GREEN REVOLUTION: GREEN REVOLUTION BECOMES EVERGREEN 1 Slide 2: The ambition of the Greatest man of our generation Mahatma

a Gandhi has been to wipe every tear from every eye. That may be beyond us, but as long as there are tears and suffering, so long our work will not be over. Jawaharlal Nehru in his famous speech on Indias Tryst with Destiny. 2 GREEN REVOLUTION: GREEN REVOLUTION - Green revolution refers to the Transformation of Agriculture through application of dwarf hybrid varieties of seeds, modern technology and improved agricultural practices along with better management of available resources. This term is given by William S. Gaud 3 GREEN REVOLUTION: GREEN REVOLUTION 4 Historical Aspects - Global: : Historical Aspects - Global: Agriculture Movement in Mexico 1944 Plant breeding station in Mexico Rockefeller foundation and Mexican government Self sufficiency in food-grains within 12 years (1944-1956) Exporter of food-grains within 8 years (1956-1964) 5 Indian Historical Aspects:: Indian Historical Aspects: Pre-Independence ERA: The Britishers only had commercial interest in India. As cash crops would generate more of revenue taxes for them they encouraged the farmers to cultivate cash crops like Cotton, Jute etc. The poor farmers could not rationalize the after effects of such changes in crop cultivation pattern and converted their lands to cash crops. This led to poor production, supply and higher prices of food grains. The world's worst recorded food disaster in 1943 in British-ruled India. 6 Indian Historical Aspects: (Contd): Indian Historical Aspects: (Contd) The Bengal Famine - About four million people died of hunger that year alone in eastern India (included Bangladesh). Paddy crop Blast of Rice While food shortage was a contributor to the problem, a more potent factor was the result of hysteria related to World War II which made food supply a low priority for the British rulers. Hoarding by Indian Traders. 7 AASHAYEIN..: AASHAYEIN.. 8 Post - Independence ERA:: Post - Independence ERA: Food security was a paramount item on free India's agenda. Between 1947 and 1967, efforts at achieving food self-sufficiency were not entirely successful. Efforts until 1967 largely concentrated on expanding the farming areas. In the year 1965-66 and 1966-67, drought over a vast area had accentuated the food insufficiency situation. Population was growing at a much faster rate than food production. This called for drastic action to increase yield. This awareness of food security led, on one hand, to the Green Revolution in India and, on the other, legislative measures to ensure that businessmen would never again be able to hoard food for reasons of profit. The action came in the form of the Green Revolution 9 SITUATION AROUND 1965: SITUATION AROUND 1965 Food grain production was insufficient to meet the demands of exponentially growing population. Efforts were restricted to expanding the farm area. 1951-1955 1956-1960 1961-1965 FOOD GRAIN 5.3 3.9 -2 NON FOOD GRAIN 2.1 5.1 0.9 ALL CROPS 4.3 4.3 -1 10 FACTORS WHICH LED TO GREEN REVOLUTION: FACTORS WHICH LED TO GREEN REVOLUTION BITTER EXPEREINCES UNDER THE PL 480 SCHEME The PL 480 scheme allowed India to import wheat from the U.S. Due to some internal reasons the states decided not to export wheat. This restriction at a critical time opened the eyes of Indian govt. They realized that it can no longer depend on foreign supplies for its domestic food consumption . NEGATIVE GROWTH RATE IN AGRICULTURAL SECTOR The first five year plan emphasized the importance of agriculture leading to increased productivity but by third five year plan the crop production dropped drastically . SPIRALLING POPULATION GROWTH RATE There were huge disparities between the rate at which food production and population were increasing. In order to feed the people the food production had to be increased substantially. 11 BASIC METHODS IN GREEN REVOLUTION :

BASIC METHODS IN GREEN REVOLUTION CONTINUED EXPANSION OF FARMING AREA Agricultural practices were extended to new areas . This added to the total productivity of food grain . DOUBLE CROPING EXISTING FARM LAND This was primary feature of the green revolution. It ensured at least two crops per year from a farm land. This became possible because of better irrigation facilities. USING SEEDS WITH IMPROVED GENETICS It dealt with the scientific aspects of the Green Revolution. ICAR came up with a high yielding variety of wheat-K68. This led to an increased productivity. The technique was also followed in the case of rice, corn and millet. 12 SOCIAL IMPACTS: SOCIAL IMPACTS 1.INCREASED EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY It led to increase in employment opportunity not only in agriculture sector but also in industrial sector. The growth of factories like tractor, pesticides, fertilizers etc has lead to increase in employment and their income level. 2.IMPROVED INCOME LEVEL OF PEOPLE The green revolution has led to increase in agriculture production with higher productivity. This has lead to increase in level of income, vertical movement of people in society . Many middle level farmer were able to change their class hierarchy and reached the upper strata in the society 3.IMPROVED STANDARDS OF LIVING India became self reliant in food production. Food was available to common masses 4 .BENEFIT TO CONSUMER With increase in food productivity food grains were available to common mass at reasonable price. . 