ILUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES-1

1.1. Otto Cycle Engine Vs; Vc

Distinguish between the swept and clearance volumes of a reciprocating engine. Define
compression ratio.
The engine of the Ford Zephyr car has six cylinders of 82.55 mm bore and 79.5 mm
stroke. The compression ratio is 7.8. Determine the cubic capacity of the engine and the
clearance volume of each cylinder.
π  2 π 2
Swept volume of one cylinder =  d  =   x 8.255 x 7.95
 
4  
4
= 425.5 cm3 (or cc)
Cubic capacity of the engine = total swept volume of all cylinders
= 425.5 x 6 = 2553 cm3
total volume clearance volume + swept volume
Compression ratio, r = =
clearance volume clearence volume
swept volume
Or 7.8 = 1 +
clearance volume
swept volume
∴ = r − 1 = 7 .8 − 1 = 6 .8
clearance volume
Thus, clearance volume of each cylinder
swept volume 425.5
clearencevolume = = = 62.58 cm3
6.8 6.8
1.2. Bhp; fhp.
A certain engine produces 10 ihp. Its mechanical efficiency is 80 per cent. Find the
bhp delivered and friction horsepower (fhp).
bhp
Mechanical efficiency (ηm) =
ihp
bhp = ηm x ihp = 0.80 x 10 = 8
fhp = ihp – bhp = 10 – 8 = 2
1.3. Mechanical efficiency at various loads
A certain engine at full load delivers 100 bhp. It requires 25 fhp to rotate it without
fuel at the same speed. Find its mechanical efficiency.
Assuming that the mechanical losses remain constant what will be the mechanical
efficiency at (a) half load, (b) quarter load.
bhp 100 100
Mechanical efficiency ηm = = = = 0.80 or 80%
bhp + fhp 100 + 25 125

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(a) At half load
bhp 50 50
Mechanical efficiency η m = = = = 0.667 or 66.7%
bhp + fhp 50 + 25 75
(b) At quarter load
bhp 25 25
Mechanical efficiency η m = = = = 0.5 or 50 %
bhp + fhp 25 + 25 50
1.3. Petrol Engine: ihp; fhp; ηth; ηt; fuel and air consumption
A four-stroke petrol engine delivers 48 bhp with a mechanical efficiency of 80 per
cent. The fuel consumption of the engine is 0.3 kg per bhp-hr and the air-fuel ratio is 14:1.
The heating value of the fuel is 10000 kcal/kg. Find (a) ihp, (b) fhp, (c) brake thermal
efficiency (d) indicated thermal efficiency, (e) fuel consumption per hour, and (f) air
consumption/hr.
bhp
(a) Mechanical efficiency, η m =
ihp
bhp 48
∴ ihp = = = 60
η m 0 .8
(b) fhp = ihp – bhp = 60 – 48 = 12
3600
(c) 1 bhp-hr = 75 kgf m x = 632.5 kcal/hr
427
Brake thermal efficiency
ihp 632.5
ηth = = = 0.211 or 21.1%
fuel consumption x CV 0.3 x 10000
(d) Indicated thermal efficiency ηt is given by
η th = η t x η m

ηth 21.1
∴ ηt = = = 0.264 or 26.4 %
ηm 80
(e) Fuel consumption per hour
= bfsc x bhp = 0.3 x 48 = 14.4 kg
(f) Air consumption per hour = 14 x 14.4 = 202 kg.
15. SI Engine: ma; air and mixture volume
A SI engine has a fuel-air ratio of 0.07:1. How many kilograms of air per hour are
required for an output of 100 bhp at an overall efficiency of 20%? How many m3 of air are
required per hour if the density of air is 1.2 kg/m3? If the fuel vapour has a density four times
than of air, how many m3 per hour of the mixture is required? The caloric value of the fuel is
10500 kcal/kg.

