Revision Package BT1 2013 Solutions

2013 Revision Package BT1 Solutions
Chapter 2: Binomial Expansion Solution

1
[AJC/2005/Prelim/P1/Q3]
Solution
1
x +1
= ( x + 1)(1 2 x ) 2
1 2x
1 1
1
1
1 + ( 2 x ) + 2 2 ( 2 x )2
2
2!
= (1 + x )
1 1 1 1 2
2 2 2
( 2 x )3 +
3!
3
5
= (1 + x )1 + x + x 2 + x 3 +
2
2
3
5
1 + x + x 2 + x3 +
2
2
=
3
2
+x +x
+ x3 +
2
5
= 1 + 2x + x 2 + 4x3 +
2
The series is valid for 2 x < 1 x <
1
When x = ,
11
1
2
1
12
+1
12
11
4
11
= 11 =
=
9 11 3
11
1
1 2
11
11
x +1
=
1 2x
2
1 5 1
1
= 1 + 2 + + 4 +
11
11 2 11
11
3209
11 4
2662
10648
3209
3.32
[TJC/2005/Prelim/P1/Q7]
Solution
3 + 2 x 11x 2
Ax + B
C
=
+
2 1 + x 2 (1 2 x ) 1 + x 2 1 2 x
1
3 + 2 x 11x 2 = ( Ax + B )(1 2 x ) + C 1 + x 2
2
(
(
1
1
1
1
3 + 2 11 = +C 1 +
1 2
2
4
4
When x = ,
2
1
C=
2
3
1
= B (1) + (1)
When x = 0 , 2
2
B =1
1
When x = 1 , 2
(3 + 2 11) = ( A + 1)(1 2) + 1 (1 + 1)
2
A=3
3 + 2 x 11x 2
3x + 1
1
=
+
2
2
2 1 + x (1 2 x ) 1 + x
2(1 2 x )
3 + 2 x 11x 2
3x + 1
1
=
+
2
2
2 1 + x (1 2 x ) 1 + x
2(1 2 x )
1
(1 2 x )1
2
1
= (3 x + 1) 1 x 2 + + 1 + 2 x + 4 x 2 +
2
1
= 3x + 1 x 2 + + + x + 2 x 2 +
2
3
= + 4x + x2 +
2
= (3 x + 1) 1 + x 2
The expansion is valid for x 2 < 1 and 2x < 1 x <

3
[RJC/2005/Prelim/P1/Q5]
Solution
1
2

1
(4 + y )
1
2
y 2
= 21 +
4
1 1
1 1 1
1 y 2 2 1 y 2 2 2 1 2 2 y 3
= 2 1 + +
+
+
2!
3!
4
4
2 4
1 2
1
1
= 2 1 + y
y +
y 3 +
1024
8
128
1
1 2
1 3
= 2+ y
y +
y +
4
64
512
y
<1 y < 4
4
The expansion is valid for

Let y = 8 x + kx 2
1
2 2
(4 + 8 x + kx ) = (4 + y )
1
2
1
1 2
1 3
y
y +
y +
4
64
512
2
3
1
1
1
= 2 + 8 x + kx 2
8 x + kx 2 +
8 x + kx 2 +
4
64
512
1
1
=
64 x 2 + 16 kx 3 + k 2 x 4 +
512 x 3 + +
64
512
k
= x3 + x3 +
4
= 2+
k
+1 = 0
4
k =4
[NYJC/2005/Prelim/P1/Q1]
Solution
(1 x )2 = 1 + 2 x + 3x 2 + 4 x 3 +
The expansion is valid for x < 1 .
3r
r
=
3
r 1
r 1
r =1 2
r =1 2
2
3
1
1 1
1
= 31 + 2 + 3 + 4 + , subst x = into expansion
2
2 2
2
1
= 31
2
= 12
5
[HCI/2005/Prelim/P1/Q2]
Solution
2
(2 x )
x
= 2 1
2
1
2
x ( 2 )( 2 1) x
+
1 + ( 2) +
2!
1
2
2
=
3
4 ( 2)( 2 1)( 2 2) x
+
3!
2
2
1
3
1
1 + x + x 2 + x 3 +
4
4
2
1 3
1
= + x2 + x3 +
4 16
8
=
The series is valid for
x
<1 x < 2.
2
The term of x r is the (r + 1) term in the series.

th
(r + 1)th term = 1 ( 2)( 2 1)( 2 2)( 2 r + 1) x

4
1 ( 1) (2 )(3)(4 ) (r )(r + 1) ( 1) r
r x
4
r!
2
r
=
=
6(i)
(r + 1)
2 r +2
[CJC/2005/Prelim/P1/Q2]
Solution
r!
f (x) =
x3 x 1
x3 x 1
x2
x2
=
=
1
+
=
1
+
x 2 1 ( x + 1) x 3 + x 2 x 1
x3 + x 2 x 1
x 2 1 ( x + 1)
x2
x2
B
C
D
=
=
+
+
2
x 1 (x + 1) (x 1)(x + 1)
x 1 x + 1 ( x + 1)2
x 2 = B (x + 1) + C (x 1)(x + 1) + D (x 1)
2
When x = 1 , 1 = B (2 ) B =
2
1
4
When x = 1 , 1 = D ( 1 1) B =
When x = 0 , 0 =
f (x ) =
6(ii)
1
2
1 2
(1) + C ( 1) + 1 ( 1) C = 3
2
2
4
x3 x 1
1
3
1
= 1
+
2
x 1 (x + 1)
4(x 1) 4(x + 1) 2(x + 1)2
f ( x)
= 1
1
3
1
+
4 ( x 1) 4 ( x + 1) 2 ( x + 1)2
1
3
1
1
1
2
(1 x ) (1 + x ) + (1 + x )
4
4
2
1
3
1
= 1 + (1 + x + x 2 + x3 + ) (1 x + x 2 x3 + ) + 1 + 2 x + +3x 2 4 x3 +
4
4
2
1 1
1
1
3 3
3
3
1
3
= 1 + + x + x 2 + x3 + ... + x x 2 + x3 + ... + x + x 2 2 x3 + ...
4 4
4
4
4 4
4
4
2
2
2
3
= 1+ x x +
= 1+
The series is valid for x < 1 .
x 2005 of f ( x ) is the 2006th term of
1
(1 x )1 + 2006th term of 3 (1 + x )1 + 2006th term of
4
4
1
(1 + x )2
2
1 2005 3
1
2006 +1 2005
2006 +1
x
( 1)
x
+ ( 1)
(2006)x 2005 = 1 + 3 1003 x 2005 = 1002x 2005
4
4
2
4 4
Therefore coefficient of x 2005 is -1002.

7
[ACJC/2005/Prelim/P1/Q2]

Solution
+x
Using sine rule
BC
sin
BC
=
AC
=
AC
sin + x
6
sin
AB
sin C
sin + x
6
2 sin cos x + cos sin x

6
6
1
1
3
2 cos x +
sin x
2
2
2
x
1
+ + 3 (x + )
2
x2
= 2 1 + 3 x
+
2
x2
= 2 1 + 3 x
+
2
1
2

( 1)( 1 1)
x2
x2
3 x
= 2 1 3 x
+ +
+ +
2
2!
2

2

x2
x2
2 1 3 x + 3 x
2
2

x2
2 1 3 x +
+ 3x 2
2
2 1 3 x + x 2
2
( )

Chapter 3: Arithmetic & Geometric Progressions Solution
1
Solution
(i)
Let Sn and Hn denote the amount of savings that Selina and Hebe have at the end of the nth year
respectively.
S n = 1000 + 200 n
(ii)
H n = 1000 + 100 + 100 (1.5 ) + 100 (1.5 ) + ... + 100 (1.5 )
n 5
100 1.5
= 1000 +
n6
where n > 5
1.5 1
= 1000 + 200 1.5
(iii)
n 5
When H n > S n ,
1000 + 200 1.5
i.e. 200 1.5
n 5
n 5
1 > 1000 + 200 n
1 n > 0
From the GC, the value of k is 12.

Let uk denote the interest that Hebe gets in the kth year.
12 51
Then u12 = 100 1.5
) = 1139.0625 ,
so Hebe receives $1140 in interest at the end of the 12th year.
n 12
Then for n > 12 , u n =
u12 .
The total investment yield from the 13th year onwards therefore
cannot exceed
1u
3 12
1 13
1
2
u12 .
Hence, the maximum value of Hebes investment is
H12 +
2
1
2
u12 = $4790 (to 3 s.f.).
Solution
Let T7, T3, T1 be the seventh, third and first term of an arithmetic series with first term a and
common difference d.
T7 = a + 6d , T3 = a + 2d , T1 = a
a + 2d
a
=
a + 6d a + 2 d
a ( a + 6 d ) = ( a + 2d )
a 2 + 6ad = a 2 + 4ad + 4d 2
4d 2 2ad = 0
a
2
T
a
a
1
Common ratio r = 1 =
=
=
T3 a + 2d a + a 2
Since d 0 d =
Since common ratio < 1, the geometric progression is convergent.
T7 = a + 6d = 3
3
3
a
a + 3a = 3 a = and d =
2
4
8
n
1
3 1
n 3
3
2 100
2
+
n
(
)
1
2 4
8
1
2
n
1
n9 3
+
n
6
1 100 0
28 8
2
Since d =
Using GC, n 22.3 Least n = 23.

3
[DHS/2008/Prelim/P2/Q4]
Solution
(i)
(ii)
Amount saved in 1st year =
1
( 36000 ) = $18000
2
18000(1.04 n 1)
1000000
1.04 1
20
1.04 n 1
9
29
1.04 n
9
Sn =
29
9 = 29.8
n
ln 1.04
n = 30
ln
(iii)
9 years = 108 months

108 = 21(5) + 3 n = 21
total amount = 10000 +
21
2 ( 25 ) + 20 ( 3)
2
= $11155
4
[JJC/2008/Prelim/P2/Q1]
Solution
Let the first term of the AP be a and common difference be d.
2 ( T1 + T2 + ... + T9 ) = T10 + T11 + ... + T18
2
9 a + a + 8d = 9 a + 9 a + a + 17 d
) (
)
2 (
2
2 [ 2 a + 8d ] = 2a + 26d
a = 5d
20 T16
=
T1
20
20
a
20
5d
a + 15d
20
20d
20
d =4
d =2
Hence, a = 10
(reject d = 2 , since a is positive)
Solution
(i)
a
bn +1 bn = ln(an +1 ) ln(an ) = ln n +1 .
an
Since an is a geometric progression, thus
an +1
= r for all n + . Thus bn +1 bn = ln( r ) for all
an
n + . Thus bn is an arithmetic progression with common difference ln( r ) .

(ii)
Since bn is an arithmetic progression

N +1
n =1
(iii)
N +1
(b1 + bN +1 )
2
N +1
[ln(a1 ) + ln(aN +1 )]
=
2
N +1
=
ln(aaN +1 )
2
=
N +1
Since
= ln ( a1 a2 aN +1 ) , thus
n =1
N +1
a1 a2 aN +1 = exp bn
n =1
N +1
= exp
ln(aaN +1 )
2
= ( aaN +1 )
6
N +1
2
Solution
(a)
(i) S8 = T29
4(2a + 7d) = a + 28d + 98
7a = 98
a = 14
(ii) Given that u14 196 and u15 > 196,
14 + 13d 196 and 14 + 14d > 196
Hence d 14 and d > 13
i.e. 13 < d 14.
(b)
wn
v2n 1 + v2n ar2n 2 + ar2n 1
(i) w = v
= ar2n 4 + ar2n 3
n1
2n 3 + v2n 2
= r2
Hence the sequence {wn} is a g.p. with common ratio r2.
4 + 4r 32
(ii) w1 + w3 + w5 + = 1 r4 = 15
1
From GC, r = 2 (since r 1)
4
8
Hence vn =
1 = 3 .
1 2
r=1
[TPJC/2008/Prelim/P2/Q2]
Solution

(a)
a=7
a + (n 1)d = 70
7 + (n 1)d = 70
(n 1)d = 63.......(1)
n
[2a + (n 1)d ] = 385
2
n
[2(7) + (n 1)d ] = 385.......(2)
2
Subt (1) into (2)
n(14 + 63) = 770
n = 10
number of terms = 10
Subt into (1)

9d = 63
d =7
common difference = 7
(b)
Given GP. Common ratio =
If the sum exists,
x +1
.
2
x +1
<1
2
3 < x 1
S =
4
3
2
4
=
x +1 3
1
4
4
=
3+ x 3
x=0
8
[MJC/2006/Prelim/P1/Q10(a)]
Solution
S n = 17 n 3n
S n 1 = 17( n 1) 3( n 1) = 3n + 23n 20
2
Tn = S n S n 1 = (17 n 3n ) ( 3n + 23n 20)

= 20 6n
Tn +1 Tn = (20 6(n + 1)) (20 6n) = 6
the series is an A.P. with common difference d = 6

[SRJC/2006/Prelim/P1/Q8]
Solution
Let the first term of the AP be a = 1 h, and the common difference d = 5 = 1 h.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
2
1
T7 = a + 6d = + 6 1 = 1 h
2
12
( )
60
12
[ ]
n
Let [2(1 ) + ( n 1)( 1 )] = 60
12
2 2
n
[
1 + (n 1)( 1 )] = 60
12
2
n[1 + (n 1)( 1 )] = 120
12
S7 =
7 1
+ 1 = 5 1 hours
4
2 2
12n + n(n 1) = 1440

n 2 + 11n 1440 = 0
11 121 + 5760 11 5881
n=
=
= 32.8 or 43.8
2
2
10
Hence during the 33rd lesson, Betty will have completed a total of 60 hours.
[SAJC/2006/Prelim/P1/Q2]
Solution
a, ar , ar 2 ,
GP 1:
S = 3
a
=3
1 r
a = 3 (1 r ) (1)
GP 2: a 2 , a 2 r 2 , a 2 r 4 ,
S ' =
a
2
a2
9
= ( 2)
2
2
1 r
Substitute (1) into (2)
9 (1 r )
1
2
(1 + r )(1 r )
2 (1 r ) = 1 + r
1
3
1
a = 3 1
3
=2
r=
11
[TJC/2006/Promo/Q6]
Solution
Given that 2T5 = S2, we have
From G.C.,
2ar4 = a + ar, i.e.,
r = - 0 .648 or r = 1.
(rejected as |r| < 1 for S to exist).
For Sn is within 5% of S, i.e., |Sn S| < 0.05S

we have
Since
2r4 r 1 = 0.
a (1 r n )
a
0.05a
<
1 r
1 r
1 r
,
--------------(1)
a
> 0 (as a > 0 and r = 0 .648), (1) simplifies to
1 r
(1 ( 0.648) n ) 1 < 0.05
(0.648) n < 0.05
n lg(0.648) < lg ( 0.05 )

n>
lg(0.05)
= 6.90 (correct to 3 significant figures)
lg(0.648)
Hence, minimum value of n is 7.

