Works Cited Primary Sources Alexei Leonov's Spacewalk. Digital image. NASA. NASA, n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2013.

<http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/Images/StarChild/space_level2/leonov_spacewalk_big.gif >. This is a photograph of Alexei Leonov performing the first spacewalk. This photograph contributed to my timeline of events in the Space Race.

"American Reactions to Crisis: Examples of Pre-Sputnik and Post-Sputnik Attitudes and of the Reaction to Other Events Perceived as Threats," October 1958." American Reactions to Crisis: Examples of Pre-Sputnik and Post-Sputnik Attitudes and of the Reaction to Other Events Perceived as Threats," October 1958 . N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Jan. 2013. This is a document about American reactions to crisis. It gave me details of the American public's opinion before Sputnik I and after. It showed that the American public did not know much about earth satellites or science and engineering in general before and after the launch.

Apollo 11 Astronat Buzz Aldrin on the Moon. Digital image. Space Place NASA. NASA, n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2013. <http://spaceplace.nasa.gov/review/gallerytechnology/astronauts/aldrin-apollo11_L.en.jpg>. This is a photograph of Buzz Aldrin, who accompanied Niel Armstrong as the second man to set foot on the moon. I was able to use this photograph for the Apollo 11 mission event on my timeline.

Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Mar. 2013. <http://www.geschichteinchronologie.ch/atmosphaerenfahrt/01_sputnikschock-d/06schlagzeilen-ueber-sputnik-1.jpg>. This image has compiled newspaper headlines from when the Soviets launched Sputnik.

Don't Spare the Rod, Professor! Digital image. President's UFO. President's UFO, n.d. Web. 15 Mar. 2013. <http://www.presidentialufo.com/images/phocagallery/Cartoons/Eisenhower/thumbs/pho ca_thumb_l_Killian.gif>. This is a political cartoon at the time of Sputnik's launch. It depicts children in a classroom fooling around instead of learning. This picture symbolizes what the Americans thought of the education system after being beaten by the Soviet to have the first satellite in space.

"Eisenhower Playing Golf." Cartoon. President's UFO. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Jan. 2013. <http://www.presidentialufo.com/images/phocagallery/Cartoons/Eisenhower/thumbs/pho ca_thumb_l_Ike_golf.gif>. This is a political cartoon depicting President Eisenhower playing golf while Sptunik flies by. It showed that the president did nothing for the United States while the Soviets surpassed them.

Explorer 1. Digital image. NASA. NASA, n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2013. <http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/spacecraft/explorer_1.gif>. This is a photograph of Explorer I, America's first satellite in space. This photograph contributed to the events in my timeline of the Space Race.

Explorer I. Digital image. Astronatutix. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Mar. 2013. <http://www.astronautix.com/graphics/e/explor16.jpg>. A picture of the launch of Explorer I; the U.S. first earth satellite. This picture showed me what the launch looked like to use it on my website.

First Image of the Far Side of the Moon. Digital image. NASA. NASA, n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2013. <http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/imgcat/hires/lu3_1.gif>. This is the first image of the far side of the moon, taken by Luna 3. I was able to use it on my timeline as the first image taken of the moon.

Friendship 7. Digital image. NASA. NASA, n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2013. <http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/314091main_image_1288_800-600.jpg>. This photograph depicts Jon Glenn getting into the spacecraft the Friendship 7. I was able to use this photograph to mark the event of America's first successful attempt to place a man into orbit on my timeline.

Gale, O. M. "Memorandum for Mr. McElroy." Letter to Mr. McElroy. 14 Apr. 1958. Public Opinion Index. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum. Web. 3 Jan. 2013. <http://http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/research/online_documents/sputnik/4_14_58 .pdf>. This document was a memo concerning the United States public opinion of the Soviet Union's launch of Sputnik I. It summarizes a survey that was taken right after the launch of Sputnik I among 1000 adults in the general public and 117 newspapers. It explained the U.S.'s citizens views of the launch.

