HAMMAD AHMAD 2012-MS-CEG-35 M.

HASEEB ALVI 2012-MS-CES-20

INTRODUCTION
Liquefaction

occurs when vibrations i.e. earthquake or water pressure within a mass of soil cause the soil particles to lose contact with one another. As a result, the soil behaves like a liquid, has an inability to support weight and can flow down very gentle slopes.

CONDITIONS CAUSING LIQUIFACTION Liquefaction most often occurs when three

conditions are met loose, granular sediment or fill saturation by ground water strong shaking

1. 2. 3.

HISTORY

Introduced by Arthur Casagrande (1935-8) Serious attention because of Japan, Alaska and Niigata earthquake in 1964. Evidence of liquefaction found in prior earthquakes

LIQUIFICATION SUSCEPTIBLE SOIL

Liquefaction occurs in clean loose sands under saturation and dynamic loading .most of research on liquefaction is for sands Liquefaction is also experienced in silty soils and based on the case histories and research following two parameters defines weather silt is susceptible to liquefaction or not. 1.Clay content 2.Liquid Limit

LIQUEFACTION SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SILTY SOIL

Note 1. Liquid Limit determined by Casagrande-Type percussion Apparatus 2.Clay defined as grains finer than 0.002 mm Reference :CRITERIA FOR LIQUIFICATION OF SILTY SOILS(Desmond C A Andrews And Geoffrey R MARTIN)

MECHANISM OF LIQUEFACATION

FIGURE FIGURE FIGURE 1 2 3 Figures 1 and 2 show a typical view of soil grains in an unexcited, saturated deposit. The blue column on the right indicates the magnitude of pore water pressure present. The arrows in Figure 2 indicate the forces created by the interactions of the soil grains. Figure 3 shows elevated water pressure created by additional loading (as from a seismic event. The increased water pressure acts to float the grains and thereby decreases the interaction between grains, thus causing the characteristic properties of liquefaction.

MECHANISM OF LIQUEFACATION
during liquefaction pore water pressure starts increasing and effective stress starts decreasing and at the end of liquefaction becomes equal to zero and there is no contact between the particles and in some cases water comes on ground surface when liquefaction occurred. As a result shear strength and bearing capacity of soil reduces
So

WHERE IT HAPPENED
New Sand deposit Saturated granular sand Close to Dams
Lakes Bays Where the water table is high

CASE HISTORIES

LIQUEFACATION IN NIIGATA,JAPAN
Tilted apartment buildings at Kawagishi cho, Niigata, Japan; the soils beneath these buildings liquefied during an earthquake in 1964 and provided little support for the building foundations. These tilted buildings and liquefaction in this area are probably the most well known examples of liquefaction and loss of bearing strength. Image and caption by USGS.

REMEDIAL MEASURES

It is clear that due to liquefaction structures fail either by over turning or they sink into ground. So following remedial measures must practiced in liquefaction susceptible sites. Compaction Drainage Grouting Deep Foundation

COMPACTION

Such sandy soils can be compacted using dynamic compacters and vibroflotation method In Vibroflotation method gravely and sandy soils are vibrated to densify them. Stone Columns are compacted using vibroflotation method

COMPACTION PILES

Installing compaction piles is a very effective way of improving soil. Compaction piles are usually made of pre-stressed concrete or timber. Installation of compaction piles both dandifies and reinforces the soil. The piles are generally installed in a grid pattern and are generally driven to depth of up to 60 ft.

COMPACTION GROUTING
Compaction

grouting is a technique whereby a slow-flowing water/sand/cement mix is injected under pressure into a granular soil. The grout forms a bulb that displaces and hence densifies the surrounding soil.

DRAINAGE TECHNIQUE
Liquefaction

hazards can be reduced by increasing the drainage ability of the soil. If the pore-water within the soil can drain freely, the build-up of excess pore water pressure will be reduced. Drainage techniques include installation of drains of gravel, sand or synthetic materials