Professional Documents
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A change of gear
Transport
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More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://europa.eu). Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2012 European Union, 2012 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Illustrations: Laurent Durieux Photo on page 1: European Union Printed in Belgium Printed on elemental chlorine-free bleached paper (ECF)
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Foreword
There is no single market without integrated transport networks. The principle of a common transport policy was set out in the founding treaties of the European Union (EU). But its concrete implementation only started in 1992 when the transport market was gradually liberalised and framework rules for access to the profession of road transport operator and for road safety measures were established for all Member states. Today, road transport is the victim of its own success and faces considerable challenges. The March 2011 White Paper on transport defined them: ensure mobility on ever more congested road networks, significantly further reduce road fatalities, lower CO2 and other emissions of pollutants from road transport to preserve the environment and lessen the impact of climate change on future generations, and decrease fossil fuel use to improve the Europes fuel security. With the strategy established by the European Commission for the next decade, we can address these challenges and bring about the transformation of transport policy. During my term as Commission Vice-President responsible for transport, I am fully committed to putting forward a series of key actions for the sector: improving the efficiency of road freight transport by a more integrated internal market and a better integration with other transport modes; developing infrastructure to guarantee the mobility of persons and goods thanks to a wide trans-European transport network (TEn-T) co-financed through the Connecting Europe Facility; and finally, promoting innovative transport services and deploying intelligent transport systems. all these actions take into account the economic, social and territorial dimension of the EU. Road transport is a tool for reviving growth through the enhancement of competitiveness and the creation of jobs. Together, we will produce a more competitive and resource-efficient transport system, contributing to the implementation of the Europe 2020 strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth.
Siim Kallas
Vice-President of the European Commission
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The challenges
Today, the road transport sector in the EU is facing a number of challenges. Drivers are confronted with ever more congested roads while one out of four heavy goods vehicles still runs empty. Road users expect safer and more secure roads and the working conditions of professional drivers should remain attractive. at the same time, fuel prices keep on rising, as does the need to reduce air and noise pollution and the carbon footprint to which road transport contributes. Congestion is not just a nuisance for road users; it also results in an enormous waste of fuel and productivity. Many man-
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0.1 %
Intra-EU sea
36.8 %
Road
45.9 %
Oil pipe-lines
3.2 %
Inland water-ways Rail
3.9 %
10.2 %
0.6 %
8.2 %
1.4 %
6.3 %
Bus & Coach
7.9 %
Powered two-wheeler
1.9 %
Car
73.7 %
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2. Better mobility
The EU road transport sector has developed considerably over the years for the benefit of trade, the economy, the freedom of movement. In some respects it has been too successful. Traffic volumes are growing, but so is congestion. To increase efficiency, the EU seeks to ensure well functioning open markets and uniform technical standards, and encourages the development of an integrated trans-European network and a better use of infrastructure by using intelligent transport systems.
Open markets
The EU internal market for transporting freight by road has been opened, and the EU has progressively established a comprehensive set of uniform rules to ensure fair competition among road transport operators. The open internal market created the possibility for transport operators to supply services across national borders. To do so, they must respect a set of common regulations. Updated rules took effect in December 2011. To carry goods or passengers between Member states, operators must fulfill four criteria. national authorities carry out regular checks to ensure that operators continue to satisfy the four criteria. Operators fulfilling these criteria obtain a so-called community licence from their own Member state which allows them to carry out cross-border transport throughout the Union. a certified copy of the community licence must be carried in each of their vehicles. Drivers from non-EU countries must carry an attestation which certifies that they are legally employed by a licenced EU road haulage operator.
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1.2 %
International
31.8 %
a review of current rules has been announced. The European Commission is due to submit proposals in 2013 to adapt maximum dimensions of vehicles, taking into account factors like better aerodynamic performance, fuel consumption, lower noise and emissions and the use of electric trucks with heavy batteries. The Commission will also consider the evolution of containers, the potential of new technology, and the promotion of intermodality for freight transport. The EU is also responsible for drawing up type-approval standards which enable the automotive industry to market vehicles in all Member states.
National
67 %
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3. Making road
Passenger rights
The EU adopted a new regulation in February 2011 setting for the first time a series of rights for passengers traveling long distance by coach or bus. This brings road transport in line with rail, air and sea travel where passengers already enjoy a series of rights. The Regulation will apply from March 2013. Subject to certain exceptions, this Regulation applies to passengers traveling with regular services where either the boarding or the arriving point is within the European Union (EU) and where the scheduled distance of the service is 250 km or more. The Regulation covers non-discrimination between passengers regarding transport conditions offered by carriers, rights of passengers in the event of accidents, non-discrimination and assistance for disabled persons and persons with reduced mobility, rights of passengers in case of cancellation or delay, minimum information to be provided to passengers, the handling of complaints and general rules on enforcement.
transport safer
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trucks or coaches represent only a small proportion, they are more severe. (14% of road fatalities result from accidents involving heavy duty vehicles). Driver fatigue and users behaviour on the road are the main cause or an aggravating factor in one out of three of these accidents.