12
Solution
(i)
The first element in the n th row

( n 1) n
= 21+ 2+...+ ( n 1) = 2
(ii)
The first element in the 10th row = 245 and the first element in the 21st row = 2210
The sum of all the elements from the 10th to 20th row = 245 + 246 + 247 + ... + 2209 = 245 2165 1

13
Solution
(a)
(i)
Row
n+1
n+2
No. of tiles
2n - 1
2n + 1
2n + 3
n+m
Total number of tiles
(2n1)
= 1
+
3 +5
+

+
AP:a =1,d = 2 ,n terms
n
(1 + (2n 1))
2
= n2
=
(ii)
Extra tiles needed
m
[2(2n + 1) + (m 1)(2 )]
2
= m[2 n + 1 + m 1]
= m(2 n + m )
=
(b)
square
length
10
4
10
5
4
10
5
2 n2
4 n1
4
Area of n square = 10 = 100
5
5
th
4
100
5
2n2
4
< 17
5
2n2
< 0.17
1
ln 0.17
( 2n 2 ) ln 0.8 < ln 0.17 n > 2 +
n > 4.97
n=5
ln 0.8
4
10
5
n 1

Chapter 4: Series, Sequences, Mathematical Induction
[DHS/Prelim/P1/2]
n
Prove by induction that
(2r + 1)(2r + 3) = 3(2n + 3) .
[5]
r =1
Hence state the value of
(2r + 1)(2r + 3) .
[1]
r =1
[Ans: 1/6]
[HCI/Prelim/P1/8]
4r
A
B
C
in the form
+ +
.
(r 1) r ( r + 2)
r 1 r r + 2
(i)
Express
(ii)
Hence find
4r
(r 1)r (r + 2) .
[2]
[3]
r =2
Give a reason why the series is convergent, and state its limit.
Use your answer to part (ii) to find
3 r
r (r + 1)(r + 3) .
[2]
[2]
r =2
[Ans: (i) A = 1, B = 2, C = 1 ; (ii)
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
; ;
+
+
]
6 n n +1 n + 2 6
12 n + 1 n + 2 n + 3
[NJC/2010/Prelim/P2/2(b)]
(i)
By expressing
r 2 + 7 r + 11
A
B
in the form
+
where A and B are
( r + 4 )!
( r + 2 )! ( r + 4 )!
r 2 + 7 r + 11 5
n+5
=
.
( r + 4 )! 4! ( n + 4 )!
r =1
n
real constants, show that
(ii)
Use the method of mathematical induction to prove your result in (i).
(iii)
Hence, find
r 2 + 9r + 19
( r + 5)!
r =1
[3]
[5]
[3]
[Ans: (i)
1
1
1
; (iii)
]
20
( r + 2 )! ( r + 4 )!
5
The sequence of numbers x1, x2, x3, ... is such that x1 = 2 and xn + 1 = x 1.
n
(i)
Find the value of x5 x10 correct to 2 decimal places.
[2]
(ii)
As n , xn . Find the exact value of .
[3]
1 1
(ans : (i) 7.40 (ii)
21 )
2 2
5
(VJC Promo 2008) A sequence of real numbers x1 , x2 , x3 , ... satisfies the relation
15xn 10
4xn 4
xn + 1 = 4 +
for n 1. As n , xn l.
(i) By solving x = 4 +
15x 10
, find the value(s) of l.
4x 4
[3]
6 xn
.
4xn 4
[2]
(ii) Prove that (xn + 1 4)2 (l 4)2 =
(iii) Hence show that if xn > l, then xn + 1 < l.
[4]
(ans : (i) 6 )
6
(JJC/CT/09)
The rth term of a sequence is given by ur =
1
for r = 1, 2, 3, .
r ( r + 1)
(i)
Evaluate
for n = 1, 2 and 3. By observing the pattern of values, make a
r =1
n
conjecture for a formula for
in terms of n.
[3]
r =1
n
(ii)
Prove, using mathematical induction, your conjecture for
u
r =1
in (i), in terms of n.
[5]
n
(iii) Using the formula, evaluate
[Ans: (iii)
7
1 ur
.
2
r =1 n
[2]
1
]
( n + 1)
[RVHS/2010/Prelim/P1/5]
The sequence of numbers u1 , u2 , u3 , is given by u1 = 2 and un +1 =
n+2
for all positive
nun
integers.
(i) By writing down the terms u2 and u3 , make a conjecture for un in terms of n . [2]
(ii) Prove your conjecture by mathematical induction.
(iii) Write down the limit of unun 1 as n tends to infinity.
[4]
[1]
[Ans: (iii) 1]
[HCI/Prelim/2010]
The sequence of numbers un , where n = 0, 1, 2, 3, , is such that u0 = 2 and un =
( n + 2)un 1
.
2un 1 + n + 1
Prove by induction that, for n 0,
un =
9
n+2
.
2n 1
[5]
[NYJC/2010/Prelim/P2/2]
The sequence of numbers {ur} where r = 1, 2, 3, , is such that it satisfies the recurrence relation
rur +1
ur = r 2 and u1 = 1.
r +1
(i)
By dividing the above recurrence relation by r and using the method of difference, show that
un =
n 2
( n n + 2 ) for n = 1, 2, 3, .
2
(ii)
Prove the result in (i) using mathematical induction.
(iii)
Find the exact value of
un
as n .
n3
[5]
[4]
[1]
[Ans: (iii) ]
10
[CJC/Prelim/P1/4]
The diagram below shows the graph of y = 2 ln x + 2 x . The two roots of the equation
x 2 ln x = 2 are denoted by and , where < .

y
(i) Find the values of and , correct to 3 decimal places.
[2]
A sequence of real numbers x1, x2, x3, satisfies the recurrence relation
xn+1 = ln( xn ) 2 + 2 for n 1 .

(ii) Prove that if the sequence converges, it must converge to either or .
[2]
(iii) By considering x n +1 x n and the graph above, prove that
x n +1 > x n if < x n < ,

x n +1 < x n if x n < or x n > .
[2]

(iv) Hence deduce the value that xn converges to for x1 = 2 , giving your answer correct to 3 decimal
places.
[2]
[Ans: (i) = 0.464, = 5.357 ; (iv) x n = 5.357 ]

11
[DHS/2010/Prelim/P1/3]
(i)Show that n 2 4n + 5 = (n a ) 2 + b , where a and b are constants to be determined.
N
(ii) Show that
n 2 + 1 n 2 4n + 5 = N 2 + 1 + ( N 1)2 + 1 5 2.
n =3
[1]
[3]
(iii) Without the use of a graphic calculator, deduce that the sum in (ii) is strictly less than 2 N + 1.
[2]
[Ans: (i) ( n 2) 2 + 1 ]

Chapter 5, 7: Graphing Techniques & Transformations Solutions
1
(i)
y = 2x + 1 +
a
bx + 1
dy
ab
= 2
2
dx
( bx + 1)
When
dy
= 0,
dx
ab
( bx + 1)
=2
ab
2
1
ab
x = 1
b
2
Since a and b are positive constants, ab > 0 and thus there are 2 distinct real solutions for x.
Hence, C has exactly two stationary points. (shown)
Given that C passes through the point (0, 3) ,
( bx + 1)
(ii)
3 = 1+ a
a=2
y
y = f ' (x)
y=2
1
b
b +1
2 2b
__
x=
1
b
1
b
b 1

2(i)
[MJC/2010/Prelim/P1/Q8]
A ' , 75
2
C ' ( 0, 12 )
1
B ' , 3
2
0
y = f (1 2 x )
A" 2, 72
(ii)
C " (1, 3)
B " ( 0, 0 )
C "' (1, 3 )
A"' 2, 72
Let the curve be y = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d .

Since the points ( 2, 75 ) , ( 0,3) and (1,12 ) lie on the curve.
Using ( 0,3) , d = 3
Using ( 2, 75 ) ,
3
a ( 2 ) + b ( 2 ) + c ( 2 ) + d = 75
8a + 4b 2c = 72 (1)
Using (1,12 ) ,
a + b + c + d = 12
a + b + c = 9 (2)
Since (1,12 ) is a maximum point,
dy
= 0.
dx
3ax 2 + 2bx + c = 0
3a + 2b + c = 0 (3)
Using GC to solve (1),(2) and (3),
a = 8, b = 7, c = 10
Thus the equation of the curve is y = 8 x3 + 7 x 2 + 10 x + 3 .
3
[DHS/2010/Prelim/P1/10b]
(i)
y = f '( x)
-2
x=2
(ii)
y
y=
1
f(x)
A(-2, 0.5)
2
y
(i)
y = f ( x)
y=6
x = 1
(ii)
y
y2 = f ( x)
x = 1
(b)
x2 2 x + 5
2
= x 3 +
x 1
x 1
2 A
2
2
y = x 4
y = x 4
= x 4 +
x
x
x
2
2
B
= x 3 +
y = ( x 1) 4 +
x 1
( x 1)
Note: y =
A: a reflection about y-axis

B: a translation of 1 unit in the positive direction of x-axis.
(ii)
y=
x=
x2 2x + 5
2
,
= x 3 +
x 1
x 1
y = x
Asymptotes are: x = 1 and y = x3
y=
x2 2x + 5
x 1
( x 1)
2
Adding graph of
( x 1)
2
+ ( y + 4) = 1
to part (ii), there are 4 roots for the
equation
5(i)
( x 1)
22
[RVHS/2010/Prelim/P1/Q10]
d =2
x2 2 x + 5
+
+ 4 = 1.
x 1
2
2
+ ( y + 4) = 1
Method 1:
Using long division:
c 2 ( b 2a )
ax 2 + bx + c
= ax + ( b 2a ) +
x+d
x+2
a = 1 , b = 2
y=
(ii)
y=
x2 2 x + c
x+2
At ( 0, 4.5 ) : 4.5 =
c
2
c = 9
(iii)
y
(4, k)
4
(0,-4.5)
( x 4)
+ y 2 = k 2 is a circle centre (4, 0), radius k
k > 4.52 + 42
k<
145
145
or k >
2
2

6
(a)
[HCI/2010/Prelim/P1/Q12]
( x 2) 2 = a 2 (1 y 2 )
( x 2) 2
+ y 2 = 1 reps an ellipse.
a2
Method 1:
Sequence of transformations:
Scale // to x-axis by factor a.
Translate in the positive x-direction by 2 units.
Method 2:
Sequence of transformations:
Translate in the positive x-direction by
2
units.
a
Scale // to x-axis by factor a.

(bi)
x +1 x
x 1
4
( x 2 + x )
x4
( x 1)
3
x = 1
y = x 1
2a
( x 2) 2
+ y2 = 1
a2
y=
(bii)
2+a
x2 4
x +1
x2 4
into ( x 2) 2 = a 2 (1 y 2 ) :
x +1
x 2 4 2
2
2
( x 2) = a 1
x + 1
Sub y =
( x + 1) ( x 2) 2 = a 2 ( x + 1) a 2 ( x 2 4 ) --- (*)
2
(shown)
Hence the x-coordinate of the points of intersection of C1 and C2 satisfy equation (*).
(b)
(iii)
From (ii), number of intersection points between C1 and C2 gives the number of real roots of the
7(i)
equation (*). From the graphs, there are 2 points of intersection between C1 and C2 . Hence 2
real roots.
y
y = f(x)
(ii)
(iii)
8a
1
2
y = ln 2
= ln ( x 3) = 2 ln(3 x)
x 6x + 9
The graph can be obtained from y = ln x by
1.
2.
3.
4.
translate of 3 unit in the negative x direction y = ln( x + 3)

reflect in the y-axis y = ln( x + 3)
scale by factor 2, parallel to the y-axis
reflect in the x-axis

Chapter 6: Functions Solution
1
(i) f ( x) =
(1 + x 2 ) 2 x( x 1)
(1 + x 2 ) 2
x2 + 2 x + 1
(1 + x 2 )2
For stationary point, f ( x) = 0 x = 1 2,1 + 2
1
2
Coordinates of stationary points 1 2,
2 2
(ii)
1
2 1
2
, +
2 2
2 2
Range of f is
(iii) fg( x) =
x 1
1+ x
Domain of fg is { x : x 0}
Range of g is [0, )
Thus, range of fg is 1,
Let y = e x
+1
, x<0.
1
2
+
2 2
and
1
2
1 + 2, +
2 2
x 2 + 1 = ln y
x = ln y 1
Range of f = ( e, )
f 1 ( x ) = ln x 1, x > e
g ( x ) = f 1fg( x)
= ln ( e x ) 1 = x 1
Alternative:
2
g ( x ) +1
fg( x) = e
= ex , x > 1
g ( x ) + 1 = x
2
g ( x ) = x 1
g ( x) = x 1
since domain of f = ( , 0 )
3
(i)
R f is ( 1, )
(ii)
D g is (1, ) \ {2}
since R f D g
as ( 1, ) (1, ) \ {2}
gf
(iii)
does not exist
R f Dg
f(x) > 1
x 2 + 2x > 1
(x + 1)2 > 2
x > 2 1
k = 2 1
x 2 + 2x 2
x 2 + 2x 2 0
Solving x 1 3 i.e. a = 1 + 3
4
(i)
Range of f is (0, 1]
y
1
y = cos x
x
(ii) gf(x) = g(cos x) =
, 0 x<
cos x
2
y
y = sec x
1
(iii)
Area =
3
0
1
dx = 3 sec x dx
0
cos x
= ln sec x + tan x 3
y
y = sec x
1
= ln 1 + 3 ln(1 + 0)
2
= ln( 3 + 2)
5
(i)
An inverse function exists if and only if the function is a one-one function.
Let y = ( 4 +
1
2 x) 2
y 2 = 4 + 2x
x=
1 2
( y 4)
2
:x
1 2
( x 4), 2 x 6
2
(ii)
y
f(x)
y=x
f-1
(x)
(iii)
1 +
1
2
11
1
2
1 x 22 x
= 1+ +
+ ...
22
2!
2
1+
=
x 1 2
x + ...
4 32
x
<1
Expansion is valid for 2
x <2
x
f (x) = 3 x
2
1+ = 3 x
4
x=
6
2
3
f ( x ) = x 2 kx + 3
2
k k k
= x2 2 ( x ) + + 3
2 2 2
2
k
k2
= x +3
2
4
k
k2
,3
2
4
The minimum point is at
.
y
y = f ( x)
3
x
k
k2
,3
4
2
k2
R f = 3 ,
4
1
f (0) = f ( k ) = 3
From the graph of f , it is not one-one and hence f doesnt exist. For example
.
R f = [ 1, )
3
k2
= 1
4
k2
=4
4
k = 4
1
When domain of f is restricted to the set of negative real numbers, f exist. The minimum point
at x 0 k 0 . Therefore k = 4 .
f : x x 2 4 x + 3, x
R f = ( 3, )
Let
f ( x ) = x2 4 x + 3 = y
x2 4 x + 3 = y
2
( x 2) 1 = y
2
( x 2) = y +1
x 2 = y +1
x = 2 y +1
x = 2 y + 1 since x < 0
f -1 ( x ) = 2 x + 1, x > 3

7
g ( x) = 2 +
1
x +1
The vertical asymptote is x = 1 .

