TYPES OF WAR Napoleonic Warfare At its peak, Napoleonic warfare used armies of unprecedented size on country smashing campaign

n Using decisive maneuver Use assemblage of professional soldier who are patriotic French conscript Sundry (berbagai ) mercenaries Articulated (susunjelas ) into autonomous army corp Restore the power of swift decision as an instrument of Policy Key Points Napoleonic period saw the emergence of mass armies produced by conscription Napoleonic warfare focused on seeking decisive battle in order to destroy the opponent's army and capacity to resist Ideology and nationalism helped to produce a ruthless warfare and generated resistance by guerrilla war in many countries Colonial Warfare Is about Colonial and imperial campaign against non-European enemies Colonial wars are extreme brutality Decisive victories by European powers were rare usually followed by indecisive guerilla war fare

Colonial commanders frequently resorted to massacres and deliberate destruction of local population home and food supply Key points The 19th century saw the industrial Revolution alter the conduct of war Civilian technologies such as railways, steamships, the telegraph, and mass production made it possible to raise, equip and control huge armies New weapons such as rifle and breech-loading weapons, machine guns, armored warships , mines submarines made appearance Governments sought to mobilize their population to support the war effort Because tactics were slow to change, heavy casualties were typical

Key Points (Naval Warfare) British navy emerged dominant from the Napoleonic wars, culminating (kemuncaknya) in the battle of Trafalgar 1805 Naval technology was revolutionized during the 19th Century Steam power gave navies even greater flexibility and maneuverability

Heavy Guns in revolving turrets, plus armoured warships produced a new generation of all gun ironclad warship

 Mahan argued that the fleets of such warships would dominate the seas, while JeuneEcole insisted that submarines and torpedo boats would be decisive

Evolution of Warfare (Total war) Total war means fighting without any restrictions (Eric Ludendorff 1920) Key points The First world War was a conflict between mass armies, which technology made difficult to defeat decisively New Technologies such as chemical weapons and tanks were used in an attempt to regain maneuver and decision Air power emerged, but was not yet a decisive weapon Societies fully mobilized for the war effort All of a state's economic and human resources increasingly came to be seen as legitimate targets

By the second world war, airpower had become crucial in support of forces on the battlefield and as the means to launch strategic attacks against the opposing homeland. Aircraft carriers emerge as the decisive naval weapons Technology, amphibious landings and parachute operations sought to avoid the deadlock characteristic of WW1 Nuclear Weapons ended the era of total war Major powers only engage in Limited war Superpower pressure deterred the escalation of other conventional conflicts Insurgency and counter-insurgency were more typical forms of war

Third World become the arena for such Conflict

DEFINITION AND CONCEPT Arms control is defined as:- Restraint internationally exercised upon armaments policy, whether is respect of the level of armaments, their character, deployment or use Disarmaments refers to:- the reduction or abolition of armaments. It may be unilateral or multilateral; general or local; comprehensive or partial, controlled or uncontrolled General and comprehensive disarmament is the most extensive aim of disarmaments i.e worldwide reductions in all major catogaries of weapons The terms disarmament and arms control are sometime used synonymously Athough they are related but it is important to differentiate the concepts based on the term restraint and reduction Disarmament is about reducing the numbers whereas arms control can increase the numbers but mutually restraint by parties to the agreement In view of this distinction, people began to reject disarmament and prefers arms control policies. Disarmers are revolutionaries who wants to upturn the traditional processes of international systems Arms controllers are conservative who want to make those processes safe.

Disarmers want safety from the threats of weapons; arms controllers seek security through better control of weapons Disarmers believe that military power can be radically reduced; arms controller believe that it can be successfully managed. Disarmers seek to abolish nuclear weapons; arms controller seek only to define their role in the structure of deterrence. Disarmers believe that perpetuation (prolonging) of the war system is evil and potentially catastrophic aspect of international relations; arms controllers believe this is the best of all possible worlds The Deterrence concept In the context of Cold War the most critical deterrence issue was deterring the Soviet Union from undertaking an invasion of Western Europe The strategy used was countervalue threat and counterforce threat What is Counter-value Threat that Soviet leaders would not attack Nato (Western Europe) if they are convinced that the United States would retaliate for this action by using nuclear weapons against the Soviet Union i.e. something that Soviet leaders valued in this case the soviet homeland itself What is Counter-force Threat The warning that nuclear weapons would be used against the sinews(strength/will) of state power: military forces, leadership targets, targets relevant to military command and control Tactical Nuclear Weapons &Strategic Nuclear Weapons TNWs are delivered by means of tactical aircraft, artillery, short range missile or cruise missile TNW are generally use in battle against troop concentrations, ships or submarines. SNW usually are delivered at very long ranges by intercontinental ballistic missiles(ICBM), submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM). The weapons can strike deep into enemy territory thousand of miles away.

