Hoisting System Components Hoisting System Operation Crown Block.38 Crown Block Operation Traveling Block & Hook Overview Motion (Heave) Compensator Motion Compensator Operation Combination Hook-Block Separate Hook & Traveling Block Hook, Links & Elevator Elevator Types of Elevators Hook Positioner & Swivel Lock Assembly Hydraulic Snubber Drilling Line..40 Drilling Line Reeving Drilling Line Supply (Storage) Reel Wear Points on Line Slipping and Cutting Drilling Line Deadline Anchor Drawworks41 Overview Braking System Disk Brake System Electrodynamic Brake Latest Drawworks Crown Saver
VOLUME SIX
ROTATING EQUIPMENT, MAST & SUBSTRUCTURE Rotating Equipment
6
OILWELL DRILLING -----BHUVANESHWAR CHAUDHARI 43 Overview Kelly & Rotary Table...43 Kelly Assembly Kelly Detail Rotary Table Operation Setting Slips Swivel & Rotary Hose Swivel Operation Top Drive (Power Swivel) .45 Overview Top Drive Advantages & Disadvantages Top Drive Assembly Mast & Derricks..46 Overview Mast Height & Capacity Stands Crown Walkaround (Water Table) Monkeyboard Stabbing Board Substructure47 Overview V-Door, Pipe Ramp & Catwalk
VOLUME SEVEN
PIPE HANDLING EQUIPMENT Pipe Handling..48 Overview Pipe Handling Operation..48 Making a Connection with Kelly Making a Connection with a Top Drive Tripping out with Kelly Tripping in with Kelly Tripping with Top Drive, 1 Tripping with a Top Drive, 2 Tripping with a Top Drive, 3 Slips & Elevator Systems.50 Slips Safety Clamp on Drill Collar Slips & Spiders Elevator Lifting Sub
7
OILWELL DRILLING -----BHUVANESHWAR CHAUDHARI Elevator on Top Drive Spinning & Torquing Devices..52 Tongs Makeup Cathead Breakout Cathead Hydraulic Cathead Power Tongs Spinning Wrench Kelly Spinner Iron Roughneck Pipe Transfer54 Pipe Racking System Rathole Mousehole Air Hoist Pipe Transfer System Controls for Equipment.54 Drillers console Weight Indicator, Gauges, Controls
VOLUME EIGHT
CASING & CEMENTING Casing & Cement55 Overview Casing Specifications Running Casing Casing String 55 Overview Progressive Casing Strings.56 Conductor Casing Surface Casing Intermediate Casing Strings Production Casing Strings Liner Strings Casing Accessories57 Overview Guide Shoe Float Collar & Shoe Centralizers Scratcher Cementing.59 Overview
8
OILWELL DRILLING -----BHUVANESHWAR CHAUDHARI Casing Point Conditioning the Hole Running the Casing Mixing the Cement Finishing the Job
VOLUME NINE
WELL LOGGING, MUD LOGGING & DRILL STEM DESTING Well Evaluation60 Overview Mud Logging / Testing, 1...60 Mud Logging & Testing Mud Logging Unit Rig Monitors Chromatograph Core Plugging Apparatus Fluoroscope Microscope Computers Vacuum Oven Mud Logging / Testing, 2..62 Core Heat Sealer Analytical Balance Porosimeter Gas Analyzer X-Ray Diffractometer Centrifuge Dry Sample Tray HCL Testing Mud Logs Well Logging63 Overview Basic Logging Operation Logging Unit Logging Unit Details Logging Tools Electric Log Nuclear Log Sonic Log Other Logs Drill Stem Testing64 Overview
9
OILWELL DRILLING -----BHUVANESHWAR CHAUDHARI DST Tool Components Lowering DST Tool Sealing the Hole Water Cushion Fluid Flow Pressure Charts Reverse Circulating Removing DST Tool
VOLUME TEN
POWER SYSTEM & INSTRUMENTATION Power System..67 Overview Prime Movers AC to DC Power System DC to DC Power System Mechanical Power System AC to DC Power System 67 Overview Diesel & AC Generator SCR Switch & Control Gear DC Motors AC Motors DC to DC Power System 69 Overview DC Motors AC Generator (Alternator) Mechanical Drive Power70 Overview Compound Drive Hydraulic & Pneumatic Power Systems 70 Overview Hydraulic Force Hydraulic Power Pack Pneumatically Powered Equipment Rig Air Compressor Rig Instruments..73 Overview Drillers Console
10
OILWELL DRILLING -----BHUVANESHWAR CHAUDHARI Weight Indicator Pump Rate Gauge Pump Pressure Gauge Rotary Tachometer Rotary Torque Gauge Tong Torque Gauge Mud Return Flow Rate Indicator Mud Tank Level Indicator Trip Tank Volume Indicator Drilling Recorder H2S Instrumentation
11