Gleeson, Everett. Summary of Discussion, 339th Meeting of the National Security Council October 10, 1957 concerning "Implications of the Soviet Earth Satellite For U.S. Security" and "Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) and Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile (IRBM) Programs," Dated October 11, 1957 . Web. 3 Jan. 2013. <http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/research/online_documents/sputnik/10_11_57.pdf >. This is a declassified document of a summary of discussion about the 339th meeting of the National Security Council. It concerned what the launch of the Soviet Union's Sputnik I satellite could mean to U.S. security. The discussion was also about how the U.S. could respond to the satellite launch because it significantly hurt their prestige. This document explained some of the fears the U.S. had because of the launch.

Goodpaster, A. J. Memorandum of Conference with the President on American Science Education and Sputnik, October 15, 1957 . Web. 3 Jan. 2013. <http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/research/online_documents/sputnik/10_16_57.pdf >. This is a memorandum of a conference with the President at that time, Dwight Eisenhower. This conference was about the impact of the launch of Sputnik I on American education. The Soviet Union is almost catching up to the U.S and the people in the discussion stressed the importance of improving the U.S. education program to prevent the USSR from beating the U.S. in science.

"Interview with Sergei Khrushchev." Online interview. 3 Mar. 2013. This is my interview with Dr. Sergei Khrushchev over Skype about the impact of Sputnik I. He answered my questions about Sputnik's impact on space exploration, technology, and politics.

"JFK Speech (Man on the Moon)." YouTube. YouTube, 28 May 2007. Web. 03 Mar. 2013. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mB8lMQJ7cyU>. This is President Kennedy's famous speech about putting a man on the moon. This showed just how much the nations were concerned about beating each other.

"John Foster, Dulles to James C. Hagerty, October 8, 1957, with Attached: "Draft Statements on the Soviet Satellite." Letter to James C. Hagerty. 5 Oct. 1957. NASA. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Jan. 2013. <http://history.nasa.gov/sputnik/15.html>. This is a letter from the Secretary of the State at that time, John Foster Dulles to James C. Hagerty, the White House Press Secretary. In the letter, he talks about how the Soviet achievement was of scientific importance, but involved no discovery or value. This helped me learn about what the U.S. government thought about Sputnik 1; it wa propaganda.

Khrushchev, Serge, and Shirley Benson. Nikita Khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower . University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State UP, 2000. Web. 3 Mar. 2013. This is a book about Nikita Khrushchev written by his son, Sergei Khrushchev. This helped me learn the Soviet perspective of Sputnik I.

Luna 9. Digital image. NASA. NASA, n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2013. <http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/spacecraft/luna-9.jpg>. This is a photograph of the USSR spacecraft Luna 9. I was able to use this photograph for the event on my timeline when the Soviets launched Luna 9.

Mariner 2. Digital image. NASA. NASA, n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2013. <http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/spacecraft/mariner02.gif>. This is a picture of America's space probe; Mariner 2. I used this picture on my timeline to mark the event when the US sent a space probe to Venus during the Space Race.

Mariner 4. Digital image. NASA. NASA, n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2013. <http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/spacecraft/mariner04.gif>. This is a picture of America's spacecraft Mariner 4. I used this on my timeline to mark the event of the first successful flyby of Mars on my timeline.

Mariner 5. Digital image. NASA. NASA, n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2013. <http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/spacecraft/mariner05.gif>. This is a picture of the Mariner 5 spacecraft; a series of spacecrafts used for planetary exploration in flyby mode. It was used on the timeline to mark the time when it passed 4,000km from Venus.

McConnell, William S. Living through the Space Race. Detroit: Greenhaven, 2006. Print. Written by William S. McConnell, this book provides analysis of documents during the Space Race and includes quotes from Eisenhower and Kennedy. It also includes Stephen King's reaction to Sputnik I when he was young.

NASA Logo. Digital image. NASA. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Mar. 2013. <http://cpl.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/NASA_LOGO.gif>. This is the logo was NASA which was established during the Space Race. The shock of Sputnik made the U.S. act fast in order to stay ahead.