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 η=
( bhp x 4500 x 60) /427
fuel consumption in kg/hr x C.V.
bhp x 4500 x 60 100 x 4500 x 60
∴ Fuel consumption in kg/hr = = = 30.05
427 x η x C.V. 427 x 0.20 x 10500
1
(a) ∴ Air consumption/hr = 30.05 x = 430 kg
0.07
Airconsumption 430
(b). Air volume/hr = = = 358 m3
ρair 1.2

30.05
Fuel volume/hr = x 4 = 6.26 m 3
1.2
(c.) ∴ Mixture volume = 358 + 6.26 = 364.3 m3
1.6. Diesel engine; fuel consumption
A diesel engine develops 5 bhp. Its indicated thermal efficiency is 30% and
mechanical efficiency 75%. Estimate the fuel consumption of engine in (a) kg/hr, (b) liters/hr,
(c) indicated specific fuel consumption, and (d) brake specific fuel consumption.
Assume the specific gravity of fuel oil as 0.87 and caloric value (CV) of the fuel
10000 kcal/kg.
bhp
Mechanical efficiency η m =
ihp
bhp 5
ihp = = = 6.66
η m 0.75
ihp
Indicated thermal efficiency =
fuel consumption x caloric value

0.30 =
( 6.66x4500x60) / 427
fuel consumption (kg/hr) x 10000
6.66 x 4500 x 60
(a). Fuel consumption in kg/hr = = 1.405 kg/hr
0.30 x 427 x 10000
W
(b). Fuel consumption in liters/hr =
1.405
= 1.615 liter/hr V=
0.87 γ
fuel consumption kg/hr 1.405 kg
(c). Indicated specific fuel consumption = = = 0.205
ihp 6.66 hp.hr
fuel consumption in (kg/hr) 1.405 kg
(d). Brake specific fuel consumption = = = 0.204
bhp 5 hp.hr
1.7. Ihp; ηm; air/hr; ηt; ηth
A two-stroke CI engine delivers 5000 bhp while using 1000 hp to overcome friction
losses. It consumes 1800 kg of fuel per hour at an air-fuel ratio of 20 to 1. The heating value

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of fuel is 10000 kcal/kg. Find (a) ihp, (b) mechanical efficiency, (c) air consumption per hr,
(d) indicated thermal efficiency, and (e) brake thermal efficiency.
(a). ihp = bhp + fhp = 5000 + 1000 = 6000
bhp 5000
(b). Mechanical efficiency η m = = = 0.83 or 83%
ihp 6000
(c). Air consumption/hr = A/F x fuel consumption/hr
= 20/1 x 1800 = 36000 kg
(d). Indicated thermal efficiency
ihp 6000 x 632.5
ηt = = = 0.211 or 21.1%
Fuel consumption x CV 1800 x 10000
(e). Brake thermal efficiency
η tb = ηt x ηm = 0.211 x 0.83 = 0.175 or 17.5 %

2.1. Carnot engine: hp; Theat source

A Carnot engine which rejects heat to a cooling pond at 27o C has an efficiency of 30
per cent. If the cooling pond receives 200 kcal per minute, determine the horse power of the
engine. Also find temperature of the heat source.
Q1 − Q 2 T1 − T2
η= =
Q1 T1

T1 − 300 300
0.30 = − 0.7T1 = −300 T1 = = 428.6 0 K = 155.6 0 C
T1 0.7
Q1 − 200 200
0.30 = − 0.7Q1 = −200 Q1 = = 286
Q1 0.7
∴ Work done/min = Q1 – Q2 = 286 – 200 = 86 kcal
86
hp = = 8.16 hp
10.54
2.2. Otto cycle: Air standard efficiency
The bore and stroke of an engine working on the Otto cycle are 17 cm and 30 cm
respectively. The clearance volume is 0.002025 m3. Calculate the air standard efficiency.
π 2 π
d  = (17 ) x 30 = 6800 cc
2
swept volume =
4 4
Clearance volume = 0.002025 x 106 cc = 2025 cc
Total cylinder volume = 6800 + 2025 = 8825 cc
8825
∴ Compressionratio(r ) = = 4.35
2025

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 1 1
∴ Air standard efficiency = 1 − = 1− = 1 − 0.566 = 44.4%
r γ −1
( 4.35) 1.4−1
2.3. Otto Cycle: p, v, T at salient points; ratio of heat supplied to heat rejected.
In an ideal Otto cycle the compression ratio is 6. The initial pressure and temperature
of the air are 1 kgf/cm2 and 1000C. The maximum pressure in the cycle is 35 kgf/cm2. For 1
kg of air flow, calculate the values of the pressure, volume, and temperature at the four salient
point of the cycle. What is the ratio of heat supplied to the heat rejected?
For air, R = 29.27 kgf/kg0 K; γ = 1.4
Solution:

