Part 2

Dr. Christine Pereira Academic Skills Adviser ask@brunel.ac.uk

Choose appropriate numerical summaries Choose appropriate graphical summaries Charts and graphs in SPSS Descriptive statistics in SPSS

Frequency tables in SPSS

 Located

on Blackboard in the following:

Academic Skills (ASK) section Workshop slides Statistics and SPSS workshops Basics of SPSS Workshop Select EmployeeSurvey.sav

Part 1:

Representing Data Graphically

All variables listed here

Build your chart here

Select chart type

Select chart format

One

Nominal or Ordinal Variable

Bar Chart

Pie Chart

What is your ethnicity?

(please tick one)

White/European Asian West Indian African Other

Produce a bar chart and a pie chart for Ethnicity.

Bar Charts
Simple Bar Chart

Pie Chart
Pie Chart

Two

Nominal or Ordinal Variables

Clustered Bar Chart

Two

Nominal or Ordinal Variables

Stacked Bar Chart

I am very committed to this organisation.

Strongly Disagree 1 Disagree Neutral Agree

Strongly Agree 5

Gender
(please tick one)

Male

Female

Produce a clustered bar chart or a stacked bar chart to summarise commitment by gender.

Bar Charts
Clustered Bar Chart Stacked Bar Chart

One

Scale Variable

Histogram

Boxplot

What is your gross annual income?

Produce a histogram and a boxplot to summarise gross annual income.

Histograms
Simple Histogram

Boxplots
1D Boxplot

Two

Scale Variables

Scatterplot

Scatterplots
Simple Scatterplot

What is your gross annual income?

Age last birthday (in years)?

Produce a scatterplot to show the relationship between income and age.

Two or more

Related Scale

Variables

Related refers to Repeated Measures

Bar Chart of Means

Line Chart of Means

Produce a bar/line chart of means to summarise employees total competency score at each of the 3 time periods.

Bar Charts
Simple Bar Chart

Line Charts
Simple Line Chart

One Scale & One

Categorical

Variable

Bar Chart of Means

Line Chart of Means

Rated Skill of work:

Unskilled 1 Semi-Skilled 2 Fairly Skilled 3 Highly Skilled 4

What is your gross annual income? Produce a bar/line chart of means to summarise income by rated skill.

Bar Charts
Simple Bar Chart

Line Charts
Simple Line Chart

Right Click
Edit Content In Separate Window

Reduce chart size and Apply changes

Right Click
to view more options

E.g., Transpose Chart

 Theres

much more in Chart Editor You can change:

Colours
Fonts Axis

labels Data labels Insert trend lines Rearrange (or remove) variables the list goes on

 For

more detailed examples go to:

Academic

Skills on Blackboard Statistics and SPSS Statistics using SPSS: Resources Charts and Graphs Find the slides entitled: SPSS Chart Builder

Part 2:

Representing Data Numerically

(All Descriptive Stats)

(Limited Descriptive Stats)

(Limited Descriptive Stats)

Mean, Median, Mode

Median = The middle value in an ordered data set. It splits the data into 2 equal parts. Mode = Most frequent value.

(All Descriptive Stats)

(Limited Descriptive Stats)

(Limited Descriptive Stats)

Mean, Median, Mode Stdev, Variance Range, IQR Min, Max

Standard Deviation & Variance Measure how spread out the data is with respect to the mean

Range Spread of the data (Max Min)

(All Descriptive Stats)

(Limited Descriptive Stats)

(Limited Descriptive Stats)

Mean, Median, Mode Stdev, Variance Range, IQR Min, Max Skewness, Kurtosis Skewness & Kurtosis Measure how close a histogram is to a normal distribution.

(All Descriptive Stats)

(Limited Descriptive Stats)

(Limited Descriptive Stats)

Mean, Median, Mode Frequency Table Stdev, Variance Median, Mode Range, IQR Min, Max Skewness, Kurtosis

(All Descriptive Stats)

(Limited Descriptive Stats)

(Limited Descriptive Stats)

Mean, Median, Mode Frequency Table Frequency Table Stdev, Variance Median, Mode Mode Range, IQR Min, Max Skewness, Kurtosis

Summarise Responses
What is your ethnicity?
(please tick one)

White/European Asian West Indian African Other

What is the variable? Level of Measurement? Appropriate numerical summary?

Statistics Frequency tables Charts

Bar Pie Histogram

Representing data Numerically

Nominal Variable
e.g., Ethnicity

Representing data Numerically

Nominal Variable
e.g., Ethnicity

Not really needed. The frequency table shows the mode is White/Euro (most frequent Ethnicity)

Summarise Responses
I am very committed to this organisation.
Strongly Disagree 1 Disagree
2

Neutral
3

Agree
4

Strongly Agree 5

What is the variable? Level of Measurement? Appropriate numerical summary?