a daily driving period of no more than nine hours, with a break of at least 45 minutes after 4.5 hours of driving. Ten-hour driving periods are possible twice a week; a maximum weekly driving time of 56 hours (or 90 hours per fortnight); daily rest periods of at least 11 hours (with the option of cutting this to nine hours, three times per week); a weekly rest period of 45 continuous hours; this can be cut to 24 hours every second week (with appropriate compensation).
iStockph
oto
Safe transport
Better mobility also means safer mobility. although road transport is a lot safer than it was, it is still considerably more dangerous than other means of travel. a total of 30 300 people died in road accidents in 2011, which is more than 46% down on 2000. The EUs aim is to halve this number by 2020, using technology (real-time traffic information, advanced braking systems, automatic driver assistance, better vehicleto-infrastructure communications, driver behaviour control systems, etc.), enforcement, and education with a particular focus on vulnerable road users. although accidents involving
Compliance with these provisions is subject to continuous monitoring and controls by Member states. These consist of spot checks of vehicle tachograph records at the roadside or at the premises of vehicle operators.
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Training of drivers
The EU promotes appropriate training for drivers. Under a 2003 directive, they must undergo formal vocational training. Until then, most drivers gained experience on the job which allowed them to move on to larger categories of vehicles. now the EU insists that formal training is the only way to ensure that drivers have the requisite up-to-date skills and knowledge. The directive imposes on drivers 35 hours of periodic training every five years. Drivers learn about safe and eco-friendly driving, vehicle loading, and passenger comfort.
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EU
10
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EU
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11
4. Cleaner transport
Making transport cleaner requires investment in innovation technologies and promotion of supporting standards. EU laws already make possible that transport users contribute to the cost of Europes road infrastructure via charges linked to the dimensions of their vehicles and the distances travelled. Now the road transport sector is under growing expectations that it would pay for the environmental damage it causes in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and noise. Road transport accounts for about 18% of all EU emissions.
12
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City logistics
New means have been found to increase the sustainability and the efficiency of urban goods delivery. With urban electric freight vehicles, big trucks no longer need to enter city centres, reducing air and noise pollution. Electric vehicles improve air quality through lower emissions, and more silent vehicles mean less congestion since they can make deliveries at night without disturbing local residents. The EU is financing pilot projects in this domain and promotes the exchange of good practice.
Intermodal transport
Its flexibility, speed and ability to deliver door-to-door make road transport virtually unbeatable over distances of up to 300 km. This is unlikely to change. Technology, research and innovation, and better logistics will make road transport on short routes even more efficient and more environment-friendly. For longer distances, there is a strong environmental case for intermodal transport where the main part of the route is by rail, sea or inland waterway with a short road journey at one or both ends. Successful examples of getting freight off the roads are, for instance, motorways of the sea where lorries or their trailers make part of their north-south or east-west journey across Europe by specialised ferries. Another intermodal match is taking shape for north-south road freight over the Alps where lorries will cross the mountains through tunnels on specially constructed trains and railcars.
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13
This EU legislation does not apply to private cars or light commercial vehicles below 3.5 tonnes. But the European Commission monitors charging schemes where they are applied by individual Member states to ensure that they are proportionate and do not discriminate on grounds of the users nationality or country of residence.
VAT
Excise duties
14
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5. The EUs
international reach
Through its international cooperation, the EU also promotes its social rules in other European neighbouring countries, plus the Caucasus and Central asia in the framework of the European agreement Concerning the Work of Crews of Vehicles Engaged in International Road Transport (aETR). The EU Member states are among the 50 Contracting Parties to the aETR. The aETR has aligned its provisions for driving time, breaks and rest periods with current EU legislation. aETR countries have also introduced the digital tachograph which became compulsory in 2010 on vehicles involved in international transport. Moreover, the Interbus agreement on international occasional carriage of passengers by coach and bus facilitates passenger transport services between the EU and a number of third countries.
EU road transport policy does not stop at the external borders of the EU. The EU and its neighbours in the European Free Trade association apply one set of rules. another set of rules applies for EU relations with its other neighbours mainly in eastern Europe and the western Balkans. among the EFTa countries, there are again two groups: the EEa countries (Iceland, Liechtenstein and norway) on the one hand, and switzerland on the other. The EEa countries participate fully in the internal market, switzerland concluded a bilateral Land Transport agreement with the EU in 1999. It regulates the conditions under which switzerland has access to the internal road transport market of the EU and vice-versa. switzerland has committed itself to and made considerable progress in constructing two major rail base tunnels in the alps, which should help promote a modal shift to rail and thus reduce road congestion and air and noise pollution along the major transalpine corridors.