The horizontal asymptote is y = 2 .
When g ( x ) = 0 ,
2+
1
=0
x +1
1
2
3
x=
2
x +1 =
y
y=2
y = g ( x)
3
2
(ii)
1
fg ( x ) = ln 2 +
+1
x + 1
1
4
fg ( x ) = ln 3 +
, x <
x +1
3
y
y = f ( x)
ln 3
Rg = ( 1, 2 )
x
R fg
R fg = ( , ln 3)
iii)
h ( x ) = x 2 + 3 x + 14
h ( x ) = ( x 2 3 x ) + 14
2
3 9
h ( x ) = x + 14
2 4
65
3
h ( x) =
x
4
2
3 65
.
2 4
Maximum point is ,
Greatest b =
3
.
2
3 65
,
2 4
y = h ( x)
65
Rh = ,
4
Let h ( x ) = y
2
65
3
x = y
4
2
2
3 65
y
x =
2
4
h -1 ( x ) =
8
3
65
=
y
2
4
x=
3
65
y
2
4
x=
3
65
3
y , since x <
2
4
2
3
65
65
y, x <
2
4
4
(i)
f ( x) =
2x +1
1
= 2
x +1
x +1
The horizontal asymptote is y = 2 .
f (0) = 1
y
y = f ( x)
y=2
g ( x ) = 1 + ln ( x + 2 )
g ( 0 ) = 1 + ln 2
When g ( x ) = 0 ,
1 + ln ( x + 2 ) = 0
ln ( x + 2 ) = 1
x+2=e
x = e2
y
y = f ( x)
y=2
e2
1 + ln 2
ii) R f = (1, 2 )
Let f ( x ) =
2x +1
=y
x +1
2x +1
=y
x +1
2 x + 1 = y ( x + 1)
2 x xy = y 1
x=
f -1 ( x ) =
y 1
2 y
x 1
, 1< x < 2
2 x
iii)
hg ( x ) = e 1 ( x + 2 )
h ( 1 + ln ( x + 2 ) ) = e 1eln ( x + 2)
h ( 1 + ln ( x + 2 ) ) = e 1+ ln ( x + 2)
h ( x ) = ex
Alternative
Let g ( x ) = 1 + ln ( x + 2 ) = y
1 + ln ( x + 2 ) = y
ln ( x + 2 ) = y + 1
x + 2 = e y +1
x = e y +1 2
g -1 ( x ) = e x +1 2, x > 1 + ln 2
hg g 1 ( x ) = h ( x )
h ( x ) = e 1 e x +1 2 + 2
h ( x ) = e 1 e x +1
h ( x ) = ex
iv) Rg = ( 1 + ln 2, ) D f = ( 0, ) therefore fg doesnt exist.

Chapter 8: Inequalities Answers
1
2 x2 + x < 3
3 < 2 x 2 + x < 3
3 < 2x 2 + x
and
2x2 + x < 3
2 x2 + x + 3 > 0
and
2 x2 + x 3 < 0
1 23
x+ + >0
4 16
and
( 2 x + 3)( x 1) < 0
x
and
3
< x <1
2
2e
3
< x <1
2
1
x
+ e2
1
1x
x
2
< 3 2 e + e2 < 3
replace x with e 2
1
x
x
3
< e2 < 1 0 < e2 < 1
2
1
x < ln1
2
x < 0
2
y = x 2 4x 5
y
)
y = x 2 4x 5
y=5
-1
-5
From graph, to solve for values of x at the points of intersection:
x 2 4 x 5 = 5 or x 2 4 x 5 = 5
x 2 4 x 10 = 0 or x 2 4 x = 0
x = 2 14 or
x = 0 or x = 4
x 2 14 or x 2 + 14 or
0 x4
Otherwise method :
5
| x + 1 | .
| x 5|
5 ( x + 1)( x 5)
(x + 1)2 (x 5)2 5 2
[(x + 1)(x 5) + 5][(x + 1)(x 5) 5] 0

Consider
(x + 1)(x 5) + 5 = 0 or (x + 1)(x 5) 5 = 0
x = 2 14 or
x = 0 or x = 4
+
2 14
2 + 14
x 2 14 or x 2 + 14 or
3
x+7
1
4 + 3x x 2
x+7
1 0
4 + 3x x 2
0 x4
x + 7 4 + 3x x 2
4 + 3x x
) 0
x + 7 4 3x + x 2
0
( x 2 3x 4 )
x2 2x + 3
0
x 2 3x 4
Since x 2 2 x + 3 = ( x 1) 2 + 2 > 0 for x ,
x 2 3x 4 > 0
+
( x 4 )( x + 1) > 0
x < 1 or x > 4
4
y
y = ex x
y=
2 x + 5 2e x
5 1
2 x2
x
2
x2
2
2e x 2 x
2
x
5 1
2 ex x
2 x
From the diagram,
x or x < 0 or x > 0
Using G.C.,
x 2.18 or 0.920 x < 0 or x > 0 (3s.f.)

Therefore solution set is ( , 2.18] [0.920, 0) (0, ) .
5
1
3
4 x 2 + 2 x + 1 = 4( x + ) 2 +
4
4
1
4
Since x is real, ( x + ) 2 0
Thus 4 x 2 + 2 x + 1 is always positive.
1
>0
1+ 2x
4x2 + 2x + 1
>0
1 + 2x
Since 4 x 2 + 2 x + 1 > 0,
2x +
1+ 2x > 0
1
x>
2
2
1
x+2
x
+
> 1 1+ +
>1
x
x+2
x 1+ 2
x
1
1
>0
x 1+ 2 1

x
i.e. 2 +
Replace x by
1
1
, we have > 2
x
x
x < 2 or x > 0
6
(12 x + 29) 4(5 x 2 )

12 x + 29
4
5 x2
5 x2
( 5 x )( 5 + x )(2 x + 3) 2 0
x= -3/2, x 5 or x 5
x= -3/2, x < 5 or x > 5 ( x 5 )
x(12 + 29 x)
4
5x2 1
Replace x by 1/x, x= -2/3,
1
1
< 5 or > 5
x
x
x= -2/3,
x= -2/3,
1
1
as x = 0 is a solution to the inequality
<x<
5
5
< x < 0 or 0 < x <
1
5
ln 2 x 0 where a > 1 .
x
a
1
x
2 x2 x a
0
x
1 + 1 + 8a ) 1 1 + 8a )
2 x
x
4
4
0
x
2x
1 1 + 8a
x<0
4
or
1 + 1 + 8a
4
Chapter 9: System of Linear Equations

1.
Let x be the price of high heels, y be the price of facial mask and z be the price of
handbag in dollars.
We have,
5 x + 10 y + 3 z = 1298.20
2 x + 7 y + 8 z = 1158.30
3 x + 15 y + 5 z = 1837.70
Solving, x = 29.9, y = 99.9, z = 49.9
Total cost of gift = 29.90 + 5 99.90 + 2 49.90 = $629.20
2.
[NJC/2010/Prelim/P1/Q1]
Let the unit digit be z.
Let the tenth digit be y.
Let the hundredth digit be x.
x + y + z = 15
(1)
(100 x + 10 y + z ) (100 z + 10 y + x) = 594

99 x 99 z = 594 (2)
y + 4z = x + 5
x + y + 4z = 5
(3)
Using GC to solve the equations simultaneously,

x = 8, y = 5, z = 2 .
Thus the number is 852.
3.
[IJC/2010/Prelim/P2/Q1]
Let V ms 2 , M ms 2 , S ms 2 be the gravitational pull on each planet Venus, Mars

and Saturn respectively.
630S + 630V + 630M = 13860
---------- (1)
900S 600V = 2880
---------- (2)
600S + 630V + 900M = 3(4870) = 14610
---------- (3)
630 630 630 S 13860
900 600 0 V = 2880

600 630 900 M 14610
From GC,
M = 3.8, V = 9, S = 9.2
Hence the weight of Probe D on Saturn is ( 500 9.2 ) N = 4600 N
4.
[PJC/2010Prelim/P1/Q1]
Let the number of diagonals be d = An 2 + Bn + C
Triangle
Quadrilateral
Pentagon
(3 sides)
(4 sides)
(5 sides)
No of diagonals in a triangle = 0
No of diagonals in a quadrilateral = 2
No of diagonals in a pentagon = 5
Therefore,
9 A + 3B + C = 0
16 A + 4 B + C = 2
25 A + 5B + C = 5
Solving using GC, A =
1
3
, B= , C =0
2
2
Thus, d =
1 2 3
n n
2
2
For a polygon of 200 sides,

The number of diagonals =
5.
1
3
(200) 2 (200) = 19700
2
2
[RI/2010/Prelim/P1/Q3]
Let x, y, z be the exchange rate quoted for Sterling Pound, Euro Dollar and Swiss
Franc, respectively (i.e. 1 Sterling Pound = x Singapore Dollars, 1 Euro Dollar = y
Singapore Dollars and 1 Swiss Franc = z Singapore Dollars).
36 x + 77 y + 42 z = 269.9
55x + 18 y + 63z = 233.45
40 x + 31y + 26 z = 175.5
Using the GC, x = 2.15, y = 1.78, z = 1.32
kx + 59 y + 24 z = 313
k =
6.
313 59(1.78) 24(1.32)

= 82
2.15
[RVHS/2010/Prelim/P1/Q1]
Let the no. of small, medium and large bottles manufactured be denoted by s, m and l
respectively.
So, 150s + 335m + 475l = 280400 ,
200s + 450m + 600l = 370700 and

3.8m = 2(2.5s + 4.2l )
Using GC, solving the augmented matrix:
150 335 475 280400
200 450 600 370700

5 3.8 8.4
0
Ans: s = 166, m = 550 and l = 150

Assumption:
The plastic bottles are of negligible thickness. OR
The plastic bottles are of the same thickness.
7.
Let un = an 3 + bn 2 + cn + d
3
a (1) + b (1) + c(1) + d = 63
u1 = 63 :
a + b + c + d = 63 (1)
3
a ( 2 ) + b ( 2 ) + c(2) + d = 116
u2 = 116 :
8a + 4b + 2c + d = 116 (2)
3
a ( 3) + b ( 3) + c(3) + d = 171
u3 = 171 :
27 a + 9b + 3c + d = 171 (3)
3
a ( 4 ) + b ( 4 ) + c(4) + d = 234
u4 = 234 :
64a + 16b + 4c + d = 234 (4)
Using the GC APPL to solve (1), (2), (3), (4) simultaneously, we get:
a = 1, b = 5, c = 61, d = 6
un = n3 5n 2 + 61n + 6
3
Hence u50 = ( 50 ) 5 ( 50 ) + 61( 50 ) + 6 = 115556
8.
(a)
f ( x)
g ( x)
( 5x + 8) 0
x2 + 4 x + 6
1 0
2
x x2
( x 2 )( x + 1)
( 5 x + 8 )( x 2 )( x + 1) 0 [ x 1, 2]
x
f ( e x )
g (e
8
or 1 < x < 2
5
1 e x
8
or 1 < e x < 2
5
0 < e x < 2
x > ln
1
2
y = h ( x) + f ( x)
(b)
y = ax3 + bx 2 + c + x 2 + 4 x + 6 = ax3 + ( b + 1) x 2 + 4 x + ( c + 6 )
Since it passes through the points ( 1, 18 ) , (1, 14 ) and ( 3,30 )
3
a ( 1) + ( b + 1)( 1) + 4 ( 1) + ( c + 6 ) = 18
a + b + c = 21 (1)
3
a (1) + ( b + 1)(1) + 4 (1) + ( c + 6 ) = 14

a + b + c = 25 (2)
3
a ( 3) + ( b + 1)( 3) + 4 ( 3) + ( c + 6 ) = 30
27 a + 9b + c = 3 (3)
[M2 -1 for any one wrong equation]
Solving (1),(2) and (3) gives a = 2, b = 10, c = 33
h ( x ) = 2 x3 + 10 x 2 33 h (101) = 1958625

Chapter 12: Applications of Differentiation Solution
1
[TPJC Promo 08]
[NJC promo 08]

V = x2 y
y
x
x
Surface Area: 4 xy + x 2 = 48
y =
48 x 2
4x
V =
1
x(48 x 2 )
4
V
.
4
Using GC, max volume occurs when x = 4 and hence y = 2 .