13 ECONOMIC IMPACT : ECONOMIC IMPACT 1.INCREASE IN PRODUCTION It was during the period of the green revolution that India achieved food security on the national level at least in terms of total quantity of food grains production. 2. INDUSTRIAL GROWTH AND INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT Green revolution has led to the symbiotic relationship between a number of industries and farming sector as they provide input and output to each other. This led to a spurt in industrial growth in India. 3.IMPROVED CREDIT WORTHINESS Due to higher production and increase in the national income of the country, India was able to pay back loans it had taken from world bank and its affiliates for the green revolution. This improved India's credit worthiness in the eyes of lending agencies. 14 NEGATIVE ECONOMIC IMPACTS : NEGATIVE ECONOMIC IMPACTS SKEWED CROPPING PATTERN AND PRODUCTION (FROM 1967-68 TO 1992-1993) CROPS GROWTH RATE OF AREA (%) GROWTH RATE OF PRODUCTION (%) GROWTH RATES YEILD (%) GRAM -0.82 -0.48 0.33 RICE 0.57 2.83 2.88 WHEAT 1.66 4.88 3.16 SMALL MILLETS -3.23 -2.63 0.62 15 INTER STATE REGIONAL DISPARITY: INTER STATE REGIONAL DISPARITY STATE WISE PER YEILD OF FOOD GRAIN (kg/ha) REGIONAL / STATE 1970-1973 1980-1983 1992-1995 TAMILNADU 1352 1391 2100 HARYANA 1137 1553 2647 PUNJAB 1936 2651 3627 U.P 950 1248 1843 ASSAM 987 1010 1287 BIHAR 882 901 1347 ORISSA 813 798 1193 ALL INDIA 848 1030 1503 16 POLITICAL IMPACT: POLITICAL IMPACT IN THE INTERNATIONAL FORA Green revolution revolutionalized food crop production and helped India attain food security for its entire population. This elevated Indias position in the international community as a developing country from that of an under developed country. ON NATIONAL LEVEL: The govt, which was in power at the time of the green revolution, Took the right initiative to attain food security and ensuring food for deprived population of the country. These initiatives enjoyed wide support from the masses and thereby gave the ruling party considerable political mileage. AT THE LOCAL LEVEL The political equation at the local level changed after the emergence of the middle class facilitated by the achievements of food security and self sufficiency. The ruling party enjoyed the vote bank over a long period of time. 17 Why was it possible?: Why was it possible? 1. Dwarf gene: It helped the plant to divert most of its photosynthatic to reproductive part as compared to vegetative part. Old variety grain would have received 20% with these hybrids, now reproductive part received about 45-50% 2. Green revolution varieties were insensitive to day length so could be grown in varied agro climatic condition 3. Responsiveness to fertilizer application & water: New variety discovered had nearly exponential relationship with dose of fertilizer & water applied . 4. Lots of irrigation project started around that time in part of Punjab & western UP. 5. Lots of land was still to be brought under cultivation. 18 Why its not possible now ?: Why its not possible now ? 1. Photosynthetic constrain - plant like engines also have threshold point called as biological limit beyond which they can not be increased. 2. Blackman law of limiting factor providing all input the thing which is limited become limiting factor . 3.Land which is one of the most important factor in agriculture is a limiting resource i.e. you can not extend it infinitely. 4.We have almost exhausted all genetic diversity we had in past only few things are left as far as conventional breeding methods are concerned. 19

LIMITATIONS OF GREEN REVOLUTION: LIMITATIONS OF GREEN REVOLUTION India has failed to extend the concept of high yielding variety seeds to all crops It was confined to rice and wheat only. In regional terms it had shown best results in Punjab & Haryana and some parts of West Bengal, only. 20 PUNJAB AGRARIAN CRISIS: PUNJAB AGRARIAN CRISIS Rampant & widespread debt among farmers due to shrinking markets, stagnating state set support prices and increasing production cost Social inequalities exacerbated by the exclusion policies of Green revolution Ecological break down in both soil and water system 21 Slide 22: Even today there are places like Kalahandi (Orissa) where famine like conditions have been existing for many years & where starvation deaths have been reported. In 1978 & 1987 India faced severe drought due to poor monsoon. Even today Indias agricultural production falls short of its demand. We have imported sugar and onion in the past. 22 DIMINISHED CROP DIVERSITY: DIMINISHED CROP DIVERSITY . Indian farmers have planted 30,000 different varieties of rice over past 50 years ; with the varieties closely matched to soil and climate. . Plant responses to many stresses both biotic & abiotic are partly under genetic control .The flexibility in response to these stresses is increased when there is relatively more genetic diversity. 23 Slide 24: Green revolution resulted in planting fewer varieties of crops only high yielding varieties. HYVs have high degree of genetic uniformity. Over the long term, increasing reliance on a relatively few varieties leads to loss of well adapted genetically variable varieties through lack of use. 24 DRAWBACKS OF EXCESS USE OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS: DRAWBACKS OF EXCESS USE OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS Lower water holding capacity of soil. Decrease aeration as the soil losses the structure given by organic material Poorly aerated soils are less suitable for beneficial organisms & worsen the efficiency of plant roots to take up nutrients. High inputs of nitrogen fertilizer result in soil acidification. 