Q4 Module2

Statistics MSd N Valid Missing Mean Std. Deviation Variance 10 0 73.10 10.640 113.211

Q1 Module 1
Statistics IQ N Valid Missing Mean Median Mode a. Multiple modes exist. The smallest value is shown 10 0 115.00 113.50 95
a

Q2 Module 1 (L2)
Statistics Mathematics Result N Valid Missing Mean Median Mode a. Multiple modes exist. The smallest value is shown 10 0 74.20 79.00 50
a

Variance
The average of the squared differences from the Mean.

How to State the Null Hypothesis in Statistics: Part One

Hypothesis testing 12 Comments

Youll be asked to convert a word problem into a hypothesis statement in statistics that will include a null hypothesis and an alternate hypothesis. Breaking your problem into a few small steps makes these problems much easier to handle. Sample Problem: A researcher thinks that if knee surgery patients go to physical therapy twice a week (instead of 3 times), their recovery period will be longer. Average recovery times for knee surgery patients is 8.2 weeks.

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Step 1: Figure out the hypothesis from the problem. The hypothesis is usually hidden in a word problem, and is sometimes a statement of what you expect to happen in the experiment. The hypothesis in the above question is I expect the average recovery period to be greater than 8.2 weeks.

Step 2: Convert the hypothesis to math. Remember that the average is sometimes written as . H1: > 8.2 Broken down into (somewhat) English, thats H1 (The hypothesis): (the average) > (is greater than) 8.2 Step 3: State what will happen if the hypothesis doesnt come true. If the recovery time isnt

greater than 8.2 weeks, there are only two possibilities, that the recovery time is equal to 8.2 weeks or less than 8.2 weeks. H0: 8.2 Broken down again into English, thats H0 (The null hypothesis): (the average) (is less than or equal to) 8.2 Thats it! The Null Hypothesis In order to understand what an alternate hypothesis is, you first need to understand what the null hypothesis means. The word hypothesis means a working statement. In statistics, were interested in proving whether a working statement (the null hypothesis) is true or false. Usually, these working statements are things that are expected to be true some kind of historical or existing expected value. The word null can be thought of as no change. With the null hypothesis, you get what you expect, from a historical point of view.

Alternate Hypothesis

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The alternate hypothesis will typically be the expected change in some portion of the statistical graph when compared to a null hypothesis that represents no change. When looked at conventionally it may seem like a redundant technique, but it plays an important role in the development of some Statistics practices such as the Neyman-Pearson lemma. In many cases, the alternate hypothesis will just be the negation of the null hypothesis. For example, the null hypothesis might be There was no change in the water level this Spring, and the alternative hypothesis would be There was a change in the water level this Spring. In other cases, there might be a change in the amount of something. For example, lets say a Gallup poll predicts an election will re-elect a president with a 5 percent majority. However, you,

the researcher, has uncovered a secret grassroots campaign composed of hundreds of thousands of minorities who are going to vote the opposite way from expected. Null hypothesis: President re-elected with 5 percent majority Alternate hypothesis: President re-elected with 1-2 percent majority. Although the outcome hasnt changed (the President is still re-elected), the majority percentage has changed which may be important to an electoral campaign.
Q1 Module3
Correlations Monthly Monthly Income Monthly Income Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N Monthly Expenses Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N *. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). 8 .818
*

Expenses .818
*

.025 7 1

.025 7 7