Representing data Numerically

Ordinal Variable
e.g., Organisational Commitment

Representing data Numerically

Ordinal Variable
e.g., Organisational Commitment

Not really needed. The frequency table shows the mode.

Representing data Numerically

Out of the total sample size (e.g., 70)

14 out of 70 is 20.0%

Representing data Numerically

Out of the total sample size (e.g., 70)

16 out of 70 is 22.9%

Representing data Numerically

Out of the total sample size (e.g., 70)

68 out of 70 is 97.1%

Representing data Numerically

Out of the total responses (i.e., 68)

14 out of 68 is 20.6%

Representing data Numerically

Out of the total responses (i.e., 68)

16 out of 68 is 23.5%

Representing data Numerically

Adds the Valid Percentages

Same as first valid percent

Representing data Numerically

Adds the Valid Percentages

Adds the 1st two valid percents

Representing data Numerically

Adds the Valid Percentages

Adds the 1st three valid percents

Summarise Responses
What is your gross annual income?

What is the variable? Level of Measurement? Appropriate numerical summary?

Representing data Numerically

Scale Variable
e.g., Gross Annual Income

Select any of these Descriptives

Representing data Numerically

The average income: 7819.12

Representing data Numerically

The middle income: 7800 Half earned less Half earned more

Representing data Numerically

One of the most frequent incomes: 6800

Representing data Numerically

On average, each employees income is approximately 998 different from the mean

Representing data Numerically

The lowest income of all employees: 5900

Representing data Numerically

The highest income of all employees: 10,500

Cross Tabulation Table

use Crosstabs in SPSS

All Descriptive Statistics

Split file then use Frequencies in SPSS

Summarise Responses
I am very committed to this organisation.
Strongly Disagree 1 Disagree 2 Neutral 3 Agree 4 Strongly Agree 5

Gender
(please tick one)

Male

Female

What are the variables?

Level of Measurement? Appropriate numerical summary?

Crosstabs table
(Counts or %s) Observed tallies Expected tallies

Crosstab statistics
Chi-square Correlations

Clustered bar charts

Representing data Numerically

Two Categorical Variables
e.g., Gender by Commitment

Observed count frequency observed in the sample

Representing data Numerically

Two Categorical Variables
e.g., Gender by Commitment

Column % % of participants using column totals

Representing data Numerically

Two Categorical Variables
e.g., Gender by Commitment

Row % % of participants using row totals

Representing data Numerically

Two Categorical Variables
e.g., Gender by Commitment

Total % % of participants using sample size

Representing data Numerically

Two Categorical Variables
e.g., Gender by Commitment

6 Females Strongly Disagreed

Representing data Numerically

Two Categorical Variables
e.g., Gender by Commitment

8 Males Agreed

Representing data Numerically

Two Categorical Variables
e.g., Gender by Commitment

19 participants were Undecided

Representing data Numerically

Two Categorical Variables
e.g., Gender by Commitment

6 of 38 Females Strongly Disagreed 15.8% of females

Representing data Numerically

Two Categorical Variables
e.g., Gender by Commitment

8 of 30 Males Agreed 26.7% of males

Representing data Numerically

Two Categorical Variables
e.g., Gender by Commitment

19 of 68 Participants were Undecided 27.9% of the sample

Summarise Responses
What is your gross annual income?
Gender
(please tick one)

Male

Female

What are the variables?

Level of Measurement? Appropriate numerical summary?

Two methods:
1. Explore option 2. Split file, then Frequencies option We will use the
2nd method.

Method 2

Split the file by Gender

Output for males and females will be in one table

Separate output tables for males and females

File must be sorted!

Categorical Variable

Method 2

Split the file by Gender

The file is sorted All females are listed first, then all males

Method 2

Statistics Frequency tables Charts

Bar Pie Histogram

Now get stats for Annual Income Use Frequencies Output will be split by Gender
Method 2

Representing data Numerically

Scale Variable
e.g., Gross Annual Income

Select any of these Descriptives

Method 2

Representing data Numerically

Split File Option to Compare Groups

Output for males and females is in one table

Method 2

Recall the Split File output options

Output for males and females will be in one table

Separate output tables for males and females

Method 2

Representing data Numerically

Split File Option to Organise Output by Groups

Separate output table for males and females

Method 2

Remember to go back and Analyse all cases, do not create groups

Method 2

Open the data file: 1991 U.S. General Social Survey.sav Located on the L: Drive in the following folders: CC SPSS1802 Samples English Select 1991 U.S. General Social Survey.sav

Summarise Responses

Explore the relationship between:

gender age happiness and whether a person finds life exciting

using appropriate numerical and graphical summaries. You decide which variables to compare

SPSS Survival Manual, 4th Edition (2010) by Julie Pallant.

(For SPSS Version 15 or later)

Discovering Statistics Using SPSS, 3rd Edition (2009) by Andy Field.

(For SPSS Version 15 or later)