Dimension of box is 4 cm x 4 cm x 2 cm.
3
[JJC promos 08]
x
QR = 10
2
2
x
p = 2( x + 10 )
2
2
= 2 x + 400 x 2
2
x
x
400 x 2 [shown]
A = x 102 =
2
2

dA x 1
1
2
= ( 400 x ) 2 (2 x) + 400 x 2
dx 2 2
2
x2
2 400 x
1
400 x 2
2
For stationary value of A,
dA
=0
dx
x2
2 400 x 2
x 2 = 400 x 2
x = 10 2 ( x > 0)
1
400 x 2
2
p = 2(10 2) + 400 200 = 30 2 (cm)
[RJC promos 08]

By Pythagoras Theorem,
f ( x) = AP + PB
= (OA)2 + (OP)2 + ( NP)2 + ( NB)2
= x2 + 32 + (5 x)2 + 42 (Shown)
df(x )
0.5(2 x) 0.5(2)(5 x)
=
+
=
dx
x 2 + 32
(5 x) 2 + 42
=
Let
x
2
x +3
x (5 x) 2 + 16 + ( x 5) x 2 + 9
x 2 + 9 (5 x)2 + 16
df(x)
= 0 , and hence we are solving
dx
x 5
(5 x) 2 + 42
x (5 x) 2 + 16 = ( x 5) x 2 + 9
x 2 ((5 x) 2 + 16)) = (5 x) 2 ( x 2 + 9)
On simplification, we have
16 x 2 = 9(5 x) 2
7 x 2 + 90 x 225 = 0
(7 x 15)( x + 15) = 0
When
df ( x)
= 0, x = 15/7 (since x > 0) satisfies the quadratic equation given.
dx
Using the 1st derivative test,
15

7
df ( x )
dx
ve
15

7
15

7
+ve
Or alternatively using the second derivative test,
d 2 f(x)
=
dx 2
=
1
x 2 + 32
1
( x)(2 x)
+ 2
+
3
2
(x + 3 )
x2 + 9 x2
3
( x 2 + 32 ) 2
=
9
3
2 2
( x2 + 3 )
2 2
1
(5 x) 2 + 42
1
2( x 5) 2
2
3
((5 x) 2 + 42 ) 2
((5 x) 2 + 42 ) ( x 5) 2
3
((5 x) 2 + 42 ) 2
+
16
3
((5 x) 2 + 42 ) 2
which is greater than zero when x = 15/7.
Hence f(x) is minimum when x = 15/7, and on substituting x gives f(x) =
74 or 8.60 (to 3.s.f)
[SAJC 2006 Prelims/P1/Q11]
y=
x = 2t 1
dx
=2
dt
1
t +1
2
dy
= 1 t 2 + 1
dt
dy dy dt
2t
1
t
=
=
=
2
dx dt dx
2
t2 +1
t2 +1
Equation of tangent at 2t 1,
(t
(t
2t
) ( 2t ) =
(t
t +1
2
1
t
x ( 2t 1)
=
2
t +1
t 2 +1
2
)
+ 1)
+ 1 y t 2 + 1 = xt + 2t 2 t
2
y + xt = 3t 2 t +1 ( shown )
(ii) When t = 3 , equation of tangent
(3
+ 1 y + 3 x = 3 ( 3) 3 + 1
100 y + 3 x = 25
When the tangent meets the curve at 2q 1,
100 y + 3 x = 25
1
100 2 + 3 ( 2q 1) = 25
q +1
) (
1) = 25q
100 + 3 ( 2q 1) q 2 + 1 = 25 q 2 + 1
100 + 3 2q 3 + 2q q 2
+ 25
100 + 6q 3 3q 2 + 6q 3 = 25q 2 + 25
6q 3 28q 2 + 6q + 72 = 0
(From GC) x = 3,
4
3
Therefore the point of intersection Q is
q +1
2
+1
1
2 4 1,
= 8, 9
2
3
3 25
4
+
1
[CJC 2006 Prelims/P1/Q11]

i)
x = 5a sec
y = 3a tan
dx
= 5a sec tan
d
dy
= 3a sec 2
d
dy dy d
3a sec2
3
3
=
=
=
=
dx d dx 5a sec tan 5 cos sin 5sin
cos
ii) When the normals gradient = 1
dy 1
=
dx 1
3
=1
5sin
3
sin =
5
52 32 = 4
4
5
5
sec =
4
3
tan =
4
cos =
5
4
3 25a 9a
,
4 4 4
The point is 5a ,3a =
When the tangent is parallel to the y -axis,
5 sin = 0
=0
The point is ( 5a sec 0,3a tan 0 ) = ( 5a, 0 )
[AJC 2007 Prelims P1Q13b]

(i)
2 cm
r cm 2 cm
6 cm
h cm
2 cm
d cm
By similar triangles
2 r 2
= =
6 h d
h
r = and d = 6
3
1
1
2
2
V = ( r + 2 ) h (1) ( d )
3
3
2
1 h
1
2
= + 2 ( h + 6) ( 2) (6)
3 3
3
27
( h + 6)
8 (shown)
( h + 6)
(ii)
V=
27
dV
2
= ( h + 6)
dh 9
dh dh dV
9
180
=
=
20 =
2
2
dt dV dt ( h + 6 )
( h + 6)
When h = 3 ,
dh
180
20
=
=
cms 1
2
dt h=3 ( 3 + 6 )
9
[HCI 2007 Prelims P1Q2]

i)
V=
x3
12
dV x 2
=
dx
4
dx dx dV
4
12
=
= 2 3 = 2
dt dV dx x
x
When x = 3 ,
dx
12
4
=
=
m s-1
2
dt ( 3)
3
ii)
dx 12
=
dt x 2
x
x3
3
dx = 12 dt
+ C = 12t
t=
x3
36
+C
When x = 5 , t =
125
+C
36
When x = 10 , t =
1000
+C
36
1000
125
875
+C
+C =
s
36
36
36
Time taken =

Chapter 13: Maclaurins Series Solutions
1
[ACJC/2008/Promo]
Solution
d3y
dx 3
+2
dy d 2 y
dx dx 2
=0
d 2 y
dy d 3 y
+
2
+
2
=0
dx 4
dx dx 3
dx 2
d4y
(i)
When x = 0 ,
dy
y=0
=0
dx
Using Maclaurins series,
y=
(ii)
(iii)
( 1) x 2 ( 2 ) x 4
+
2!
4!
d2y
dx 2
d3y
dx3
=0
d4y
dx 4
1
1
+ ... = x 2 x 4 + ...
2
12
ln cos
= 1
1
1
= + ...
4
2 4 12 4
1
2 4
2 4
ln ( 2 )
ln 2
+
2
32 3072
16 1536
1
1
y = ln ( cos x ) = x 2 x 4 + ... 2
2
12
Differentiate y wrt x,
1
tan x = x x3 + ...
3
8
tan 2 x = 2 x + x 3 + ...
3
[MI/2008/Promo]
Solution
(i)
y = x + 1 + x2
dy
dx
2x
= 1+
1 + x2 + x
2 1 + x2
dy
1 + x2
= x + 1 + x2
dx
dy
1 + x2
= y (shown).
dx
(ii)
1+ x
d 2y
dx
dy 1
+
1+ x 2
dx 2
1 + x2
1
2
(2 x ) =
dy
dx
= 2
(1 + x 2 )
d2y
dx
(1 + x 2 )
+ x
dy
dx
d y
dx
d2y
+x
dy
dx
1 + x2
dy
=y
dx
(shown).
d 2 y dy dy
2 d y
1
+
x
+
(2
x
)
) dx3 dx 2 + x dx 2 + dx .1 = dx
(
(1 + x ) ddxy
2
+ 3 x.
d2y
dx
=0
d3y

d 3 y d 2 y dy
2 d y
1
+
x
+
(2
x
)
+
3
x
) dx 4 dx3 dx3 + dx 2 .3 = dx
(
(1 + x ) ddx y + 5x. ddx y + 3 ddx y = 0

2
When x = 0,
y = 1,
Maclaurins Series:
d3y
d4y
dy
d 2y
=
1
,
= 1,
=
0,
= 3 .
dx
dx 3
dx 4
dx 2
y = 1+ x +
1
is suitable as the terms
3
[RJC/2008/Promo]
x=
1 2 1 4
x x + ....
2
8
1
0 for all n 4.
3
Solution
Let y = e
1+ x
ln y = 1 + x
--- (1)
Differentiate (1) with respect to x:

1 dy
1
dy
=
2 x +1
= y
y dx 2 x + 1
dx
d2 y
2 dy
dy
+
=
2
dx
dx 2 x + 1 dx
2 x +1
d 2 y dy
dy
+
= x +1
2
dx
dx dx
2 ( x + 1)
d2 y
dy
dy
4 ( x + 1) 2 + 2
= 2 x +1
dx
dx
dx
d2 y
dy
+2
= y
2
dx
dx
4 ( x + 1)
--- (2)
4 ( x + 1)
d2 y
4 ( x + 1)
d3 y
+2
dy
y = 0 (shown) --- (3)

dx
dx
2
d2 y
dx
d3 y
+2
d2 y
dx
d2 y
dy
=0
dx
dx
dy
4 ( x + 1) 3 + 6 2
=0
dx
dx
dx
dy
1
d2 y 1
d3 y
7
At x = 0 , y = e 1 ,
= e 1 , 2 = e 1 and
= e 1
3
dx
2
dx
2
dx
8
3
+4
By Maclaurins series,
1 e 1
7 e 1
2 x 2 + 8 x3 +
+ e 1 x +
2!
3!
2
y = e 1
e 1 1
e2 x
1+ x
= e 2 x .e
1
2
x+
1
4
x2
7
48
x3
1+ x
( 2 x ) 2 ( 2 x )3 1 1 2 7 3
= e 1 + 2 x +
+
+ ... 1 x + x
x + ...
2
2!
3!
4
48
(16 + 24 x + 20 x 2 + 11x 3 + ...)
16e
[TJC/2008/Promo]
Solution
y = 4 + sin 2 x
y 2 = 4 + sin 2 x
dy
y
= cos 2 x
dx
d2y
dy
= 2 sin 2 x
dx
d y
dy d y
dy d y
2 + y 3 + 2 2 = 4 cos 2 x
dx
dx dx
dx dx
dx 2
+
2
(i)
d3y
dx 3
dy d y
2 = 4 cos 2 x
dx dx
2
+ 3
When x = 0, y = 2,
dy
dx
1
2
d2y
1 d3y
61
=
,
=
2
3
dx
8 dx
32
Maclaurins series of y:

(ii)
y = 2+
2+
2
3
1 x 61 x
x + + + ......
2
8 2! 32 3!
x2
61
x3
2 16 192
When x = 0.5, by part (i) result, y 2.19466 (to 5 d.p.)
2.20033 2.19466
This gives an estimated error =
100% = 0.258%
2.20033
Solution
dy
y = sin 1 x
dx
1 x2
dy
1 x2
=1
dx
diff. w.r.t x,
1 x2
d2y
dx 2
dy
= 0
2 x
dx 2 1 x 2
=0
(1 x ) ddx y x dy
dx
2
diff. w.r.t x,
3
(1 x ) ddxy + ddx y ( 2 x ) x ddx y + dy

=0
dx
2
=0
(1 x ) ddx y 3x ddx y dy
dx
2
( Shown)
diff. w.r.t x,
4
(1 x ) ddx y 5x ddx y 4 ddx y = 0

2
diff. w.r.t x,
5
(1 x ) ddx y 7 x ddx y 9 ddx y = 0

2
f (0) = 0,
y = x+
f '(0) = 1,
3
3x
40
+ ...
f ''(0) = 0,
f '''(0) = 1,
f ''''(0) = 0,
f '''''(0) = 9
1
1 x
d
dx
sin 1 x
x3
dx
x+
= 1+
x2
2
3x 4
8
3 x5
+ ...
40
+ ...
Using x =
1
,
2
1
1
2
1 3 1

2
2
= 1 + + + ...
2
1
1
2
256
147
Solution
(a)
(b)
(c)
1 + sin x 1 + x
Since x is small.
By standard Maclaurins Series expansion,
11
1
1
1
2
2 2
x
1 + x = (1 + x ) 2 1 + x +
2
2!
1
1
1 + x x2
(Shown)
2
8
Given 3x e x ln a = 0
3x = e x ln a
3x = a x
3=a
x2 x3
Given that ex 1 + x + 2 + 3!
3x = e x ln a
(xln3)2 (xln3)3
3x 1 + xln3 + 2 + 3!
y = f ( x)
f (0) = 1
1 3 1

147
2
2
= 1 + + + ...
8
128
dy
2 y2
= 1 + sin x
f '(0) =
1 + sin x
2y
dx
By implicit differentiation,
1
2
2
dy
= cos x
dx
d2y
2 y2
dy 1 4 1
cos x 4 y

dx =
2 =0
f "(0) =
2
+ 4y
dx 2
By implicit differentiation,
2y
dy d y
dy
2 + 4 = sin x
dx
dx dx
dx
By Maclaurins Expansion,
f "(0)
f '"(0)
y = f (0) + xf '(0) + x 2
+ x3
+ .....
2!
3!
1
1 3
1+ x
x
2
24
3
2 y2
dy d y
dy
sin x 4 12 y 2
1
dx dx
dx
f '"(0) =
=
2
d y
3
+ 12 y
2y
Solution
y = e sin
dy
dx
= esin
dy
1- x 2
1 x2
=y
dx
dy
2
=y
d
x

(1 x 2 )
2
dy
dy
dy d y
2 x + (1 x 2 ) 2 2 = 2 y
dx
dx
dx dx
2
(1 x 2 )
Diff wrt x, 2 x
d2 y
dy
+ (1 x 2 )
dx
d2 y
dx
d2 y
dx
=y
d3 y
3
dx
d3 y
dy
d2 y
dx
dx
dy
3 x 2 + (1 x 2 ) 3 = 2
dx
dx
dx
When x = 0,
dy
y =1,
= 1,
dx
esin
= 1+ x +
d y
dx
=1 ,
d y
dx
=2
x 2 x3
+ + ...
2
3
dy
dx
esin x
x 2 x3
x2
= (1 + x + + + ...)(1 ) 1
cos x
2
3
2
= (1 + x +
2
2
= 1+ x + x +
5
6
+ ...)(1 +
3
3
x + ...
+ ...)

