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&dk[if*sm toH 'kwd,t=udrf jzpfay:vmjcif;


1990 ck/ arv taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ tjyD;wGif (NLD) ygwDrS wjynfvHk; rJtrsm;qHk;jzifh
tjywftowf tedkif&&Sdvmaomtcg(AFP)owif;Xmeonf(NLD). owif;rsm;udk az:jywdik f; &dk
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&dk[if*sm toH wwd,t=udrf jzpfay:vmjcif;


2000 ckESpfwGif( National United Party of Arakan )(NUPA) OuU a'gufwm cifarmifonf
eL(&f)qvifOuUOD;aqmifaom(Arakan Rohingya National Organization)(ARNO)ESifhr[mrdwf
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wmcifarmifonf &dk[if*smudv
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&dk[if*sm toH pwkwt=udrf jzpfay:vmjcif;


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cifxGef; (ac:) cdkif"l0Honf (Nationalities Youth Forum )(NYF) acgif;pOfatmufrS (Our Land and
Natural Resources in Burma )trnfjzifh pmrsufESm (28)rsufESmausmf&Sdaom pmtkyfwtkyfudk xkwf
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&if;om;vlrsdK;pkwckyHkpHa&;om;xm;ayonf//4if;a&;om;xm;rSKudk jyefzsufay;&ef/ pmtkyfrsm;udkvnf;
jzef@a0rSKudkrjyKvkyf&ef(ALP)rS4if;/ &cdkifvli,ftzG@J tpnf; (5)zGJ@rS4if;/ (RWU )rS4if;/ cdkif"l0HxHodk@( Email)jzifh pmrsm;ay;ydk@cJhonf// od@k &mwGifcdkif"l0HrS wkef@jyefrSKr&Sdojzifh armifcifxGef; (ac:) cdkif"l0Htm;
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aumfrwDtzGJ@0if(JackStarken)(uae'gedKifiHom;) (NRP.Program)aumfrwDOuUX (tvSnhfus) apm
a';ApfaxmxHo@dk 2006 ck/ ZEM0g&Dv(14)&ufae@pGJjzifh pmwapmifa&;om;umay;ydk@cJhonf// 4if;pm
wGiaf z:jyxm;aom ta=umif;t&mrsm;udktusOf;csKyfjyD; &Sif;jy&rnfqdkvsS if----

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vdu
k fonfudk Oya'pnf;urf;ESifhrnD[ka&;om;jcif;//
- ALP ESifh &cdkiftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. vkyfenf;vkyf[ef trkltusifhrsm;onf etz .vkyfenf; vkyf[ef
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(Racist Policies)udu
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)ESifh &cdkiftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm;

vufcHjyD; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufaeaom( NDF- DAB- NCUB- WLB )ESifh tjcm;aom tzGJ@tpnf;


rsm;udkyg aiGaxmufyHhaerSKtwGuf jyefvnfoHk;oyfrnf [ka&;om;jcif;//
. Tod@k a&;om;jcif;onf (ALP )ESifh &cdkiftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk rrSefruef
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vH;k udk ay:vpDtajymif;tvJtwGuf pdefac:rSKw&yfjzpfonf[kqdkedkifayonf//
Jack Starken

&dk[if*sm toH qrt=udrf jzpfay:vmyHk


EBO .

'g&dkwfwm OD;[efa,mifa0onf 2006 ckESpf =o*kwfv (2-3)&ufae@rsm;wGif( Chula


Long Korn University . Sigha Dum Conference Room )Y atmufwGifazmfjyxm;aom acgif;pOf
jzifh aqG;aEG;yGJwckudk jyKvkyfusif;ycJhonf// 4if;acgif;pOfrSm--First Rohingya Consultation Working Together to find a Solution, Faculty of Political Science,
Chula Long Korm University, Bangkok, Thailand.
Organized by South Asia Study Center, Faculty of Political Science,
Chula Long Korn University in Cooperation with National Reconciliation Program (NRP)

wd@k jzpfonf//
txufygacgif;pOfjzifh(First Rohingya Consultations)jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf(EBO) 'g&dkuf
wm OD;[efa,mifa0rSaiGulnDaxmufyrHh _jzifh ol(OD;[efa,mifa0)udk,fwidk f uruxjyKvkyfusif;ycJh
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&dk[if*smESD;aESmzvS,fyrGJ Sm OD;[efa,mifa0rS(Keynote Speeh by Mr. Harn Yawng Hwe, Director
of
NRP)acgif;pOfjzifhrdef;cGef;ajym=um;cJha=umif;od&&
Sd onf//
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