Tutorial19. PulverizePuvadCoal

Tutorial 19.
Pulverized Coal Combustion in a 2D Furnace

Introduction: A pulverized coal combustion simulation involves modeling a continuous gas phase ow eld and its interaction with a discrete phase of coal particles. The coal particles, traveling through the gas, will devolatilize and undergo char combustion, creating a source of fuel for reaction in the gas phase. Reaction can be modeled using either nite-rate chemical kinetics or the PDF mixture-fraction approach. In this tutorial you will model a simpli ed coal combustion furnace using the PDF model for the reaction chemistry. You will use two mixture fractions: one for the volatile portion of the coal fuel and one for the char portion. In this tutorial you will learn how to: Prepare a two-mixture fraction PDF le for a pulverized coal fuel using the prePDF preprocessor De ne FLUENT inputs for PDF chemistry modeling De ne a discrete second phase of coal particles Solve a coupled simulation involving reacting discrete phase coal particles The mixture-fraction PDF modeling approach allows you to model non-premixed turbulent combustion by solving transport equations for one or two conserved scalars the mixture fractions. Multiple chemical species, including radicals and intermediate species, may be included in the problem de nition and their concentrations will be derived from the predicted mixture fractions using

the assumption of equilibrium chemistry. Property data for the species are accessed through a chemical database and turbulencechemistry interaction is modeled using a Beta function or doubledelta function probability density function PDF. See the FLUENT User's Guide for more detail on the PDF modeling approach. menu structure in FLUENT, and that you have solved Tutorial 1 or its equivalent. Some steps in the setup and solution procedure will not be shown explicitly. in this tutorial is a simple 10 m by 1 m two-dimensional duct depicted in Figure 19.1. Only half of the domain width is modeled because of symmetry. The inlet of the 2D duct is split into two streams. A high-speed preheated stream near the center of the duct enters at 50 m s and 1500 K and spans 0.125 m. The other stream enters at 15 m s and 600 K and spans 0.375 m. Coal particles enter the furnace near the center of the high-speed stream with a mass ow rate of 0.1 kg s in half of the furnace total ow rate of coal particles in the furnace is 0.2 kg s. The air ow rate is 4.743 kg s in half of the furnace, yielding an equivalence ratio of 0.23 fuel lean conditions. The duct wall has a constant temperature of 1200 K. The Reynolds number based on the inlet dimension and the average inlet velocity is about 100,000. Thus, the ow is turbulent.
Prerequisites: This tutorial assumes that you are familiar with the
Problem Description: The coal combustion system considered
19-2
Fluent Inc. May 22, 1997
T = 1200 K
w
Air: 15 m/s, 600 K 0.5 m Coal Injection: 0.1 kg/s Air: 50 m/s, 1500 K
0.125 m
Symmetry Plane 10 m
Figure 19.1: 2D Furnace with Pulverized Coal Combustion
Preparation for prePDF
1. Start prePDF by typing prepdf at the system prompt.

When you use the mixture-fraction PDF model, you prepare a PDF le with the preprocessor, prePDF. The PDF le contains information that relates species concentrations and temperatures to the mixture fraction values, and is used by FLUENT to obtain these scalars during the solution procedure.
Step 1: De ne the Preliminary Adiabatic System in prePDF

1. De ne the prePDF model type. Setup ,!Case...
19-3
a Enable the Secondary Stream option.

Enabling a secondary stream allows you to keep track of two mixture fractions. For coal combustion, this allows you to track volatile matter the secondary stream separately from the char fuel stream. You can model coal using a single mixture fraction, but the two mixture fraction approach gives better accuracy.
b Enable the Secondary stream option under Empirically De ned Streams.
This will allow you to de ne the secondary stream volatiles using the empirical input option. The empirical input option allows you to de ne the composition in terms of atom fractions of H, C, N, and O, along with the lower heating value and heat capacity of the fuel. This is a useful option when the ultimate analysis and heating value of the coal are known. Here, you will apply this input option to de ne the volatile matter in the coal.
19-4