Chapter 14: Integration Techniques Solutions
1
[AJC 2007 Common Test]
x 1
dx
1 4x2
1
8 x
1
1
=
dx
dx
8 1 4x2
2
1
2
x
4
1
1
= .2 1 4 x 2 sin 1 (2 x) + c
8
2
1
1
= 1 4 x 2 sin 1 (2 x) + c
4
2
2
x = cos 2 dx = 2 sin cos d

x = 0, =
, x = , =
2
2
4
x
cos 2 cos
=
=
1 x
sin 2 sin
1
2
0
cos
x
dx = 4
2 sin cos d
1 x
2 sin
= 4 2 cos 2 d
2
= 2 (1 + cos 2 )d
4
sin 2 2
= +
2
1 1
= + =
2 4 2 4 2
3
(AJ 06Prelim P2/Qn 3)

(i)
1
1
d
x 1 x 2 = x (1 x 2 ) 2 ( 2 x ) + 1 x 2
dx
2

1
1
= x (1 x 2 ) 2 ( 2 x ) + 1 x 2
2
2
x
=
+ 1 x2
2
1 x
=
=
(ii)
x 2 + (1 x 2 )
1 x2
1 2 x2
1 x2
1 x2
4 x sin 1 xdx = ( sin 1 x ) 2 x 2 2 x 2
= ( sin 1 x ) 2 x 2 +
1 2x2
1 x2
dx
1 x2
dx
= ( sin 1 x ) 2 x 2 + x 1 x 2 sin 1 x + C
4
(VJ 06FE Qn 6)
sin x + 3cos x = A ( 3sin x + 2 cos x ) + B ( 3cos x 2sin x )

sin x + 3cos x = 3 A sin x + 2 A cos x + 3B cos x 2 B sin x
Comparing the coefficients for sin x : 3 A 2 B = 1
(1)
Comparing the coefficients for cos x : 2 A + 3B = 2
(2)
Solving A =
9
7
, B=
13
13
sin x + 3 cos x dx
2 sin x + 2 cos x
9
7
(3 sin x + 2 cos x ) + (3 cos x 2 sin x )
13
= 13
dx
3 sin x + 2 cos x
9 (3 sin x + 2 cos x )
7 (3 cos x 2 sin x )
=
dx +
dx
13 3 sin x + 2 cos x
9
= x+
dx
13
dx

Let u = 3sin x + 2 cos x
du
= 3cos x 2sin x
dx
9
x+
dx
13
9
7 3 cos x 2 sin x
1
= x+
du
13
13
u
3 cos x 2 sin x
9
7
= x + ln u + C
13
13
9
7
= x + ln 3 cos x 2 sin x + C
13
13
5
(RJ 06Prelim P1/Qn 14)

(a)
x = A( 2 x + 6) + B
x = 2 Ax + 6 A + B
Comparing coefficients
1
A= ,B = 3
2
1
( 2x + 6) + 3
dx = 2
dx
6x 8 x
6x 8 x 2
1 ( 2x + 6)
1
=
dx + 3
dx
2 6x 8 x 2
6x 8 x 2
x
1 6x 8 x 2
1
=
+ 3
dx
2
1
2
x 2(3)x + 9 9 + 8
2
1
= 6x 8 x2 + 3
dx
2
1 (x 3)
= 6x 8 x2 + 3sin(x 3) + C
6
(NJ 06FE Qn 8)
(a)
cos(ln x )dx = x cos(ln x ) x sin (ln x ) x dx

cos(ln x )dx = x cos(ln x ) + sin (ln x )dx

cos(ln x )dx = x cos(ln x ) + x sin (ln x ) x cos(ln x ) x dx

cos(ln x )dx = x cos(ln x ) + x sin (ln x ) cos(ln x )dx
2 cos(ln x )dx = x(cos(ln x ) + sin (ln x ))
x
cos(ln x )dx = 2 (cos(ln x ) + sin (ln x ))
e6
cos(ln x )dx = (cos(ln x ) + sin (ln x ))

2
1
e6
1
= e 6 cos + sin (cos 0 + sin 0 )
6
6 2
2
1
= e6
2
3 +1
1
2
(b)
3 x 3 + 12 x 2 + 11x + 8
A
3x + 4
=
+ 2
2
2
2
(x + 1) x + 2
(x + 1) x + 2
3 x + 12 x + 11x + 8 = A x 2 + 2 + (3 x + 4 )( x + 1)
3
Comparing coefficient of x 2 , A = 2
3 x 3 + 12 x 2 + 11x + 8
( x + 1)
(x
+ 2)
dx
( x + 1)
1
2
3x + 4
dx
x2 + 2
dx +
3 2x
1
dx + 4 2
dx
2
2 x +2
x +2
( x + 1)
1
x + 1)
(
3
=2
+ ln
x
1
+ 2) + 4
tan 1
+C
1
2
2
2
2
3
4
x
=
+ ln ( x 2 + 2 ) +
tan 1
+C
x +1 2
2
2
(x
(SAJC 07 Prelim P1/Qn 14a)

Let ax = 3 sin .
3
a
9 (ax) 2 dx
dx 3
= cos
d a
32
3 cos 2 d
a0
9 2 cos 2 + 1
d
a 0
2
9 1
2
=
sin
2
2a 2
0
=
9
4a
So a = 2.

8
k
2
3
1
x x2 1
dx =
k = 2
1
k
1
y
2 dy =
6
y
1
1
2
y
3
2
1
k
3
2
1
1 y2
sin 1 y
dy =
1
k
3
2
sin 1 =
k 3 6
1
sin 1 =
k 6

Chapter 15: Areas and Volumes Solutions
1a

1
Area = ln(1+x 2 )dx

0
1
= x ln(1 + x 2 ) x.
0
0
1
2x
dx
1 + x2
2(1 + x ) 2
dx
1 + x2
0
= ln 2
1
= ln 2 2
0
2
dx
1 + x2
1
= ln 2 2 x 2 tan 1 x

= ln 2 2 2 = ln 2 2 +
2
4
ln2
Volume = (1)2 ln 2
(e
1) dy
0
ln 2
= ln 2 e y y
0
= ln 2 eln 2 ln 2 1
= 2 ln 2 (2 1) = (2 ln 2 1)
2
(SRJC 06FE Qn 10b)
When y = 1, x = e

(i) Area of R
e
= (e 2 ) ln xdx
2
= (e 2 ) x ln x x dx
x 2
= (e 2 ) [x ln x x ]2
e
= (e 2 ) [e ln e e (2 ln 2 2 )]
= e + 2 ln 2 4 units 2
(ii) y = ln x x = e y
When x = 2, y = ln 2
Volume
1
= y 2 dx (1 ln 2 )(2 )
ln 2
1
= e 2 y dx 4 (1 ln 2 )
ln 2
= e 2 y 4 (1 ln 2 )
2
ln 2
1
= e 2 e 2 ln 2 4 (1 ln 2 )
2
1
= e 2 4 4 (1 ln 2 )
2
1
= e 2 6 + 4 ln 2 units 3
2
[
[
x = 4 cos , y = 5 sin
Using the GC, we can see that the curve is an ellipse.
dx
dy
= 4 sin ,
= 5 cos
d
d
dy
5
= cot
d
4
When =
5 3
, x = 4 cos = 2 , y = 5 cos =
,
3
3
3
2
dy
5
5
= cot =
.
dx
4
3
4 3
Equation of tangent:
5
3
5
2
=
x2
4 3
5
y=
(x 2) + 5 3
2
4 3
When y = 0 ,
0=
5
4 3
(x 2) = 5
2
x=8
5
4 3
(x 2) + 5
The tangent cuts the x-axis at x = 8 .

When y = 0 ,
0 = 5 sin
=0
x = 4 cos 0
x=4
Area under curve

4
15 3
=
( 8 2 ) 2 ydx
2 2
0
15 3
5sin ( 4sin ) d
2
3
0
15 3
+ 20 sin 2 d
2
3
0 1 cos 2
15 3
d
+ 20
2
2
3
15 3
sin 2
+ 10
2
2
15 3
2
1
+ 10 ( 0 0 ) sin
2
3
3 2
3
15 3
=
+ 10

2
4
3
= 10 3 units 2
3
Volume
2
4
1 5 3
2
=
( 8 6 ) 2 y dx
3 2
0
= 75 25sin 2 ( 4sin ) d
3
0
= 75 + 100 sin ( sin 2 ) d

3
0
= 75 + 100 sin (1 cos 2 ) d

3
0
= 75 + 100 sin sin cos 2 d

3
0
cos3
= 75 + 100 cos +
3

1
1
= 75 + 100 1 + cos + cos3
3
3
3 3
2 1 1
= 75 + 100 +
3 2 24
5
= 75 + 100
24
325
=
units3
6
(NJ 06FE Qn 10)

a) Using the GC
dx 3
=
1+ t
dt 2

x2
= x ydx
1
= 1 t 1 + t dt
0
2
3 1
= 1 t 2 dt
2 0
3
=
2 4
3
=
units 3
8
b)
From GC
y =1
When y = 1
1
x 2 4
=1
4 x
x2= 4 x
x=3
1
x 2 2
Volume =
dx
4 x
2
Let x = 2 1 + cos 2
dx
= 4sin cos
d
When x = 2 ,
2 = 2 1 + cos 2
cos = 0
When x = 3 ,
3 = 2 1 + cos 2
1
cos 2 =
2
4
1
x 2 2
V =
dx
4 x
2
4 2 1 + cos 2 2
( 4 sin cos )d
=
2
4 2 1 + cos
4
cos 2
=
( 4 sin cos )d
2
1 cos
2
4 cos
=
( 4 sin cos )d
sin
2
= + 4 4 cos 2 d
2
4 cos 2 + 1
= + 4
d
2
2
sin 2
4
= + 2
+
2
1
1

= + 2 sin + sin +
2 4 2
2
2
1
= + 2
2 4
= 2
2
4
units 2

5
(CJ 06Prelim P1/Qn 14)

(i)
Area of R =
2
dx
x +1
2
= 2 ln ( x + 1) 0
= 2 ln ( 2 + 1) 2 ln ( 0 + 1)
= 2 ln 3
(ii)
Volume =

2
2
0.5 y dx = 1 + x + 1 dx
0.5
0
(iii) When x = 0.5 , y = 1 +
2
=5
0. 5 + 1
y =1+
2
x +1
2
x +1
2
x +1 =
y 1
2
1
x=
y 1
y 1 =
x =
1
y 1
4
4
x2 =
+1
2
( y 1) y 1
2
Volume
2
5
1
= (5) x 2 dx
3
2
5
4
4
= 1.25
+ 1dx
2
y 1
3 ( y 1)
4
= 1.25
4 ln y 1 +
y 1
y
3
4
4
= 1.25
4 ln 4 + 5
4 ln 2 + 3
2
4
= 1.02 units 3
6i
[ACJC 2007 Common Test]
sin ( ln x )
dx
x
cos ( ln x ) dx = ( cos ( ln x ) ) ( x ) ( x )
= x cos ( ln x ) + sin ( ln x ) dx
cos ( ln x )
= x cos ( ln x ) + ( sin ( ln x ) ) ( x ) ( x )
dx
x
= x cos ( ln x ) + x sin ( ln x ) cos ( ln x ) dx

2 cos ( ln x ) dx = x cos ( ln x ) + x sin ( ln x ) + C
cos ( ln x ) dx =
x
x
cos ( ln x ) + sin ( ln x ) + K
2
2

ii
Turning point: (1, 1)
-

2
x-intercepts: e ,0 = ( 0.208,0 ) and e 2 ,0 = ( 4.81,0 )
Required area =
e2
3
cos ( ln x ) dx +
0.3871
0.391
1
x2 + 1
dx =
sec 2
tan 2 + 1
cos ( ln x ) dx
0.0037
= sec d
= ln sec + tan + c
= ln sec ( tan 1 x ) + x + c (Shown)
(i)
y
y=
y=
x2 + 1
1
2 3
1
x2 + 1
1
2 3
1
x2
=
x 2 + 1 12
x 4 + x 2 12 = 0
( x 2 3)( x 2 + 4 ) = 0
x= 3
y=
(ii) Area of Region R =
1
2
11
dx 3
2 2
x2 + 1
1
3
3
= ln sec ( tan 1 x ) + x
0
4
3
= ln sec tan 1 3 + 3
4
3
= ln 2 + 3
(Ans)
4
(iii) Volume of solid =
1
y dx
2
1
dx = 0.513 (Ans)
2
x +1 2
1
[IJC 2007 Prelim]
dx
1
= 1+
dt
t
(a) x = t + ln t
e
Area required = (2t )

1
(b)
2 y
4
= 1 +
2+ y
2+ y
e
e
t +1
dt = 2t + 2 dt = t 2 + 2t = e 2 + 2e 3 units
1
t
1
2 y
4
8
16
+
dy
dy = 1 +
dy = 1
2+ y
2 + y (2 + y )2
2+ y
16
= y 8ln 2 + y
+C
2+ y
Volume required
2
1 2 y
0 2+ y
2 | y |
=
dy
=
dy
+
dy
1 2 + y
1 2 + y
0 2+ y
1
= [ y 8ln | 2 + y | 16( y + 2)]0 +

16
= 1 8ln 3 + 8ln 2 + 8 +
3
14
2
= + 8 ln
3
3
9
[PJC/2007/Block Test]
area of PQRS < A < area of PQUT
2 1.5 < A < 2.5 1.5
Using GC, min point is (1, 2)

