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STATISTICS MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS

Ques) Why averages are called as measures of central value? Ans) Averages are statistical constants which enable us to comprehend in a single effort the significance of the whole. Averages are called measures of central value because averages give us an idea about the concentration of the values in the central part of the distribution. Ques) Write a formula to show relationship between mean, median and mode? Ans) Sometimes mode is estimated from the mean and the median. For a symmetrical distribution (A distribution in which observations equidistant from the central maximum have the same frequency), mean, median, mode coincide. If the distribution is moderately asymmetrical then mean, median and mode are connected by the following formula:

MODE= 3 MEDIAN 2 MEAN


Ques) Mention some special uses of geometric mean? Ans) Uses of geometric mean are as follows: It is used to find the rate of population growth and the rate of interest. It is used for describing the proportional growth. It is used in geometry to find the altitude of a right triangle from the hypotenuse etc. It is used in the construction of Index Numbers.

Ques) What do you understand by dispersion? What is the need of studying dispersion? Ans) Dispersion is the measure of extent to which individual items vary. L.R. Connor The degree to which numerical data tend to spread about an average value is called dispersion. Spiegel If we know the average alone, we cannot form a complete idea about the distribution as will be clear from the following example: Consider the series (i) 7,8,9,10,11, (ii) 3,6,9,12,15, (iii) 1,5,9,13,17. In all the three cases we see that n, the number of observations, is 5 and the mean is 9. If we are given that the mean of 5 observations is 9, we cannot form an idea as to whether it is the avg. of first series or second series or third series or of any other series of 5 observations whose sum is 45. Thus the measures of central tendency are not adequate to give us a complete idea of the distribution. Therefore we use other measure here, called dispersion. Dispersion means scatteredness. We study dispersion to have an idea about the homogeneity or heterogeneity of the distribution. In the above case we say that series (i) is more homogeneous (less dispersed) than the series (ii) or (iii) or we say that series (iii) is more heterogeneous (more scattered) than the series (i) or (ii).

Ques) What is coefficient of variation? What purpose does it serve? Ans) It is the percentage variation in the mean, standard deviation being considered as the total variation in the mean.

C.V. = /
OR The coefficient of variation (CV) is a normalized measure of dispersion of a probability distribution. It is also known as unitized risk or the variation coefficient. The coefficient of variation is useful because the standard deviation of data must always be understood in the context of the mean of the data. The coefficient of variation is a dimensionless number. So for comparison between data sets with different units or widely different means, one should use the coefficient of variation instead of the standard deviation. Ques) Indicate the area of Normal Distribution covered by X

1, X 2, X 3

68.2% b/w 1 95.5% b/w 2 99.7% b/w 3

Ques) 2000 students prepared in an examination. Distribution of marks is assumed to be normal with =30 and =6.25. What is the probability of students getting marks between 20 and 40? How many students are expected to get such marks? Ans) Here, =30, =6.25, Z= (X )/ Now we put X=20 and 40 in the above equation to calculate Z Scores. Z= (20 30)/6.25 = -1.6 and Z= (40 30)/6.25 = 1.6 i.e. we want to find Prob ( -1.6 Z 1.6)= Prob (Z 1.6) Prob (Z -1.6) = .9452 0.0548 =.8904 i.e. Probability of students getting marks between 20 and 40 is 89.04% Students who are expected to get such marks = 89.04% of 2000= 1780.8 ~ 1781 ans

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