"National Science Youth Month Termed "Answer to Sputnik," October 5, 1958." Http://eisenhower.archives.gov/research/online_documents/sputnik/10_5_58.pdf. Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library & Museum. 5 October 1958. 28 Jan 2013. This is a summarized document of what happened when scientists and engineers proposed an answer to Sputnik I. The people in the document talked about ways to improve United States education as a result of Sputnik I. It gave details on what the U.S. did to improve.

"Official Whitehouse Transcript of President Eisenhower's Press and Radio Conference." Sputnik: Celebrating 50 Years of Spaceflight . N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Mar. 2013. <http://www.benandjenniferlevasseur.com/Documents/PressConferenceOct91957.pdf>. This is a transcript of President Eisenhower's press conference on October 9, 1957. The conference highlighted the questions Americans wanted to know about Sputnik I and the Soviet development of inter-continental ballistic missiles(ICBM). It helped me understand what was going on in American public's head after the launch of Sputnik I.

"R-7 ICBM Launching Sputnik-1 from Baikonur Launch Site." YouTube. YouTube, 07 Sept. 2007. Web. 03 Mar. 2013. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qcex_MuBT7Y>. This is a video of the launch of Sputnik I. The Soviet Union had been very secretive about Sputnik and this is one of the few footage of it.

Race for the Moon. Digital image. Time Magazine. N.p., 6 Dec. 1969. Web. 3 Mar. 2013. <http://img.timeinc.net/time/magazine/archive/covers/1968/1101681206_400.jpg>. This is a Time magazine cover of the Space Race. This showed me that it was also important to the press to keep up with the latest achievement in the Space Race.

Schorr, Daniel. "Remembering Sputnik." NPR. NPR, 30 Sept. 2007. Web. 14 Mar. 2013. <http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14841107>. This is an NPR article Daniel Schorr remembering the day Sputnik I was launched. Daniel Schorr was reporting for CBS news from Moscow when the satellite launched, so it helped to understand the press's point of view.

Sergei Korolev. Digital image. American Physical Society. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Mar. 2013. <http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200710/images/korolev_for_web.jpg>. An image of Sergei Korolev, the chief designer of Sputnik I. I am able to show what Korolev looks like with this image.

Siddiqi, Asif A. Sputnik 1. Digital image. NASA. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Jan. 2013. <http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/190844main_GPN-2002-000166_full.jpg>. This is a picture of an engineer putting the finishing touches on Sputnik I. It helped me by showing what Sputnik I had looked like.

SOVIET FIRES SATELLITE INTO SPACE: IT IS CIRCLING THE GLOBE AT 18,000 M.P.H.; SPHERE TRACKED IN 4 CROSSINGS OVER U.S. Digital image. The New York Times. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Mar. 2013. <http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/section/learning/general/onthisday/big/1004_big.g if>. This is a New York Times newspaper article on the Soviet's launch of Sputnik I. It was a source of how the media responded to Sputnik.

Soviet Propoganda Poster. Digital image. Retronaut. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Mar. 2013. <http://www.retronaut.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Soviet-man-%E2%80%93-beproud-you-opened-the-road-to-stars-from-Earth.jpg>. This is a picture of a Soviet propaganda poster showing a hand gesturing towards space and a rocket extending from it. I was able to use them to show the propaganda with Sputnik I.

Sputnik 1. Digital image. NASA. NASA, n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2013. <http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/image/sputnik_asm.jpg>. This is an image of the Sputnik I replica. The original had burned up when it fell back to earth. This marked the event on the timeline as the beginning of the Space Race.

"Sputnik and the Origins of the Space Age." Sputnik and the Origins of the Space Age . N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Mar. 2013. <http://history.nasa.gov/sputnik/sputorig.html>. Robert Launius writes about Sputnik's launch, how American's responded, and the birth of NASA. This shows how Sputnik triggered uneasiness among Americans and the criticism of their nation on losing. I helps me prove how much of an affect Sputnik had at the time.