3 < A < 3.75.
2.5
Thus 3 <
P
0.5
Q
2
15
+ 2 ln 2 < 3.75
8
9
15
< ln 2 <
16
16
2
x3
1
1
57
V =
( x + ) 2 dx = + 2 x =
x
x 0.5
8
0.5
3
10
[TPJC 2007 Common Test]
x2
1
15
A=
( x + ) dx = + ln x = + 2 ln 2
x
0.5
2
0.5 8
2
x =e
(a) Area of region required = (ln x) 2 dx

x =1
When x = eu, x = 1 u = 0 ; x = e u = 1 and

u =1
Area of region required = u 2

u =0
dx
= eu
du
1
dx
du = u 2 eu du (shown)
du
0
Using integration by parts,

The exact area
1
2 u
2 u
u
u e du = u e 0 2ue du
1
1
= e 2ueu 2eu du = e 2e + 2e 2 = e 2
0
0
(b) Using the graphic calculator, find the volume of the solid formed when the region bounded by
the curves y = cos x , the lines y =
3
x + 2 and y = 1 is rotated 2 radians about the y-axis, giving
2
your answer correct to 3 significant figures.
When y =
3
x + 2 and y = cos x intersect, from GC, x = 0.9403 and y = 0.5895
2
Volume required
2
1
2
4 2y
1
=
cos x dx
3
0.5895
= 0.285 to 3sf

Chapter 16: Differential Equations
1
d2y
dx 2
= sec x tan x
Integrating both sides with respect to x:
dy
= sec x tan x dx = sec x + C
dx
Integrating both sides with respect to x again: y =
( sec x + C ) dx
= ln ( sec x + tan x ) + Cx + D
The general solution is y = ln ( sec x + tan x ) + Cx + D
2(i)
dy
du
= e u + xe u
dx
dx
dy
= 4x
dx
2(ii)
dy = 4 xdx
y = 2x 2 + C
xe u = 2 x 2 + C
eu = 2x +
C
x
u = ln 2 x + , C is an arbitrary constant.
x
2 (iii)
x=
1
2
12
dy
= 0.4 y (10 y )
dx
x=
1
2
y(10 y) dy = 0.4 dx
1 1
1
dy = 0.4 dx
+
10 y (10 y )
1
( ln y ln (10 y ) ) = 0.4 x + C
10
y
ln
= 4 x + 10C
10 y
y
= Ae4 x , A = e10C
10 y
When x = 1, y = 5 A = e4
y
10e 4 x + 4
= e4 x+ 4 y = e 4 x +4 (10 y ) y =
10 y
1 + e4 x+4
4
y= zx
dy dz
=
1
dx dx
Substituting into
1 dy
x2
1 dz
x2
1 =
:
1 1 =
y dx
y
( z x ) dx
( z x)
dz
1 z + x = x 2
dx
dz
= z 1
dx
Integrating w.r.t. x:
z 1 dz = 1 dx
ln ( z 1) = x + c, where c is a constant
( z 1) = e x +c
z = Ae x + 1, where A = ec
y + x = Ae x + 1 y = 1 x + Ae x (Shown)
When curve passes through (1, 0 ) ,
A = 0 y = 1 x
When curve passes through ( 0, 2 ) , A = 1 y = 1 x + e x
(Notice that y = 1 x is an oblique asymptote for y = 1 x + e x )
y
y = 1 x + e
1
1
y = 1 x
dy
4
=
dx ( x + 2) 2
1 dy = 4 ( x + 2 )
( x + 2 ) 1
4
dx y = 4
+c
+c y =
x+2
1
At A = ( 2, 7 ) , c = 7 +
4
=8
2+2
Thus, equation of the curve is y =
Gradient of tangent at A =
4
+8
x+2
4
1
dy
=
=
2
dx ( 2,7 ) ( 2 + 2 )
4
Gradient of normal at A = 4
Equation of normal at A: y 7 = 4 ( x 2 ) y = 4 x + 15
6
dx
= kx (1 x )
dt
x (1 x ) dx = k dt
x + 1 x dx = k dt
ln ( x ) ln (1 x ) + ln C = kt
Cx
ln
= kt (shown)
1 x
1
C
ln = 0 C = 9
10
9
1
C
When t = 1, x =
ln = k k = ln 3
4
3
When t = 0, x =
9x
9x
9x
t
ln
= 3t
= t ln 3 ln
= ln 3
1
x
1
x
1
9 x = 3t (1 x ) x =
x=
3t
t
9+3
1
9
3t
+1
3t
9 + 3t
1 as t (shown)

7
i)
dx
= rate of birth rate of death = 2 x ax 2
dt
At x = 10, 0 = 2( 10 ) a( 10 ) 2 a = 0.2
dx
x2
= 2x
dt
5
ii) Selling away 1800 prawns daily, D.E. becomes
dx
x2
= 2x
1. 8
dt
5
x2 9
dx
= 2x
dt
5 5
dx
1
1
= x 2 10 x + 9 = ( x 9 )( x 1)
dt
5
5
iii) Separating the variables,
1
dx
1
=
(x 9)(x 1) dt
5
1
1
dx =
dt
5
(x 9 )(x 1)
Integrating both sides w.r.t. t:
1
1
1
dx =
dt
5
8( x-9 ) 8( x 1)
8t
ln( x 9 ) ln(x 1) = + c, where c is an arbitrary constant
5
8t
x9
= Ae 5 , A = e c
x 1
At t = 0 , x = 13: A =
13 9 1
=
13 1 3
8t
5
x9 e
=
x=
x 1
3
24
8t
+1

Chapter 10 and 17: Vectors
(SRJC/2009/Prelim/P1/Q2)
1. (a)
14
2

0 + 4

14 + 2
1
OB + OA 1
1
OP =
=
=
4
1+
1+
1+
1+
14 + 2
1+ 2
14 + 2 2

1
4
CP =
4 5 =
+5
1+
1 1 +
1
+
14 + 2
1+ 2
4
2
CP =
+ 5
= k 4 k = 2
1+
1
2

4
+ 5 = 4k = 8
1+
=3
or
14 + 2
2 = 2 k = 4
1+
1 0

0 1
2
(b) cos150 =
5 2 +1
3
2
=
2
5 2 +1
4 = 15 2 + 1
16 2 = 15( 2 + 1)
2 = 15
= 15 (reject positive value of )
Equation of line l1 :
1
3

r = 2 + 2, .
~
5

0
1 1

r = 0 + 1 ,
~
1 1

(i)
(ii)
.
When the lines intersect,
1
3 1
1

2 + 2 = 0 + 1
5
0 1
1

1 + 3 = 1 +
2 + 2 =
------ (1)
------ (2)
5 = 1 +
From (3),
=6
Substitute into (2),
=2
Check (1) :
LHS = 1 + 3(2) = 7
RHS = 1 + 6 = 7 = LHS
Therefore the lines intersect.
1 1 7

OX = 0 + 61 = 6
1 1 5

------ (3)
a 3

b 2 = 0 3a + 2b = 0 ------ (1)
1 0

a 1

b 1 = 0 a + b + 1 = 0 ------ (2)
1 1

Solving, a = 2, b = 3 .
7 2

r = 6 + s 3 ,
~
5 1

7 2

OV = 6 + s 3 , for some s .
5 1

Since V lies on l3,
7 7 2

6 6 s 3 = 5 14
5 5 1

VX = 5 14
s.
s 14 = 5 14
2

s 3 = 5 14

1
s = 5 s = 5
Therefore V = (17, 9, 10 ) or
( 3, 21, 0) .
Alternative Solution:
2
2

1
1
OV = OX + 5 14
3 or OV = OX 5 14
3
14
14
1
1
7 2

OV = 6 + 5 3
5 1

17

OV = 9
10

7 2

or OV = 6 5 3
5 1

or
3

OV = 21
0


Therefore V = (17, 9, 10 ) or
( 3, 21, 0) .
5
1 : r 4 = 15
3

6 5

2 4
6 3 15

Distance from A to 1 =
=
50
50
15
50
>
4
50
4
50
15
50
11
50
11 50
50
A and O are on the same side of 1
Vector parallel to 2
6 5 1
= 2 2 = 0
6 8 2

Normal vector of 2
1 1 4
2
= 0 2 = 12 = 2 6
2 10 2
1

Acute angle between 1 & 2 =
5 2

4 6

1 3 1
cos
5 2

4 6
31

= cos 1
31
50 41
= 46.8 (to 3 s.f.)
1 : 5 x 4 y + 3 z = 15; 2 : 2 x + 6 y + z = 6; 3 : x + 8 y + az = b
For line of intersection of 1 and 2 (also the intersection of the 3 planes):
x
x
5 4 3 15
1 0 1 3
2 6 1 y = 6 0 1 0.5 y = 0

Let z = t , t .
3
2
x 3 t 3
2
t t

Then y = 2 = 0 1 r = 0 + 1 ,
0

z
2 2

2
t 0

Take = 0 and = 1 , two points lying on 3 are ( 3, 0, 0 ) and ( 5,1, 2 ) .
Sub. into x + 8 y + az = b : 3 + 8 ( 0 ) + a ( 0 ) = b b = 3
5 + 8 (1) + a ( 2 ) = 3 a = 5
(MJC/2009/Prelim/P1/Q5)

(i) Since AB = b a and A, B and C are collinear,
k = 2

OC = OB + BC
= b+ 2b 2a
= 3b 2a
(ii)
3
a
a = b.
4
a
3 2
a =4
4
16
2
a =
3
a=

In this case, the length of projection is ON which
is
3
a and is equal to 4 in this question.
4
4
4 3
=
3
3
(iii) b = 22 + ( 2) 2 + 22 = 2 3
cos =
a.b
a b
4
4 3
2 3
3
1
=
2
=
or 600
(iv)
E
O

2 DC + DA
DE =
3
2 ( a ) + ( 2a 3b )
=
3
= b
2

= 2
2

(YJC/2009/Prelim/P1/Q9)
1

(a) l1 passes through A(0, 3, 1) and is parallel to m1 = 2 .
1

2

l 2 passes through B(1, 0, 2) and is parallel to m2 = 4 .
2

Since m2 = 2m1 . l1 and l 2 are parallel.
(b)(i) Since P lies on l1 , ie. OP = 3 2 , for some .

1+
1 1
BP = 3 2 0 = 3 2 .
1 + 2 1
1

If APB is a right angle, BP 2 = 0 .
1

1 1

3 2 2 = 0
1 1

( 1) 2(3 2 ) + ( 1) = 0 =
4
1
OP = 3 2 = =
3
3
4 7
1+

3 3
4
1
1 .
3
7
4 1 7
3 3 3
Hence the coordinates of P is , ,

Shortest distance between l1 and l 2
4
3
1
3 1
3
1
1
4
= BP = 3 2 = =
units
3
3
3

4 1
1
3
3
6.
1
k 2
(i) Let AB = k 2 . b = 2k + 1

2
2k 0
k 2
= 2k + 1
2k
(k 2) + 2(2k + 1) 2(2k) = 18
9k = 18 k = 2
0
b=5

4
(ii) AB = 2 1 + 4 + 4 = 6.
(iii) BA = 2 AC a b = 2( c a)
2c = 3a b
3
2 0

2c = 3 1 5 c = 1 .

0 4
2
2

(iv) CD = 5

3
5
= 6

5
3
1

2

0

5
CB =

4
3 3
1
1 = 6 = 3 2

2
2 6
5
1
2

CD CB = 6 3 2 = 3 5

5
2
4
2 2 2

Therefore equation of plane is r 5 = 5 5 = 9
4 3 4

2

(v) BD = 0
1

1

Since BD 2 = 0 , the length of projection of line BD on the plane =
2

7.
1
0

OA = 2 , OB = 1
4
5

1

AB = OB OA = 1
1

1
(i) l1 : r = 2 + 1 ,
2 2 + 1 = 5 units
1 1

5 1
3 1
(ii) cos =
35 3
= 28.56
Acute angle between l1 and n1 is 28.56 .
Therefore, angle between 1 and l1 is 61.4 .

AB n1
.
(iii) Since A lies on 1 , perpendicular distance required is
n1
1 1

1 5
1 3
= 9
35
35
Perpendicular distance = 1.52 units
(iv)

n2 = AB n1
1 1

= 1 5
1 3

2
1

= 2 = 2 1
4

2
2 :
r i( i j 2k ) = ( i + 2 j + 4k )i( i j 2k ) = 11

Cartesian Eqn: x y 2z = 11
(v) Direction vector of l2 = n1 n2

1 1

= 5 1
3 2

13

= 5
4

1
13

l2 : r = 2 + 5 ,
4
4

4 + 3
8. (i) Since P lies on l , OP = 2 for some R .

5+
3

Since OP l , OP 2 = 0.
1

4 + 3 3

Now 2 2 = 0
5+ 1

12 + 9 + 4 + 5 + = 0
14 = 7
1
2
1
4 + 3
2
5

1 1
OP = 2 = 2
2 2
11
1
5+
2
3 1 5 3 1 20 10

(ii) OP 2 = 2 2 = 38 = 19
1 2 11 1 2 16 8

10
r 19 = 0
8

The Cartesian equation is 10 x + 19 y + 8 z = 0 .

Remark: Better to use 0 instead of OP .
5

4 + 3 2

(iii) 2 k = 3
5+ 1

8 + 6 2 k + 5 + = 3
3 + (7 2k ) = 3
7 2k = 0
k=
7
2
OR Use point P (or any point on l).
5
2 2

7
1 k = 3 k =
2
11 1
2

Alt. Since l lies in 2, l k .
1

2 3
7

k 2 = 0 k =
2
1 1

(iv) Let be the angle between planes 1 and 2 .
10 2
19 7
2
8 1

cos =
525 17.25
= 6.8
2 2 1 4
9. (a) The augmented matrix = 2 3 4 1
4 3 1
2
1 0 0.5 0
The RREF of the augmented matrix = 0 1 1 0
0 0
0
1
The final row of the RREF shows that 0 x + 0 y + 0 z = 1 , which implies that the
system of equations is inconsistent. The equations do not have a solution.
The 3 planes represented by the 3 equations do not intersect in a point or line.
Furthermore, since neither of the planes is parallel to any other ( neither of the
normals is parallel to any other), the 3 planes form a triangular prism.
2 2 5
(b) 2 3 = 10

1 4 10
1
A vector to both normals of 1 and 2 is 2 .

