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ECG PROJECT REPORT

Mentor: Prof. Subhajit Sen


ECG CIRCUIT REPORT

R. Sai Krishna (200701168) P. Bharath Reddy (200701179)


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Table of Contents

1) Introduction 2) The design of the Detection circuit 3) Results of the simulation of Design circuit 4) The Monoshot Circuit Design 5) Results of simulation of Monoshot circuit 6) The Hardware Implementation

ECG CIRCUIT REPORT

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Introduction
Objective: The objective is to design a sensitive amplifier circuit that can detect ECG (Electrocardiogram) signals obtained from metal electrodes applied at the left arm (LA), Right arm (RA) and right leg(RL).

Brief description of the circuit: The circuit basically amplifies the difference between the right-arm (RA) lead and the left-arm (LA) lead with the right-leg (RL) lead as the ground or reference node (i.e. the RA or LA common mode should be about the same as RL). The circuit consists of a difference amplifier which is essentially a 2stage instrumentation amplifier (IA) followed by another amplifier/filter stage followed by a filter stage . The sharp R wave pulse needs to be detected using a circuit composed of a comparator and a monoshot (mono-stable multivibrator) that enables an oscillator to drive a speaker. A distinct beep sound is to be detected. The mono-shot may be required because the pulse is very narrow with respect to the period of the waveform typically 1 Hz or a heartbeat rate of 60 per minute. Specifications: Total Gain= 1000 to 3000 Signal lower cutoff freq.= 0.05 Hz Upper cutoff freq. = 150 Hz CMRR= Should be high (say 1000) R-wave pulse height = 1 mV

Desired Outputs: Plots from spice simulation of the design. Outputs from oscilloscope at different points in the circuit.

ECG CIRCUIT REPORT

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Our design can be split into two parts: Detection of R wave. Producing the beep sound with the signal.

The Detection Circuit design


Sub-circuit-1:

This part of the circuit has an amplification of approximately 12 and has a difference amplifier to remove the common-mode noise. The opamps used in the circuit are AD741. The high-pass filter with 16nf capacitor and 100k resistor is used to filter the dc voltage. V1 and V2 are the inputs from the right arm and left arm respectively. The reference voltage i.e., the right leg is grounded. Sub-circuit-2:

This part of the circuit is for amplification of the output of sub-circuit-1. The opamp used here is AD741. ECG CIRCUIT REPORT Page 4

Sub-circuit-3:

The above circuit is a Sallen-Key low pass filter with bandwidth 159Hz. The opamp used here is AD741. The use of low-pass filter in the circuit is to ensure that the AC noise is also removed if it remains during the stage of difference amplifier. The bandwidth of the main output signal will be less than 150Hz and greater than 5Hz. Hence the low pass filter successfully removes the remaining AC noise if at all it is present in the circuit. The combined circuit:

ECG CIRCUIT REPORT

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Spice Code: .subckt opamp in+ in- out R01 3 0 200k RO4 3 5 1K D1 3 4 DMODEL G1 3 0 in+ in- 1M CC 5 6 5P G2 6 0 3 0 1M R02 6 0 200K D3 6 7 DMODEL D4 0 7 DMODEL G3 0 out 6 0 0.1 R03 out 0 10 D5 out 9 DMODEL D6 out 9 DMODEL .MODEL DMODEL D(VREV = 12) .ends .subckt First v1 v2 vout X1 v1 2 5 opamp X2 v2 3 4 opamp R1 2 3 1K R2 2 5 1K R3 3 4 1K R4 5 6 24K R5 4 7 24K X3 6 7 8 opamp R6 6 0 100K R7 7 8 100k C 8 vout 1u R vout 0 1Meg .ends X5 3 4 5 First X6 5 6 Second X7 6 7 Sallen v1 1 0 pulse(0 0.5m 10m 5m 5m 0 800m) v2 2 0 pulse(0 -0.5m 10m 5m 5m 0 800m) v3 1 3 sine(300m 1m 150 0 1 0 10) v4 2 4 sine(300m 1m 150 0 1 0 10) .tran 1m 1000m 0.01 .subckt Sallen vin vout X1 3 4 vout opamp r1 vin 2 10k r2 2 3 24k c1 2 vout 15n c2 3 0 15n r3 4 0 24k r4 4 vout 10k .ends

.subckt Second v1 vout X1 v1 2 vout opamp R1 2 0 1k R2 2 vout 100k .ends

ECG CIRCUIT REPORT

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Results of spice simulation:

ECG CIRCUIT REPORT

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ECG CIRCUIT REPORT

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Monoshot circuit for sound

The opamp acts as a comparator and first 555 timer is in monostable mode. The input to the circuit is the output of the detection circuit. The output of the first 555 timer is sent to the second 555 timer which is configured to work in astable mode. This works as an oscillator of frequency of appx. 200Hz. Extension of previous spice code: .subckt Monoshot vin vout X1 vin vout 4 5 6 6 8 UA555 vcc 8 0 12 r1 6 8 500k c1 6 0 1u r 3 0 10k .ends .subckt oscill vin reset vout X1 vin vout reset 5 vin 7 8 UA555 vcc 8 0 12 c 2 0 15n r1 vin 7 100k r2 7 8 100k r 3 0 10k .ends X4 11 7 8 opamp X5 8 9 monoshot v6 12 0 pulse(0 12 0 0m 0m 10m 2m) X6 12 9 10 oscill

ECG CIRCUIT REPORT

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Results of Simulation: Comparator output:

555 timer output:

ECG CIRCUIT REPORT

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The input and output currents for the 555 timer circuits are controlled by load resistances applied w.r.t the 555 timer chip characteristics.

Hardware Implementation: The effecting factors: The input resistance of the human body is very high. The offset voltage of the opamp. The resistors are not ideal which affect the gain and CMRR.

The signals passed from the hands to the circuit are generally very low because of the high impedance of the body. Hence a small amplification is required before the removal of the common mode noise by the differential amplifier. Hence a small amplification of 3 was designed before the difference amplifier of a amplification 4. The output of the sub-circuit-1 of the detection circuit was not able to remove the dc offset when the circuit was switched on. The signal got at the output of the high pass filter gave a negative dc offset. The problem we noticed was the input offset current of the opamp which is around 1nA created a negative offset of 20mV in presence of 1Mega resistor of the high pass filter. This affected the overall output as the amplification in next stage was around 100. To solve this problem, we connected a potentiometer across the offset terminals of AD741 opamp i.e, across the 1 and 5 terminals. At a particular point the DC offset was nullified. ECG CIRCUIT REPORT Page 11

Also, initially we used we connected the wires directly to the hands and right leg and tested the signal. The signal strength was very low and the result was not clearly visible. So, we used the AgCl (silver chloride) electrodes which are actually used with the ECG machines. Using the electrodes the signal strength was pretty good and the result was clearly visible. The output had two frequencies, one, the output of 2nd 555 timer circuit and the other the input frequency signal. The output signal frequency was more significant.

ECG CIRCUIT REPORT

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