3
35.0 kg/cm2
Q1
P2
2

P
4
Q2
1.0 kg/cm2 1

v
Point 1
p1 = 1.0 kgf/cm2 = 1x 104 kgf/m2 T1 = 100 0C= 373 0K
p1V1 = mRT
m R T 1 x 29.27 x 373
∴ V1 = = = 1.092 m 3
p1 1x10 4
Point 2

p1 V1γ = p 2 V2γ
γ
V 
p 2 = p1  1  = 1 x 61.4 = 12.3 kgf/cm 2
 V2 
V1 1.092
V2 = = = 0.182 m 3
6 6
p1 V1 p 2 V2
=
T1 T2

p 2 V2 12.3 x 0.182 x 373

∴ T2 = T1 = = 765 0 K or 492 0 C
p1 V1 1 x 1.092
Point 3
V3 = V2 = 0.182 m3, p3 = 35.0 kgf/cm2
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p3 p2
=
T3 T2

p3 35
T3 = T2 = x 765 = 2075 0 K or 1802 0C
p2 12.3
Point 4
p 3 V3γ = p 4 V4γ
γ 1.4
V  1 35
∴ p 4 = p 3  3  = 35x   = = 2.84kgf / cm 2
 V4  6 12.3

V4 = V1 = 1.092 m3
p 4 p1
=
T4 T1

p4 2.84
∴ T4 = T1 = 373 x = 1007 0 K or 734 0 C
p1 1
R 29.27
cv = = = 0.178 kcal/ 0 K
(J γ − 1) 427 (1.4 − 1)
Heat supplied = cv(T3 – T2) = 0.178(1802 – 734) = 0.178 x 1068 = 19 kcal
Heat rejected = cv(T4 – T1) = 0.178(734-100) = 0.178 x 634 = 11.6 kcal
heat supplied 19
∴ = = 1.64
heat rejected 11.6
2.4. Otto cycle: Tmax; η air standard; heat rejected.
In an ideal Otto cycle the air at the beginning of isentropic compression is at 1 kgf/cm 2
and 15 0C. The ratio of compression is 8. If the heat added during the constant volume process
is 250 kcal/kg, determine (a) the maximum temperature in the cycle, (b) the air standard
efficiency, (c) the work done per kg of air, and (d) the heat rejected. Take cv = 0.17 and γ =
1.4.
P 3 (a) T1 = 15 + 273 = 288 K
p1 = 1 kgf/cm2
2 p2 = p1 (V1/V2)γ = 1 x (8)1.4
= 18.45 kgf/cm2
T2 = T1 x (V1/V2)γ-1
4
= 188 x (8)1.4-1 = 288 x 23
1 = 663 K
v
Heat supplied = cv (T3 – T2)
250 = 0.17(T3 – 663)
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 T3 = (250/0.17) + 663 = 1470 + 663 = 2133 0K or 1860 0C
The maximum temperature in the cycle is 18600C
1 1 1
(b). Air standard efficiency = 1 − = 1− =1− = 1 − 0.435 = 0.565 = 56.5%
r γ −1
( 8) 0.4
2.3
(c). Work done = Heat supplied x Efficiency
= 250 x 56.5 = 141.2 kcal or 141.2 x 4.12 kgf-m = 582 kgf-m
(d). T4 = T3 x (V3/V2)γ-1 = 2133x(1/8)1.4-1 = 2133/23 = 927 0K
Heat rejected = cv(T4 – T1) = 0.17(927-288) = 0.17x639 =108.6 kcal/kg

2.5. Otto Cycle: ηair standard; γ; mep

Discuss the working of an engine on Otto cycle.
In an Otto cycle air at 150C and 1.05 kgf/cm2 is compressed adiabatically until the
pressure rises to 35 kgf/cm2. Calculate the air standard efficiency, the compression ratio, and
the mean effective pressure for the cycle. Take cv = 0.1715, R = 29.27
p1 V1γ = p 2 V2γ
1
V1  p 2  γ 1
∴ =  , = 0,714
V2  p1 
γ

0.714
 13 
r=  =6
 1.05 
1
η = 1− γ −1
r
1
η = 1− = 1 − 0.488 = 51.2%
6 0.4
p1 V1 p 2 V2
=
T1 T2

p 2 V2 13 1
∴ T2 = x T1 = x x 288 = 594 0 K
p1 V1 1.05 6

p 3 V3 p 2 V2
Now =
T3 T2

p 3 xT1 35
∴ T3 = = x 594 = 1600 0 K
p2 13

Heat Supplied = c v ( T3 − T2 ) = 0.1715(1600 − 594 ) = 171.5kcal / kg

∴ Work done = η x Q1 = 0.512 x 171.5 = 88 kcal/kg
To find swept volume

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p1 V1 = mRT1
mRT
∴ V1 = =
V1

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