2
(i)
2 x 2 y + z = 4 ---------(1)
2 x + 3 y 4 z = 1 ---------(2)
When z = 0, 2x 2 y = 4 -------(4)
and 2 x + 3 y = 1 --------(5)
(5) (4) gives y = 1 and x = 1.
( 1, 1, 0 ) is a point on both 1 and 2 .
1
2 is parallel to both 1 and 2 .
2

1 1
a vector equation of l is r = 1 + 2 , .
0 2

1
(ii) A vector normal to is 2 .
2

1
1 1
1
A vector equation of is r . 2 = 1 . 2 =
2
2 3 2
3

3
r . 6 = 1.
6

10
10.
2
1
l1 : r = 2 + 0

p
q
2

and 1 : r 2 = 2

p
2 1

Since l1 lies on 1 2 1 = 2 p = 2 (shown)
p 1

1
1 1

Also since l1 1 0 1 = 0 q = 1
q 1
1

2
1
Therefore, l1 :
r = 2 + 0

1
2

1

When = 3, r = 2 = OA (verified)

1
2 1 2
1
Normal of 2 is n2 = 2 0 = 0 = 2 0

2 1 2
1

1

Thus 2 : r 0 = 0

1
1 2 1

And 3: r 5 = 1 5 = 10

1 3 1
1 1 0
AB = OB OA = 3 2 = 1
2 1 1

n
Thus length of projection of AB on 3 = AB 3
n3

0 1
1
= 1 5
1 1 27

4
1
=
1
27
1
=
18
2
=
27
3
x + y + z = 2, x + z = 0 and x + 5y + z = 10, intersects at l1 .
Otherwise method
2 1
2
For 3 , 2 5 = 10 2 lies on 3 .
2 1

2
3 1

When = 1, 2 5 = 10
3 1

2

Since 2
2

3
3
2 also l 2 ies on .
3

3
3

3

, 2 lies both on l1 and 3
3

1 , 2 and 3 all intersects on the line l1.
Solving method
1 1 1 x 2

1 0 1 y = 0
1 5 1 z 10

1 1 1 2
1 0 1
rref
1 0 1 0
0 1 0
1 5 1 10
0 0 0
2
0
Thus y = 2, x + z = 0.
Let = z , x =
0
1

Thus r = 2 + 0 which is line l1.

0
1
1 , 2 and 3 all intersects on the line l1.
11
2
6
0

OA = 3 and OV = 0 AV = 3 1
0
6
2

Equation of AV is
0
2

r = 0 + 1 ,
6
2

or
6
2

r = 3 + 1 ,
0
2

4
10

Equation of l is r = 2 + 1
t
2

2 4 10
If AV and l intersect, let = 2 +

6 + 2 t + 2
= 2...............(1) and
+ 5 = 2 .(2)
(i)
(ii) Solving eq (1) & (2) we have = 0 and = 2 .
(iii)
4

OM = 2 . Also, t + 2 = 6 + 2 t = 2
2

2 10

Acute angle between AV and line l = cos 1 . 1 / 9 105 = 60.8

2 2

2

AM = 1
2

Perpendicular distance required = AM sin 60.79 0 = 2.62 units
12

OZ = OA + AZ or OA + OB
= 8i + 4k
By ratio Theorem
8
1
8 + 1

1
1
1

OP =
OZ +
OC =
0 +
4 =
4
1+
1+
1 + 1 + 1 +
4
0
4
Since OP CZ,

OPiCZ = 0
7

CZ = OZ OC = 4
4

8 + 1 7
4
i 4 = 0 56 + 7 16 + 16 = 0 = 1

8
4 4

OP =
1 + 1
4
1
4
4 = 8
1 + 1 / 8
9 1
1 / 2

4 2
OP =
4 + 82 + 12 = 4
9
7 / 9

BP = OP OB = 32 / 9 =
-32 / 9
7
1
32
-32
The direction vector of line BP is 32 .

32
Cartesian Equation of line BP:
x 1 y
z4
=
=
or equivalent
7
32 32
(i) Write down the position vector of Z in terms of i, j and k.

CP
(ii)
The point P divides CZ such that
= . Given that OP is perpendicular to CZ , find the
(iii)
PZ 1

value of and evaluate OP .
13
Find a cartesian equation of the line BP.

1
x 1 y
z4
Ans: (i) OZ = 8i + 4k ; (ii) = ; OP = 4 ; (iii)
=
=
8
7
32 32
3 1
OP = 4 + s 2 , for some s .
1 0

Since OP is perpendicular to l, OP 2 = 0
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
3 s 1
4 + 2 s 2 = 0 3 + s + 8 + 4 s = 0
1 0

s = 1
So,
3 1 4
OP = 4 + 2 = 2
1 0 1

3 1 6 1

Let 4 + s 2 = a + t 3
1 0 0 a

3 s = 6 + t
4 + 2 s = a + 3t
1 = at
(1)
(2)
(3)
From (1) : s = 3 t ------------------- (4)

Sub (4) into (2) : 4 + 2( 3 t ) = a + 3t
5t = 2 a ----------- (5)
Sub (5) into (3) : 5 = a ( 2 a )
a 2 + 2a + 5 = 0
(a + 1)2 + 4 = 0
Since, there are no real solutions for the equation ( a + 1) 2 + 4 = 0 , therefore there does not exist
real values of a such that the two lines l and m intersect. Hence, the 2 lines do not have a common
point.
1 0

3 0
a 1
cos 60o =
10 + a 2 .1
14
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
a
1
=
2
10 + a 2
4a 2 = 10 + a 2 a =
10
3
1
1

Since AB 1 , AB // 2 i.e. AB = k 2 .
2
2

k 2 k 2

OB = AB + OA = 2k + 1 = 2k + 1
2k 0 2k
1
k 2 1

B lies on 1 , so OB 2 = 18 2k + 1 2 = 18 9k = 18 k = 2
2

2k 2
0

OB = 5
4

Perpendicular distance from A to 1 = AB =

By Ratio Theorem,

2OC + OB
1
OA =
OC = 3OA OB
2 +1
2
2 0 3
1
OC = 3 1 5 = 1
2
0 4 2
22 + 42 + ( 4 ) = 6
2 3 5
0 3 3

CD = 5 1 = 6 , CB = 5 1 = 6
3 2 5
4 2 6

5 3 6
2

CD CB = 6 6 = 15 = 3 5
5 6 12
4

2 2 2

Therefore equation of plane DBC is r 5 = 5 5 = 9
4 3 4

2

BD = OD OB = 0
1

2 1
2

0 2
5
1 2

4
Length of projection of line BD on 1 =
=
=
1+ 4 + 4
1

2
2

15
4 + 25 + 16
9
= 5
[HCI 2007 Prelims]

1
0 1

Sub. equation of line into plane: 1 + 1 . 0 = 3 and get = 3 2 .

0
1 2
1
0 3
2

Sub. = 3 2 into 2 : r = (3 2 ) 1 + 1 = 3 + 1
0

1 0
1
To show the two lines are parallel:
(i) The direction vector of l 2 is scalar multiple of direction vector of l1 , thus l1 and l2 are parallel.
(ii)
(iii) Note that B lies on l2 , thus
2 0
2
2
1 1
1
30
Shortest distance = AB
1
=
2
1
=
0
=
3
6
6
6
1 0
1
4
3
2

Let OC = 1 + 1 for some
0
1

0 0
2
7

BA BC = 0 2 2 + 1 = 0 = 2 . OC = 3

1
2
0 0

7 0

Since CD = BA, OD 3 = 2 .
2 0

7

OD = 5
2

Observe that O lies on 2 . Midpoint of OA which is ( 32 , 12 , 0 ) then lies on 3 .
1 0 1
1 32 1
1

1

Since n 2 = 1 1 = 1 , r 1 = 2 1 r 1 = 1 (shown)
0 1 1
1 0 1
1

Let F be foot of perpendicular from A to 3 and pick a point E (1, 0, 0) on 3 .
1
1
1
1 1
1
AF = AE
1 3 1 = 3 1
3
1

1
1
16
8
1
OF = OA + AF = 4
3
1
[NJC 2007 Prelims]
BN 1 BN // n BN = kn
1

Since N lies on 1 , ON 2 = 4
1

(i)
(ii)
7
1

But ON = OB + BN = 18 + k 2 , so
1

1
7 + k 1
18 2k 2 = 4 k = 8

1 + k 1
7 + 8 1

ON = 18 16 = 2
1 + 8 7

1

2

distance from B to 1 = BN = 8 2 = 8 12 + ( 2 ) + 12 = 8 6
1

To verify that point A lies on 1 :
2 1

LHS = 0 2 = 2 + 2 = 4 = RHS (Verified)
2 1

Let B be the reflection of B in 1 .
By midpoint theorem,
1
AN =
AB + AB
2

AB = 2 AN AB
1 2 7 2 7

AB = 2 2 0 18 0 = 14 , which is parallel to
7 2 1 2 13
1
2 1 2 // 2
1

7
14 .
13
7 2 9
3

Direction vector of line l = AB = 18 0 = 18 = 3 6
1 2 3
1

1 3 4

Normal vector of 2 = 2 6 = 2
1 1 0

4 2 4
4

Equation of 2 : r 2 = 0 2 r 2 = 8
0 2 0

0
Note that the triangle ABN is a right-angle triangle with ANB = 90 .
3

AB = 3 6 = 3
1

(32 + 62 + 12 ) = 3
46
By Pythagoras Theorem,
Distance of A from 3 = AN =
AB 2 BN 2 =
( 9 ( 46 ) 64 ( 6 ) ) =
Acute angle between l and 3
BN
1 8 6
= 15.6 (to 3 s.f.)
= cos
AB
3 46
[MI 2007 Prelims]
x +1
Let =
= z + 3, y = 2 . Then x = 3 1, z = 3, y = 2 .
3
= ABN = cos 1
17
a
b
1
3
l2 : r = 3 + 1 ,
2
0

To check if lines intersect:
1 + 2 1 + 3
2 3 = 2
= 3 + = 3
= 1
1 2
-----(1)
-----(2)
-----(3)
Solving equations (2) & (3): = 1 and = 1 + 3 = 2

Substitute into equation (1): LHS = 2 ( 1) 3 ( 2 ) = 8 RHS
Therefore the lines do not intersect.
Let the angle between a and b be .
(a b ) a = a a b a
2
= a b a cos

= 32 ( 2 )( 3) cos
5
= 4.15 (to 3 s.f.)
30
Chapter 18: Complex Numbers 1

1
(a) w2 = 3 + 4i
Let w = x + iy
( x + iy )2 = 3 + 4i
x 2 + 2 xyi y 2 = 3 + 4i
x 2 y 2 = 3 ----- (1)
2 xy = 4 ----- (2)
2
x
From eq (2): y =
2
Sub into eq (1): x = 3 x 4 3 x 2 4 = 0
x
Solving, we get x = 2 , y = 1
Hence w = (2 + i )
2
Im(z)
(b) Let z 4 = 16
z2
z 4 = 16ei
4
z = 16e
z = 2e
i ( + 2 k )
1 i ( + 2 k )
4
i 34
z = 2e 4 , 2e
i 34
, 2e
z3
i 4
z 5 = 32 = 32ei (2 k )
2 k
i
where k = 2, 1, 0
(ii)
Im (z)
Z2
Z3
2
5
2
5
2
5
Z4
2
5
5
w
1 = 0
2
(iii) w5 32
Re(z)
k = 2, 1, 0,1
, 2e
[MI/2010/Prelim/P2/Q2]
(i)
z = 2e
z1
2
5
Z1
Re (z)
z4

5
w
w = 32
1
2
2 k
i
w
= 2e
w
1
2
2 k
i
w = we
2 k
i
2e
2 k
i
w=
2e
2 k
i
1
2e
w=
e
k
i
2 k
i
i k5 i k5
e e
k
i
2e 5
w=
i k5
2 Im e
k
cos
5
w=
k
+ i sin
5
k
i sin
5
k
cot
5
w = 1+
i
k
w = 1 i cot
(shown)
5
i 1
=
w* 3
2
i
arg
=
=
2 3 6
w*
i 1
1 3 1
3 1
= cos + i sin =
+ i =
+ i
w* 3
6
6 3 2 2 6 6
n
is purely imaginary, n = ( 2k + 1) , k ,
6
2
w*
n = 3 ( 2k + 1) , k .
4
z i = 0 z = i =
4
z=e
z=
i + 2 k
2
,
e
i + 2 k
4 2
k
, k = 2, 1, 0,1
7
3

5
i i i i
8
8
8
e
,e
,e
,e 8
y
z2 + z2
z1
z1 =
5
i
e 8
z2 =

i
e8
arg ( z1 + z2 ) =
5
8
O
z2
1 4 3
+
=
8 2 8 8
[RI/2010/Prelim/P1/Q1]
Let z = x + iy. Substitute the second equation into the first.
z 2 + z ( z * (1 + i)) 2 = 0
( x + iy ) 2 + ( x 2 + y 2 )(1 + i) 2 = 0
2 x 2 + 2ixy + ( x 2 + y 2 )i 2 = 0
On comparing real and imaginary parts,
2 x 2 2 = 0, 2 xy + x 2 + y 2 = ( x + y ) 2 = 0
x = 1, y = 1 .
When z = 1 i , w = 2i
When z = 1 + i , w = 2i
(1+ai)(b+2i) = 8i
=> (b-2a)+(ab+2)i = 8i
Comparing real/imaginary parts, b-2a = 0 and ab+2 = 8
i.e. b = 2a and a(2a) + 2 = 8
i.e. a 2 = 3
3 (since a < 0) and b = - 2 3

5
w = - 2 3 - 2i => arg(w) =
6
i.e. a = -
Hence, arg(wn) =
5n
6
Least n = 3
5
, so that wn is of form ki with k > 0).
2
(then argument is
[DH/2010/Prelim/P1/Q7]
(i) No. The statement is not always true. It applies only for (polynomial) equation in z with real
coefficients.
4
(ii) z +
3+ i = 0 z 4 = 3 i
4
z = 2e
z=2
1
4
1
4
5
i
1 5
i ( + 2 k )
e4 6
z = 2 e
-i
5
24
1
4
or 2 e
1
4
=2 e
7
24
(12k 5)
24
1
4
or 2 e
19
24
, k = 0,1, 2,3
or 2 e
(iii)
Im
Z2
Z3
L
Re
Z4
Z1
L
(iv) The quadrilateral is a square.