Sputnik Launch. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Mar. 2013. <http://www.xtimeline.com/__UserPic_Large/8070/ELT200804101935254051521.JPG> . A picture of the launch of Sputnik I. It shows Sputnik I blasting off on the world's first R7 rocket.

Sputnik Panic. Digital image. President's UFO. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Mar. 2013. <http://www.presidentialufo.com/images/phocagallery/Cartoons/Eisenhower/thumbs/pho ca_thumb_l_Sputnik_panic.gif>. This is a political cartoon that depicts a man rushing towards a panic button while another man tries to stop him. This showed me how much of an impact Sputnik I had on the American citizens.

"Statement Prepare by the National Science Board Regarding the Sputnik Satellite." Http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Jan. 2013. <http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/research/online_documents/sputnik/10_1957_State ment.pdf>. This document was about the recognition and significance of Sputnik I by the National Science Board. The document talks about the Soviet Union's achievements in science and education which is allowed them to catch up to the U.S. The National Science Board stressed the importance of improving the U.S.'s science and education program.

Surveyor 1. Digital image. NASA. NASA, n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2013. <http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/spacecraft/surveyor_beach.jpg>. This is a picture of Surveyor I, the United States' first spacecraft to make a soft landing on the moon. It was used on the timeline to mark the event.

Through the World and Ages. Digital image. Retronaut. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Mar. 2013. <http://www.retronaut.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Through-the-worlds-andages.jpg>. A Soviet propaganda poster during 1958-1963. The picture shows a person carrying a Communist flag, carrying it to space. Like one of the many propaganda posters, it showed how the Soviet Union used the opportunity of Sputnik I to promote their Communism.

United States of America. Reaction to the Soviet Satellite - A Preliminary Evaluation. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum . Web. 3 Jan. 2013. <http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/research/online_documents/sputnik/Reaction.pdf>. The document is about the world's reaction to the first satellite launched by the USSR and its significance on the Soviet Union's scientific and military power. It explained how the USSR's achievement in science had hurt the U.S.'s prestige. The author explains the propaganda of the satellite launch.

Wilson, Charles E. "Memorandum for the President." Letter to President Eisenhower. 7 Oct. 1957. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Mar. 2013. <http://www.benandjenniferlevasseur.com/Documents/Earth%20Satellite%20memo%20 100757.pdf>. This is a memo from the Secretary of Defense to President Eisenhower about Sputnik. It discussed the possibilities of inter-continental missiles and how the Soviets might be more advance than realized. These types of documents help me understand the point of view after the launch of Sputnik I.

Yuri Gagarin, First Man in Space. Digital image. NASA. NASA, n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2013. <http://i.space.com/images/i/000/009/103/i02/1-gagarin-first-human.jpg>. Yuri Gagarin was the first man launched into space. This was a great achievement for the Soviet Union and this picture marks the event in my timeline.

Works Cited Secondary Sources Abramson, Larry. "Sputnik Left Legacy for U.S. Science Education." NPR. NPR, 30 Sept. 2007. Web. 14 Mar. 2013. <http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14829195>. Sputnik I had left a legacy on U.S. education. This NPR article talked about what happened to the education system after the launch.

BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 15 Mar. 2013. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/coldwar/>. This BBC news page covers many of the events in the Cold War from the Korean War to the fall of the Soviet Union.

Brzezinski, Matthew. Red Moon Rising: Sputnik and the Hidden Rivalries That Ignited the Space Age. New York: Times, 2007. Print. Red Moon Rising tells the story of the launch of Sputnik 1 and the impact it had. This provided a lot of detail on what happened on both sides; the USSR and the U.S. It also gave me information on the launch's effect on the Cold War.

"Cold War." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 14 Mar. 2013. <http://www.history.com/topics/cold-war>. This website provides a summary of the Cold War. It was not brief, but informative enough to cover the basics.

"The Cold War Museum." Cold War Museum. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Mar. 2013. <http://www.coldwar.org/articles/40s/index.asp>. This website provides a timeline of the Cold War. It was a very brief summary that helped me understand what had happened during the Cold War.