25 NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF USE OF PESTICIDES: NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF USE OF PESTICIDES HYVs are more susceptible to diseases To overcome diseases farmers used pesticides. Pesticides such as organ phosphorous compounds are not break down in the environment,through food chain they enter into the body and deposited in the soft tissues Pesticides are present in the blood of people of Punjab. 26 The Crisis Now : The Crisis Now With the mid term appraisal of the plan, (2005) and the approach paper (2006), it is now official. The Finance Minister is reported to have made a wise statement saying that the economy is doing famously, but we dont know what to do to agriculture. Without a dynamic agriculture, inclusive growth becomes a mirage. Things become worse when it was suggested that: Indias net sown area unde r crops has fallen drastically for the first time; 2. Area under canal irrigation has fallen again for the first time in history. 27 Net Area Sown: Net Area Sown It was predicted at a constant of 141 million hectares, but 2003 changed all that: S.no. Year NAS (mn. ha.) 1. 1987/88 134.09 2. 1991/92 141.63 3. 1999/00 141.10 4. 2001/02 141.40 5. 2002/03 132.86 28 Short Run growth Sources: Short Run growth Sources If the loss in area sown cannot be reserved soon And canal area is not going to rise, As also the plans for reversing the ground water crisis is going to take time, Then growth has to emerge from Technology Non Land Inputs And Diversification And has to be operationalised at the level of Indias agro climatic resource regions. 29 : 30 Slide 31: 31

Policy: Policy Possibilities for widespread Rural Growth from diversification are great But policy is a constraint India has done it in the past and can do it again International Institutions can: - strengthen policies for strengthening small producer institutions - local capabilities for infrastructure development, communication and skill development CBOs and their role in local governance and economic structures - research on macro policies for widespread agricultural development; tariffs; financial instruments 32 Second Green Revolution: Second Green Revolution During the past decade, just as increasing affluence has led many Indians to demand more and different varieties of food, the gains of the Green Revolution have been slowing, so that today the Indian population is growing faster than the country's ability to produce more rice and wheat. The supply of arable land is second only to that of the United States, but its agricultural output lags far behind its potential. As a result, the government has had to turn to already stretched international markets, putting further pressure on high global food prices. With the right technology and public policy, economists say, India could help feed the world. Instead, it can barely feed itself. 33 Second Green Revolution: Second Green Revolution The country recently began what it calls a "food security mission" designed to increase production of its staples - wheat, rice and pulses, which include lentils and peas. Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh has called for what he termed a Second Green Revolution "so that the specter of food shortages is banished from the horizon once again. "Experts blame the agriculture slowdown on a variety of factors. India has failed to expand irrigation or access to loans for farmers, or to advance agricultural research. Groundwater is being depleted at alarming rates, a problem that climate change threatens to exacerbate. 34 Birth of a Third Green Revolution: Birth of a Third Green Revolution Corporate entry into agriculture could find an answer that has been plaguing the farm sector for long-proper and affordable price to farmers. Corporates know that the Indian agriculture sector is a potential goldmine that has not been tapped till now. Many of these corporates are making a beeline to the farmers doorstep for buying their produce, something which farmers have never experienced so far. Reliance Fresh Bhartis Field Fresh ITCs Choupal Fresh 35 Birth of a Third Green Revolution: Birth of a Third Green Revolution Cooperative movement - the governmental cooperative movement which was started with a similar idea of procuring, transporting and retailing the produce has been a major disaster with red tape and political interferences clogging its functioning. Supply Chain Management - all these big companies at the moment paying detailed attention to several aspects of the retail chain right from seed distribution, fertilizer application, improving irrigation technologies, facilitating credit, possessing and setting up cold storage, transporting and finally selling the produce. 36 The steps which need to be taken: The steps which need to be taken Identify in every state, the areas with a high untapped agricultural potential both under irrigated and rainfed conditions and develop them into Special Agricultural Zones. Special Agricultural Zones should aim to bring about small farm management revolution which can help to improve the productivity, profitability and sustainability of the major farming systems of the country. 37