Let the length of each side be L
1
Pythagoras Theorem: L2 = 2|z|2 =2(2 4 ) 2 = 2 2
[YJC/2010/Prelim/P1/Q9]
(a) z = 1 + ip , w = 1 + iq
zw = (1 + ip)(1 + iq)
3 4i = 1 pq + i(p + q)
3 = 1 pq (1)
&
4=p+q q=4p
Substitute into (1) 3 = 1 p( 4 p)
p2 + 4p 2 = 0
p=
Since p > 0
4 16 4(1)( 2)
= 2 6
2(1)
p= 2+ 6
//
1
4
-i
17
24
q = 4 ( 2 + 6 ) = 2 6 //
(b) a = 1 + i 3 = 2e

i
3
1 + a + a2 + a3 + + a9
1 a 10
1 a
10
i
1 2e 3
=
1 (1 + i 3 )
10
1 2 e
i 3
1 210 ( 12 i
=
=
2
i
3
)
2
i 3
513 + 512 3 i i 3
i 3
i 3
= 512 + 171 3 i //
+ 2 k )i
z 5 = 32e(
, k = 0, 1, 2
(i)
+ 2 k
i
5
z = 2e
z = 2 e , 2e
5
(ii)
, k = 0, 1, 2
3
i
5
, 2e
i
5
, 2e , 2e
3
i
5
I
m
5
w5 = 32i iw = 32 ( iw) = 32
Let z = iw w = iz
1
2
2
2 2 sin
= 1.90 units .
2
5
3
3
i
i
i
i
i
5
5
5
5
z
2
e
z
2
e
z
2
e
z
2
e
z 2e
Area of triangle OW1W2 =

(iii)
R
e

i
3 i
2
2

i
3 i

z 2 z e 5 + e 5 + 4 z 2 z e 5 + e 5 + 4 ( z + 2 )
3
2
2
z + 4 ( z + 2)
z 4 cos z + 4 z 4 cos
5
5
p = 4, =
10
, =
3
,k = 2
5
[NJC/2010/Prelim/P1/Q10]
(a) z 2 + ( a i) z * + 16 + bi = 0
( 2 + 3i )
+ (a i) ( 2 3i ) + 16 + bi = 0
5 + 12i + 2a 3ai 2i 3 + 16 + bi = 0
8 + 2a + (10 3a + b ) i = 0
By comparing real and imaginary coefficient,
Real: 8 + 2a = 0 a = 4 (ans)
Im( z )
Im :10 3a + b = 0 b = 22 (ans)
(b) z 5 + 1 = 0
1
z5 + 1 = 0
z 5 = 1
z 5 = ei
z 5 = ei( 2 k +1)
i ( 2 k +1)
z=e
, k = 0, 1, 2
i
5
z = 1, e , e
(i)
i3
5
,e ,e
i3
i i
i
1 + ei = e 2 e 2 + e 2
i

= e 2 cos + i sin + cos + i sin
2
2
2
2
i
= 2 cos e 2 (shown)
2
(ii) Replace complex number z with w 1 ,
i ( 2 k +1)
z =e
5
i ( 2 k +1)
w 1 = e
w = 1+ e
i ( 2 k +1)
5
Re( z )

From (i),
w = 1+ e
i ( 2 k +1)
5
( 2k + 1) i
= 2 cos
e
10
( 2k +1)
10
for k = 0, 1, 2 .
Chapter 19: Complex Numbers II

1
[TPJC/2010/Prelim/P2/Q2]
(i)
2
maximum value of z + 4 = AP1 = 3 + 8 = 11
(ii)
tan OAP2 =
arg ( iz ) = 0 arg ( z ) + arg ( i ) = 0 arg ( z ) =
82 4 2 3 4 3 3
=
4
4
4 3 3
tan 1
arg ( z + 4 )
4
or 0.776 rad arg ( z + 4 )
[YJC/2010/Prelim/P2/Q3(b)]
z 1 = z 5
w +1 i = 2
C (1, 1)
O
B
(i) Min value of z w = 2

(ii) Intersection point at B = w
w = OB = CB OC = 2 2
arg w =
4

i
4
( )
= ( 2 1)(1 i )
= ( 2 1) ( 2 1)i
w = 2 2 e
(i)
y
26
i (2,1)
3
(5,3)
o
(ii) Least value of z w = 1
3
= 0.826 (3 dp)
26
1
5
(iii) Greatest arg ( z + 3) = tan 1 + sin 1
3
= 0.432 (3 dp)
26
1
5
Least arg ( z + 3) = tan 1 sin 1
(a)(i)
[k=0]
[k=1]
[k= 1]
[k=2]
[k= 2]
[k= 3]

(ii)
Im(z)
z2
z4
z1
Re(z)
z6
z3
z5
Equation of circle:
(b)(i)
z 3 + 2i 2 3 + i
z (3 2i ) 12 + 1
z (3 2i ) 13
Circle, center (3, -2), radius
(3, -2)
half-line from point (6, -5), arg =
(6, -5)
Area of shaded region =
(a)
pq = 13 + 13i
( 2 + ia )( b i ) = 13 + 13i
2b 2i + abi + a = 13 + 13i
( a + 2b) + i ( ab 2) = 13 + 13i
Comparing real and imaginary parts,
a + 2b = 13
- (1)
ab 2 = 13
- (2)
15
a
15
Subst. b =
into (1):
a
(2): b =
15
a + 2 = 13
a
a 2 13a + 30 = 0
( a 3)( a 10 ) = 0
a = 3 or 10
3
b = 5 or
2
y
Locus of z
R (4,5)
Q
(4, 3)
A(0, 1)
P (4, 1)
4
(i)
Least z = OP
= 42 + 12
= 17
Greatest z = OQ
= 42 + 32 + 2
=7
(ii)
Max arg( z i ) = PAR

4
= tan 1
4
=
[MI/2010/Prelim/P1/Q10]
(a) Given that z = 1 + ki is a root, so substitute into the given equation
4
(1 + ki ) (1 + ki )
9 (1 + ki ) + 29 (1 + ki ) 60 = 0
1 + 4ki 6k 2 4k 3i + k 4 (1 + 3ki 3k 2 k 3i ) ( 9 + 18ki 9k 2 ) + 29 + 29ki 60 = 0
Comparing the real or imaginary parts on both sides,

4k 4k 3 3k + k 3 18k + 29k = 3k 3 + 12k = 0
OR,
k = 2 or k = 0 (N.A.)
6k + k + 3k 9 + 9k 31 = k 4 + 6k 2 40 = 0
By GC,
k = 2
Hence, ( z (1 2i ) ) ( z (1 + 2i ) ) = z 2 2 z + 5 is a factor of the given equation

z 4 z 3 9 z 2 + 29 z 60 = ( z 2 2 z + 5)( z 2 + z 12 ) = 0
(z
2 z + 5) = 0 or
(z
+ z 12 ) = 0
z = 1 2i , z = 4 or z = 3
(b) (i)
arg ( z 2 2i ) =
3
4
arg ( z 2 2i ) =
y
A
Note : = /4
(ii) min. (arg z) = argument of any complex numbers along CD
= tan 1
=
2
2
At A, x = 2 2 and y = 2 + 2
max. (arg z) = argument of a,
. -----(1)
where A a
AB
-----(2)
OB
2+ 2
= tan 1
2 2
= tan 1
Hence,
D
C
2+ 2
arg ( z ) tan 1
(Shown)
4
2 2
[PJC/2010/Prelim/P2/Q5]
iz 2i 2 2 and Re ( z ) > 1 + 3i
i z 2+2i 2 and Re ( z ) > 2

z ( 2 2i ) 2 and Re ( z ) > 2
Im (z)
(2,2)
Re (z)
2
(2,2)
d1
(5,2)
d2
locus of z
< arg ( z 2 2i )
2
2
2
< arg ( z 2 2i ) sin 1
2
4
2
< arg ( z 2 2i )
3
At maximum arg ( z 2 2i ) ,
z = ( 2 + 2 cos ) + (2 + 2sin )i
z = 2 + 2 cos + ( 2 + 2 sin )i
6
6
z = 2+ 3 i
d1 k < d 2
1 k < 2 2 + 32
8
1 k < 13
(a) 0 arg( z + 1 i )
and z i = 2
arg( z + 1 i ) =
Im(z)
P(x,y)
arg( z + 1 i ) = 0
Re(z)
4
0
-1
Let P represent the complex number z = x + iy .
a = 2 cos
b = 2sin
= 2=x
(0,1)
= 2
y = 2 +1
z = 2 +i
2 +1
3
3
+ i sin
cos i sin
4
4
6
6
3
3
Let w1 = cos
+ i sin
4
4
(b) (i) w = 2 cos
w2 = cos
i sin
w = 2 ( w1 )( w2 )
3
w = 2 w1 w2 = 2(1)(1) = 2
arg( w) = arg 2 ( w1 )( w2 )
= arg(2) + arg( w1 ) + 3arg( w2 )

= 0+
=
3

+ 3
4
6
w = 2 cos + i sin
4
4
n
n
(ii) wn = 2n cos
+ i sin
4
4
Since n = 4k , k
4k
4k
wn = 24k cos
+ i sin
4
4
= 24k cos k
= (1) k 24k
(a)(i) ww + 64 3 i + 16iw = 0
( x + yi )( x yi ) + 64
3 i + 16i ( x + yi ) = 0
x 2 + y 2 + 64 3 i + 16ix 16 y = 0
(x
) (
+ y 2 16 y + 16 x + 64 3 i = 0
Comparing coefficients,
(16 x + 64 3 ) = 0
(x
and
+ y 2 16 y = 0
y 2 16 y + 48 = 0
x = 4 3
( y 4 )( y 12 ) = 0
y = 4 since y < 5
w = 4 3 + 4i
5
(ii) w = 8 , arg ( w ) =
n
n
, thus w = 8 cos
( )
Since wn is to real, Im wn = 0 ,
5n
5n
+ i sin
6
6
5n
= k , k
6
6k
,k
5
z 1 i = 3 1 + iz
n=
(b)
Let z = x + iy , then
x + iy 1 i = 3 1 + i ( x + iy )
x 1 + i ( y 1) = 3 1 + ix y
( x 1) + i ( y 1) = 3 (1 y ) + ix
( x 1)2 + ( y 1)2
= 3 x 2 + (1 y )
x2 2 x + 1 + y 2 2 y + 1 = 9 x2 + 1 2 y + y 2
8 x 2 + 2 x + 8 y 2 16 y = 7

2
1
9
2
x + + ( y 1) =
8
64
1
8
The locus is a circle of centre ,1 of radius
3
units.
8
3
8
1
5
8
10
[VJC/2010/Prelim/P2/Q1]
2
8

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2013 Revision Package BT1 Solutions

Chapter 2: Binomial Expansion Solution

2013 Revision Package BT1 Solutions

The expansion is valid for x 2 < 1 and 2x < 1 x <

2013 Revision Package BT1 Solutions

The expansion is valid for

2013 Revision Package BT1 Solutions

The series is valid for

The term of x r is the (r + 1) term in the series.

(r + 1)th term = 1 ( 2)( 2 1)( 2 2)( 2 r + 1) x

2013 Revision Package BT1 Solutions

The series is valid for x < 1 .

x 2005 of f ( x ) is the 2006th term of

Therefore coefficient of x 2005 is -1002.

2013 Revision Package BT1 Solutions

Using sine rule

2 sin cos x + cos sin x

2013 Revision Package BT1 Solutions

H n = 1000 + 100 + 100 (1.5 ) + 100 (1.5 ) + ... + 100 (1.5 )

= 1000 + 200 1.5

1000 + 200 1.5

i.e. 200 1.5

1 > 1000 + 200 n

From the GC, the value of k is 12.

Then u12 = 100 1.5

so Hebe receives $1140 in interest at the end of the 12th year.

Then for n > 12 , u n =

Hence, the maximum value of Hebes investment is

u12 = $4790 (to 3 s.f.).

2013 Revision Package BT1 Solutions

Since common ratio < 1, the geometric progression is convergent.

Using GC, n 22.3 Least n = 23.

Amount saved in 1st year =

2013 Revision Package BT1 Solutions

9 years = 108 months

(reject d = 2 , since a is positive)

n + . Thus bn is an arithmetic progression with common difference ln( r ) .

Since bn is an arithmetic progression

2013 Revision Package BT1 Solutions

2013 Revision Package BT1 Solutions

Subt into (1)

Given GP. Common ratio =

If the sum exists,

2013 Revision Package BT1 Solutions

Tn = S n S n 1 = (17 n 3n ) ( 3n + 23n 20)

Tn +1 Tn = (20 6(n + 1)) (20 6n) = 6

the series is an A.P. with common difference d = 6

12n + n(n 1) = 1440

2013 Revision Package BT1 Solutions

2ar4 = a + ar, i.e.,

(rejected as |r| < 1 for S to exist).

For Sn is within 5% of S, i.e., |Sn S| < 0.05S

(0.648) n < 0.05

n lg(0.648) < lg ( 0.05 )

Hence, minimum value of n is 7.

The first element in the n th row

2013 Revision Package BT1 Solutions

Total number of tiles

2013 Revision Package BT1 Solutions

Prove by induction that

(2r + 1)(2r + 3) = 3(2n + 3) .

Hence state the value of

Use your answer to part (ii) to find

[Ans: (i) A = 1, B = 2, C = 1 ; (ii)