Dickson, Paul. "Sputnik's Impact on America." PBS. PBS, 06 Nov. 2007. Web. 03 Mar. 2013. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/space/sputnik-impact-on-america.html>. This is a NOVA feature on the impact of Sputnik I on America. This provided me with great detail about the impact of Sputnik I on American lives and its lasting legacy.

"Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum." Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Jan. 2013. This is an online archive containing documents of when Dwight Eisenhower was president. There is a specific page for Sputnik and the Space Race. It contains primary source documents about the launch of Sputnik.

"The Legacy of Sputnik." The New York Times. The New York Times, 4 Oct. 2007. Web. 3 Mar. 2013. <http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/04/opinion/04ihtedsputnik.1.7751940.html?_r=0>. The New York Times released a short article for the anniversary of Sputnik I's launch. This provided me with a short summary about the impact of Sputnik.

"NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration." NASA. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Jan. 2013. <http://www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/rocketry/home/konstantintsiolkovsky.html>. This is a biography of Konstantin E. Tsiolkovsky, also known as one of the fathers of roketry and astronautics. This showed that the idea of Sputnik 1 did not appear out of thin air, Tsiolkovsky's work led to the advancements in the understanding of rockets and space.

"Retronaut - See the past like You Wouldn't Believe." Retronaut. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Mar. 2013. <http://www.retronaut.com/>. This website contains uploaded photos of Soviet propaganda posters during 1958-1963. I was able to access Soviet propaganda posters during the Space Race with included title translations.

"Sputnik 1 - a Soviet First." Sputnik 1 - a Soviet First. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Jan. 2013. This explains the interior and exterior design of Sputnik I, which gave me information on the technical aspects of Sputnik I and how it worked.

"Sputnik: 50 Years of Spaceflight Home." Sputnik: 50 Years of Spaceflight Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Mar. 2013. <http://www.benandjenniferlevasseur.com/Sputnik50thHome.html>. This website contains information about Sputnik I such as the history, documents, memories, and links. It provided me with primary source documents on discussions about Sputnik I.

"Sputnik Biographies--Sergei P. Korolev (1906-1966)." Sputnik Biographies--Sergei P. Korolev (1906-1966). N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Jan. 2013. <http://history.nasa.gov/sputnik/korolev.html>. This is a biography of Sergei Korolev, who was the leader of the Sputnik project. It helped me learn about the man who was in charge of the Soviet space program during the Cold War.

"Sputnik." Sputnik. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Nov. 2012. <http://www.russianspaceweb.com/sputnik.html>. This is a website page of Sputnik I and summarizes the events that led up to Sputnik I and the aftermath. It also acts like a timeline and shows the major people involved in the Soviet space program. The website offers detailed information of the development of the satellite, the technology, and the launch.

"Sputnik's 50th Anniversary . Facts & Timeline | Thirteen EdOnline." Sputnik's 50th Anniversary . Facts & Timeline | Thirteen EdOnline. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Mar. 2013. This webpage lists interesting facts about Sputnik I and has a timeline of the Space Race. This was very helpful because I was able to cite the full timeline.

Than, Ker. "The Scientific Legacy of Sputnik." Space.com. N.p., 2 Oct. 2007. Web. 03 Mar. 2013. <http://www.space.com/4421-scientific-legacy-sputnik.html>. This article from space.com commemorates the 50th anniversary of Sputnik I. It explains the legacy Sputnik I had on the world. It helped my understand the significance of the launch of Sputnik I and the legacy it left.

"This Month in Physics History." This Month in Physics History. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Mar. 2013. <http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200710/physicshistory.cfm>. This article by the American Physical Society states the impact Sputnik I and its chief designer, Sergei Korolev had on the world. This gave me more information about Sergei Korolev, the man who pioneered the Soviet space program.

"Welcome to the NSSDC!" Welcome to the NSSDC! NASA, n.d. Web. 15 Mar. 2013. <http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/>. NASA's data center of permanent archives has all the information on spacecrafts and missions. It was a source of informatin on all of NASA's spacecrafts during the Space Race.