Semi-Submersible A Semi-Submersible rig is a floating offshore drilling rig. It has Pontoons and Columns. When flooded with water, the Pontoons cause the unit to partially submerge to a predetermined depth. The working equipment is assembled on deck. On the drill site, workers can either anchor the rig to the sea floor or use a system of thrusters and positioners to keep the rig over the hole. Here, they have it anchored. Crew members mount the wellhead and blow-out preventers on the ocean floor. Special hollow pipe called riser pipe connects the top of the blowout preventer to the rig. In some cases, the crew uses thrusters to keep the rig over the hole, called Dynamic Positioning. The thrusters, which are connected to an onboard computer, keep the rig in position. Some Dynamically Positioned Semi-Submersibles can drill in water depths of more than 7500ft, or over 2200 meters. When keeping a rig over the hole, drilling crews use the term On-Station. Here is a semi-submersible rig loaded on a special carrier. The carrier thus allows moving the rig far distance over the ocean. For shorter moves, the rig owner tows the rig to the drill site, or, some semi-submersibles are self-propelled. Drill Ship A drill ship is a self-propelled floating offshore drilling unit. It usually uses a sub sea blowout control system similar to the one on the semi-submersible. KELLY & TOP DRIVES Making a Hole Many pieces of equipment make up a rotary drilling rig. Part of it is on surface and part of it is underground, or subsurface. All the equipment has one main purpose: to put a bit at the bottom of the hole, or it can drill or make hole. To put the bit on the bottom, rig crew members screw it into a special pipe. The pipe is called the Drill String. Crew members lower the drill string and attach a bit into the hole. For the bit to drill, surface rig equipment has to rotate it, unless it is rotated by a mud motor. Equipment also has to put weight on it to force the bits teeth, or cutters into the formation. As the bit rotates, a circulating fluid has to take the drill cuttings away from the bit, otherwise, the hole will clog up. The fluid which circulates is called drilling mud. Overview To impart rotary motion to the drill string so that the bit can turn, either a top drive or a Kelly & rotary table system is used. Power is transferred from the surface down hole, via the drill string. Top Drive Systems Some rigs rotate the drill string with a top drive unit. Top drives are expensive but very
13
PRESSURE CONTROL Overview: Fluids in the formation are under pressure. When drilled, this pressure can escape to the surface if it is not controlled. Normally drilling mud offsets formation pressure, that is the weight or pressure of the drilling mud keeps fluid in the formation from coming to the surface. For several reasons however, the mud weight can become lighter than its necessary to offset the pressure in the formation. When this situation occurs, formation fluids enter the hole. When formation fluids enter the hole, this is called a kick. A blowout preventer stack is used to keep formation fluids from coming to the surface. These are called BOPs. By closing a valve in this equipment, the rig crew can seal off the hole. Sealing the hole prevents more formation fluids from entering the hole. With the well sealed or shut in, the well is under control. Rig crews use a surface BOP system on land rigs, jack-up rigs, submersible rigs and platform rigs. They use a subsea BOP system on offshore floating rigs, like semi-submersibles and drill ships. [TOOL BOX]: Why do you suppose subsea BOP system are used on semi-submersibles and drill ships? Blowout prevention equipment is very large and very heavy. Semisubmersibles and drill ships are dynamic, that is they float and thus move with wind & waves while in working mode. On floating rigs, it is not practical to mount the BOP stack on top of the long riser pipe. The BOP stack is much too heavy for the relatively thin and flexible walls of the riser pipe. Also because the riser walls are relatively thin, they cannot withstand the high pressures that could develop inside the riser when the wells shut in on a kick. So the rig crew mounts the BOP stack on the well head at the see floor and makes up the riser on top of the stack. Blowout A blow out is dangerous. Formation fluids like gas and oil blow to the surface and burn. Blow outs can injure or kill, destroy the rig, and harm the environment. Rig crews there for trained and work hard to prevent blowouts. Usually theyre successful, so blowouts are rare. But when they happen, they are spectacular and thus often make news.