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15
Map of the main existing and future road and rail Alpine crossings
Wien
m em er ( ing 44
Mnchen
Ltschberg tunnel (2007) Gotthard base tunnel (2016)
6) (18
2)
ino
ard
Sa
pl
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Si
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Lyon
Mon
Frj
on
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(7
lan
9)
Ljubjana Milano
c (5
72)
us (7
32)
Torino
Lyon-Turin
Road European rail projects (date of completion) Pass/tunnel crossed by road Number of trucks in 2010 (x1000)
ti Ven
mig
133 lia (
8)
500
1000
1500
2000
We
Bern
Go tth ard
Zrich
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Innsbruck
S
s
el ( 108 6)
Sc ho be rp as
(1
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30
(94
3)
Zagreb
16
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R EFERENCES
GENERAL TRANSPORT POLICY White paper on transport Roadmap to a single European transport area towards a competitive and resource-efficient transport system, COM(2011) 144 final ACCESS TO ROAD TRANSPORT MARKET Admission to the occupation Regulation (EC) no 1071/2009 of 21 October 2009 establishing common rules concerning the conditions to be complied with to pursue the occupation of road transport operator and repealing Council Directive 96/26/EC Road haulage Regulation (EC) no 1072/2009 of 21 October 2009 on common rules for access to the international road haulage Directive 2006/1/EC of 18 January 2006 on the use of vehicles hired without drivers for the carriage of goods by road Passenger transport Regulation (EC) no 1073/2009 of 21 October 2009 on common rules for access to the international market for coach and bus services, and amending Regulation (EC) no 561/2006 Regulation (EC) no 1370/2007 of 23 October 2007 on public passenger transport services by rail and by road and repealing Council Regulations (EEC) nos 1191/69 and 1107/70 SAFETY AND SOCIAL ASPECTS Driving time, working hours and rest periods Directive 2002/15/EC of 11 March 2002 on the organisation of the working time of persons performing mobile road transport activities Standards and checks Regulation (EC) no 561/2006 of 15 March 2006 on the harmonisation of certain social legislation relating to road transport and amending Council Regulations (EEC) no 3821/85 and (EC) no 2135/98 and repealing Council Regulation (EEC) no 3820/85 Council Regulations (EEC) no 3821/85 of 20 December 1985 on recording equipment in road transport Directive 2006/22/EC of 15 March 2006 on minimum conditions for the implementation of Council Regulations (EEC) no 3820/85 and (EEC) no 3821/85 concerning social legislation relating to road transport activities and repealing Council Directive 1988/599/EEC Directive 2003/59/EC of 15 July 2003 on the initial qualification and periodic training of drivers of certain road vehicles for the carriage of goods or passengers, amending Council Regulation (EEC) no 3820/85 and Council Directive 91/439/EEC and repealing Council Directive 76/914/EEC Passenger rights Regulation (EU) no 181/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 February 2011 concerning the rights of passengers in bus and coach transport and amending Regulation (EC) no 2006/2004 TAXES AND CHARGES Eurovignette and tolls Communication from the Commission on a strategy for the internalisation of external costs, COM(2008) 435 final Directive 1999/62/EC on the charging of heavy goods vehicles for the use of certain infrastructures as amended by Directives 2006/38/EC and 2011/76/EU Directive 2004/52/EC of 29 april 2004 on the interoperability of electronic road toll systems in the Community Fuel excise duty Directive 2003/96/EC of 27 October 2003 restructuring the Community framework for the taxation of energy products and electricity TECHNICAL ASPECTS Weight and dimensions Directive 96/53/EC of 25 July 1996 laying down for certain road vehicles circulating within the Community the maximum authorized dimensions in national and international traffic and the maximum authorized weights in international traffic Directive 97/27/EC of 22 July 1997 relating to the masses and dimensions of certain categories of motor vehicles and their trailers and amending Directive 70/156/EEC Intelligent transport systems Directive 2010/40/EU of 7 July 2010 on the framework for the deployment of intelligent transport systems in the field of road transport and for interfaces with other modes of transport Dangerous goods Directive 2008/68/EC of 24 september 2008 on the inland transport of dangerous goods INFRASTRUCTURE Council resolution of 8 november 2010 on preventing and combating road freight crime and providing secure truck parks Directive 2008/96/EC of 19 november 2008 on road infrastructure safety management Directive 2004/54/EC of 29 april 2004 on minimum safety requirements for tunnels in the Trans-European Road network Decision 661/2010/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 July 2010 on guidelines for the development of the trans-European transport network AGREEMENT WITH NON-MEMBER COUNTRIES EC-Swiss Confederation agreement agreement between the European Community and the swiss Confederation on the carriage of goods and passengers by rail and road (effective 1 June 2002) Interbus agreement Council Decision 2002/917/EC of 3 October 2002 on the conclusion of the Interbus agreement on the international occasional carriage of passengers by coach and bus AETR agreement European agreement Concerning the Work of Crews of Vehicles Engaged in International Road Transport (aETR) (Effective 1 July 1970)
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European Commission Road Transport - A change of gear Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union 2012 16 pp. 21 x 21 cm IsBn 978-92-79-22827-8 doi:10.2832/65952
MI-31-12-464-EN-C
Road transport delivers the goods we need and ensures our personal mobility. It is one of the most dynamic sectors of the EU economy, creating jobs and prosperity. Road transport carries goods and people over long and short distances, rapidly, flexibly and cheaply. It is facing a series of challenges concerning congestion, safety and pollution. This brochure identifies these challenges and points to key solutions proposed by the European Commission and implemented at the EU level.
doi:10.2832/65952