MALAYSIA-CHINA RELATIONS FACTORS AFFECTING MALAYSIA-CHINA RELATIONS Long historical interactions : relations between Malacca kingdom and imperial China Close geographical proximity a cause for concern , also reason for peaceful co-existence Differences in ideology and political system : major obstacles, removed after Cold War Socio-cultural ties : presence of large numbers of ethnic Chinese in Malaysia Economic pragmatism : a win-win situation DEVELOPMENT IN M-C RELATIONS Established diplomatic relations with PRC in May 1974. part of TunRazaks non-aligned foreign policy Since 1990s, increased bilateral functional collaboration, consultative mechanisms, tourism , education etc. Multilateral : close ASEAN-China ties thru various sectors/ levelsASEAN +, ARF, ADMM, EAS etc APPROACHES IN MFP TOWARDS CHINA

An example of asymmetric power relationssmaller states foreign policy towards a big power. Shift from hostility and guarded rapprochement during the Cold War to cordiality and maturing partnership after. Two-pronged approach took shape under Mahathir, continued into Abdullah and Najibs era

STRATEGIES/ RESPONSE Three types of strategies have been proposed to describe Malaysias response to China as a big power Balancing Band-wagoning hedging BALANCING STRATEGY The balancing school argues that ..to preserve their own security and survival, smaller countries are more likely to perceive a rising power as a growing threat that must be counterchecked by alliance and armament ..especially if and when that power is in geographical proximity, has offensive capability & offensive intention IS MALAYSIAS POLICY BALANCING? Did Malaysia enter into any military alliance with other powers for the purpose of counterchecking and containing the growing power of China? Did it significantly increase defence budget and upgrade its armament in a way that they are specifically targeted at China? BANDWAGONING STRATEGY This theory argues that .smaller countries are more likely to jump on the bandwagon by accepting a subordinate role to the rising power, either in exchange for economic aid and foreign policy rewards, or for security protection (if you cant beat them, join them!) IS IT BANDWAGONING? Did Malaysia accept a subordinate role to China? Did Malaysia align politically and militarily with China? Does Malaysia take into consideration Chinas core interests before it makes every major foreign policy decisions? ECONOMIC RELATIONS Economic pragmatismdirect trade, investment links since 1970s Dr Ms policy also motivated by economic gains when he first visited China 1985 Policy continued by PM Abdullah &NajibRazak Trade with China growing at a faster rate than that with the US & Japan MALAYSIAS STRATEGY? Neither balancing nor bandwagonign Balancing is strategically Not necessary because it would mean politically provocative, and economically unwise, no gain bandwagoning is economically gainful, but politically undesirable as it would arouse suspicion of others HEDGING STRATEGY

Hedging : a strategic behavior under the conditions of high uncertainties and high stakes , in which a country seeks to offset risks by pursuing multiple policy options that are intended to produce mutually-counteracting effects Taking middle position between main actors (major powers China, US, not to antagonise them Malaysias strategy: to avoid having to choose one side at the obvious expense of the other.

MALAYSIAN VIEWS ON CHINA DrMahathir : optimistic about China. China not a threat, but an opportunity, that SEA would welcome a wealthy China because it could share in the wealth it produced; fear of Chinas territorial expansion was largely the West projecting its own greed and hegemonic tendencies onto China. Najib (2005): on decision to accept the reality of Chinas rise is by no means a reflection of our fatalism or adopting a subservient position towards China. Others doubt if China can be socialized into the regional community, or be a responsible member of A-P community ECONOMIC PRAGMATISM Malaysias foreign policy towards China is also motivated by economic pragmatism Economic pragmatism : seeks to maximize gains from its direct trade and investment links with a country, regardless of any political problems that might exist between them Since 1970s : Malaysia forged direct trade ties with PRC DrMahathirs 1st visit 1985: mainly economic motivation Abdullah and Najib continued to pursue the policy.