20
22
OVERVIEW Drilling fluid or drilling mud as many people call it is a vitality in a rotary drilling process. The term drilling fluid includes air, gas, water and mud. Mud refers to the liquid that contains solids and water or oil. The mud is made up with clay and other additives that give it desirable properties. MUD TYPES Water Based Mud Often, water is the base of drilling mud. Water makes up the liquid part or phase of a water-based mud. Crew members put clay and special additives into the water to make a mud with the properties needed to do its job well. For example, clays give it thickness or viscosity. The water in the mud may be fresh water, sea water or concentrated brine (salt water). The one used depends on its availability and whether it gives the mud the needed properties to drill the hole efficiently. Oil Mud At times, down hole drilling conditions require the crew to add oil to the mud, or in some cases, crew members use oil instead of water as the base of the mud. This is called oilbased mud. Oil based mud has many advantages. It can stabilize the formation and
27
MUD SYSTEM OVERVIEW Overview The rig uses many pieces of equipment to circulate and treat or condition the mud. Mud Tanks Mud circulation begins here, in the mud tanks, sometimes called pits. Crew members prepare the mud in these tanks and make it ready for circulation Mud Pumps The heart of the circulating system is the mud pump. Often, rigs have two pumps, one primary pump and one for back up. Or, if hole conditions required, the driller can compound or combine the two pumps to circulate large volumes of mud. In fact, on deep wells, the rig may have three or four compound pumps. The powerful pump, or pumps, pick up mud from the mud tanks and send it to the drill string and bit. The pump moves the mud into the discharge line, up to standpipe and into the rotary hose. Standpipe & Rotary Hose The standpipe takes the mud about half way of the mast. The rotary hose is attached to the standpipe. The rotary hose is strong, flexible hose that moves with the swivel as it goes up and down in the mast. From the rotary hose, the pump moves mud through the swivel and then down the kelly and drill string. On rigs with a top drive, the mud moves through a passage in the top drive and then into the drill string. Bit & Annulus The pump moves the mud down the drill string to the bit. At the bit, the mud jets out of the openings or nozzles in the bit. The jets of mud move cuttings away from the bit. Mud then continues up the annulus, carrying the cuttings with it. Return Line, Shaker & Mud tanks From the annulus, the mud with the cuttings in it goes through the return line, sometimes called the Flow Line, to the shale shaker. The shale shaker removes the cuttings from the mud. The mud then falls into the mud tanks, where the mud pump can pick it up and continue the circulation process.
32
37
44
ROTATING EQUIPMENT Overview Some rigs use a kelly and rotary table to rotate the drill string and bit. This system consists of the Swivel and Rotary Hose, the Kelly Assembly and the Rotary Table. Some rigs use a top drive system to rotate the drill string and bit. A modern top drive, also called a power swivel, is an integrity unit that includes a Pipe Handler Assembly, Block, Swivel and a powerful Motor or motors to rotate the drive shaft. Crew members make up the drill string to the drive shaft. KELLY & ROTARY TABLE Kelly Assembly Crew members make up the kelly to the swivel stem. The kelly has either four or six sides and passes through a four or six-sided opening in the kelly drive bushing. The kelly drive bushing meets with the master bushing, so when the machine inside the rotary table rotates the master bushing, the kelly drive bushing rotates the kelly and attached drill string and bit.