KESBAN Concept of KESBAN Introduction The use of Malaysian armed Forces in fighting the second wave of communist insurgency was declared by Tun Abdul Razak in his opening speech of MTAT, who said that the purpose of the military is to fight communists and assist the government in implementing government policies. The second Malayan Emergency initiated in 1968 until 1989. KESBAN is the concept used by the Malaysian government to combat communist insurgency. KESBAN is a Bahasa Malaysia acronym of Keselamatan dan Pembangunan, which translates as Security and Development. KESBAN is defined as the sum total of all measures undertaken by the government agencies to protect the society from subversion, lawlessness and insurgency. KESBAN is also a Counter-Insurgency measure (COIN) whose objectives are: o to cut off the link between the insurgent and the people o to win hearts and minds of the people o twining program between security and development Security Dimension The security forces were responsible for: o To eliminate all forms communist insurgency thrust

o To provide a secure physical and psychological environment to ensure effective implementation of government development programs o To eliminate communist insurgents by force, targeting their organizational command, support, camps, sanctuaries and logistics. Development Dimension Sole responsibility of the civilian departments to: o Remove the potential causes of discontentment among the people by introducing viable measures of political, economy and social reforms. o Government to carry out short and long term programs for improving the living standards of the people. Philosophy of KESBAN Eradicate the elements that contribute to insurgency Implement positive programs to achieve political, economic and social development Reconstruction and rehabilitation of the ravaged areas Isolate insurgency forces from people Destruction of hardcore elements of insurgencies. Implementation of KESBAN The government established the National Security Council to tackle the problem. National Security Directives were released to implement KESBAN Created KESBAN belt 24kms across the Thai border stretching through states of Perlis, Kedah, Perak and Kelantan, and later included Langkawi Island running for approximately 580 kms. The belt was to deny the insurgents access to sanctuaries on the other side of the Thai border. This would also stop the smuggling of arms and drugs across the border. Priority is given to all development projects along the KESBAN belt. Develop the social economic status of the population of the affected areas especially along the Malaysian Thai border. The gazette area 580kms along the border increased from 24kms to 40kms from the border. Objectives of KESBAN Enhance social economic of people living along the KESBAN belt to bring them up Military to provide safety to people along the KESBAN belt To win hearts and minds of the people along KESBAN belt Reinforce the effort security forces in maintaining the security of Malaysia Facilitate security forces operations and to contain the communist insurgents Strategies to implement KESBAN All government agencies will give emphasis to KESBAN activities in all security and social economic projects. Jungle area communist operations areas, will be opened and developed, and populated with settlers and workers Between 1976 and 1980, all social economic projects will be approved under the 3rd Malaysian Plan with high priority. This would cut bureaucratic red tape to speed up necessary projects. Increase national resilience among local people by introducing local security units such as RELA and UKK (Unit Keselamatan Kampung - Village Security Units) Intensify combined operations with Thailand Cooperation with Thailand in developing the border areas.

Future of KESBAN (my view, but use your own) There are two main factors that should be considered: o The use of military to address domestic security issues o The concept of Security and Development The use of the military in KESBAN was specific to that era and it unlikely that the Malaysian Armed Forces will be tasked in a similar way, especially considering current trends of insurgencies in urban areas. With regards to the Security and Development concept. This concept is not new and certainly not created by KESBAN. Security and Development is a universal concept and an enduring one. It can also be argued that the socio-economic policies that were implemented during the 2 nd Malayan Emergency continued through the National Economic and National Development Policies. The governments push to eradicate poverty especially in rural areas has continued unabated. This would suppress any conditions for dissatisfaction or discontentment among the poor, and this in turn would dissuade these groups from turning to crime or rise up against the government. The concept of KESBAN that was implemented in the early 1970s may not be relevant for the future because conditions may be different. However, the enduring concept of creating a secure environment to facilitate socio-economic development will always be relevant

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT Remote Environment: Economic Factors GDP (Gross Domestic Product) Trends in the currencys value Unemployment rates Level of disposable income Propensity of people to spend Prime interest rates Inflation rates And other economic factors Trade deficits or surpluses Budget deficits and surpluses

Sociocultural Factors Beliefs, values, attitudes, opinions and lifestyles of people in the external environment as developed from: Cultural, ecological, Demographic (aging workforce, diversity & multiculturism) religious, educational and ethnic conditioning Way we live, work, produce and consume Single parent/working couples Shifts in work and career preferences

Political & Legal Factors O Legal and regulatory parameters within which firms must operate O Constraints are placed on firms through: fair-trade decisions

Antitrust laws Tax programs Minimum wage legislation Polluting and pricing policies Government administration Others such as laws on protecting employees, consumers, the general public and the environment

Technological Factors O Internet and computers O E-commerce O Product innovations O New communication technologies O Technological changes and breakthrough

Forecasting of future technological capabilities can help protect and improve the profitability of firms

Ecological Factors O Ecology refers to the relationships among human beings and other living things and the air, soil and water that supports them Air, water and land pollution Global warming Loss of habitat Biodiversity

Global Factors O O O O Important political events Critical global markets Newly industralized countries Different cultural and institutional attributes