46
47
Stands With the traveling block high in the mast, and the elevator at the derrick mans position on the monkey-board. The derrick man sets back drill string elements or stands. Most rigs pull three-joint stand of drill pipe and drill collars. A three-joint stand is three made-up joints of drill pipe or collars. Small rigs may pull two or even one joint stand. In rare cases, a really large rig may pull four-joint stand. Regardless of the number of joints, pulling pipe in stands instead of a single joint at a time speeds up the tripping process. Crown Walkaround (Water Table) The working platform at the top of the derrick or mast that permits access to the crown block is called the walkaround. It is also called the water table. Monkey-board The monkey-board is the derrick mans working platform when crew members pull pipe or run it back into the hole. The derrick man sets stands of pipe back into a finger board, a platform with projections that holds the top of the pipe in place as it stands in the mast. Stabbing Board A stabbing board is similar to the monkey-board. It is a small platform in the mast or derrick about 30-40 ft (or 9-12m) above the rig floor. A drilling crew member, usually the derrick man, works on the platform when running casing or tubing. The derrick man guides the top of the casing or tubing from the stabbing board. The crew member calls the stabber, adjust the stabbing boards height with a hydraulic, electric or air-powered motor. The height varies depending on the length of the casing or tubing being made up and running into the hole. [TOOL BOX] Here is a picture of a rig. When youre given a rig component, click on the photo where the component is located. SUBSTRUCTURE Overview The substructure is a rugged set of beams. It supports the mast or derrick and the heavy hoisting & rotating equipment. It also supports the drilling tubulars on the rig floor. It must
50
58
VOLUME NINE
WELL EVALUATION Overview One question that often faces the well owner is will this well produce oil and gas? To help answer this question, one or more methods of evaluation are used including: Mud Logging, Well Logging and Drill Stem Testing (or DST). Mud logging involves doing tests on the drilling mud and cuttings circulated out of the hole; well logging is the recording of information about subsurface geologic formations; drill stem testing is a way to test a formation using the drill stem, a special tool & packer assembly installed in the drill stem, records down hole pressures and temperatures and retrieves fluids examples. MUD LOGGING / TESTING 1 Mud Logging & Testing As the bit drills, drilling mud lifts cuttings up the hole. The drilling mud also carries traces of any hydrocarbons & other substances the hole may have penetrated. Therefore, catching and analyzing the mud and the cuttings that come to the surface can tell the well owner and geologist a great deal about whats going on down hole as the bit drills. Analyzing the drilling fluid is called mud logging. Mud Logging Unit An overview of a land rig shows the mud logging unit. Offshore, a similar skid-mounted unit houses the mud logging equipment. Both contain sophisticated data acquisition system and equipment for analyzing drilling fluid & cuttings. Here is the inside of a mud logging unit. You can see some of the equipment used to analyze or log mud. This drawing of a mud logging unit shows many items of equipment used to analyze and monitor the drilling process. Not all rigs will have such a set-up and some will even have more sophisticated set-ups. Rig Monitors Rig monitors give read-out to the mud logger, a person whose specialty is observing and analyzing mud & cuttings. The rig monitors show the rate of penetration (or ROP), how fast the bit is drilling, weight on the bit (or WOB), total hook load, Kelly or top drive height, rotary speed (or RPM), rotary torque (the twisting force on the drill string), pit volume (the level of mud in the mud tanks), mud weight (in and out of the hole), mud temperature, pump strokes, casing & stand pipe pressure, and other information. Mud loggers can combine rig information with other information from the driller, the wire line operator and area well records to help improve the wells progress. Chromatograph A chromatograph displays the percentages of hydrocarbon gases in the mud returning to the surface. The chromatograph has sensors in the mud return line. These sensors
64
POWER SYSTEM Overview Therere three basic ways a rig distributes or transmits power: an AC to DC power system, or SCR power system, a DC to AC power system, and a mechanical power system. At the heart of every rig power system, whether electrical or mechanical, is the prime mover. A prime mover is the rigs main source of power. Most rigs have more than one prime mover. Prime movers are almost always large and tumult combustion engines. Some equipment on the rig requires hydraulic power and pneumatic power. The rigs hydraulic & pneumatic systems also obtain their power from one of the three basic distribution systems. [TOOL BOX]: Just what is power and how is it measured. Well, to understand power, we have to understand force and work. Think about a force is a push or a pull. If a constant force is applied over a distance, we have work. Work = Force X Distance. Power is the amount of work done per unit of time. See these horses pulling their loads, the top one is moving much slower than the second. But by the time theyve gone the same distance, theyve done the same amount of work. The bottom one though, finished five times quicker than the first. So it did five times as much work per second as the top one. That means the bottom horse delivered 5 times as much power as the top one. Prime Movers
70
72
78