c Keep the default setting of Adiabatic.
The coal combustor studied in this tutorial is a nonadiabatic system, with heat transfer at the combustor wall and heat transfer to the coal particles from the gas. Therefore, a nonadiabatic combustion system must be considered in prePDF. Because nonadiabatic calculations are more time-consuming than those for adiabatic systems, you will start the prePDF setup by considering the results of an adiabatic system. By computing the PDF equilibrium chemistry results for the adiabatic system, you will determine appropriate system parameters that will make the nonadiabatic calculation more e cient. Speci cally, the adiabatic calculation will provide information on the peak adiabatic ame temperature, the stoichiometric mixture fraction, and the importance of individual components to the chemical system. This process of beginning with an adiabatic system calculation should be followed in all PDF calculations that ultimately require a nonadiabatic model. The Equilibrium Chemistry option is recommended in most PDF-based simulations. The alternate option mixed is burned requires less computation but is generally less accurate. Note: When you use two mixture fractions, you do not select the PDF model type Delta PDF or Beta PDF in prePDF. Instead, you will select the PDF form in FLUENT, where the PDF integrations will be performed.
d Keep the default setting of Equilibrium Chemistry.
e Click Apply and close the panel.
19-5
Pulverized Coal Combustion in a 2D Furnace 2. De ne the chemical species in the system.

The choice of which species to include depends on the fuel type and combustion system. Guidelines on this selection are provided in the FLUENT User's Guide. Here, you will assume that the equilibrium system consists of 13 species: C, Cs, CH4, CO, CO2, H, H2, H2O, N, N2, O, O2, and OH. C, H, O, and N are included because the secondary stream volatiles will be de ned in terms of these atom fractions, using the empirical" input method. ! You should include both C and CS in the system when the empirical input option is used.
Setup ,! Species ,!De ne...
a Set the Maximum of Species to 13. b Select the top species in the De ned Species list initially labeled UNDEFINED. 19-6
c Fluent Inc. May 22, 1997

c In the Database Species drop-down list, use the slider bar to scroll the list, and select C. The De ned Species list now shows C as the rst entry. d Select the next species in the De ned Species list or increment the Species counter to 2. e In the Database Species drop-down list, use the slider bar to scroll the list, and select the next species CS. f Repeat steps d and e until all 13 species are de ned. g Click Apply and then close the panel.
!
Don't forget to click Apply before closing the panel.
Note: In other combustion systems, you might want to include additional chemical species.
19-7
Pulverized Coal Combustion in a 2D Furnace 3. Determine the fuel composition inputs.

The fuel considered here is known, from proximate analysis, to consist of 28 volatiles, 64 char, and 8 ash. You will use this information, along with the ultimate analysis given below, to de ne the coal composition in prePDF. You will de ne the composition of the fuel stream char to be 100 CS. The secondary stream composition volatiles is derived as follows. Begin by converting the proximate data to a dry-ash-free basis:
Proximate Analysis Wt dry Volatiles 28 Char Cs 64 Ash 8 Element C H O N S Wt DAF 89.3 5.0 3.4 1.5 0.8
Wt DAF 30.4 69.6 -
The ultimate analysis, for the dry-ash-free coal, is known to be:
Wt DAF 89.3 5.0 3.4 2.3 -
Note that in the nal column, for modeling simplicity, the sulfur content of the coal has been combined into the nitrogen mass fraction. We can combine the proximate and ultimate analysis data to yield the following elemental composition of the volatile stream:
19-8

Element C H O N Total Mass 89.3 - 69.6 5.0 3.4 2.3 30.4 Wt 0.65 0.16 0.11 0.08 Moles 5.4 16 0.7 0.6 22.7 Mole Fraction 0.24 0.70 0.03 0.03
You will enter the mole fractions in the nal column, above, in order to de ne the volatile composition. prePDF will use this information, along with the volatile heating value, to de ne the species present in the volatile matter. The lower heating value of the volatiles can be computed from the known heating value of the coal and the char DAF: LCVcoal DAF = 35.3 MJ kg LCVchar DAF = 32.9 MJ kg
; ;
We can compute the heating value of the volatiles as:

LCVvol
or
0:696 32:9 MJ=kg = 35:3 MJ=kg , 0 :304

LCVvol
= 40:795 MJ=kg
19-9
Pulverized Coal Combustion in a 2D Furnace 4. Enter the fuel, secondary stream, and oxidizer compositions. Setup ,! Species ,!Composition... a Select the Fuel-Stream radio button to request input of
the fuel stream char composition.
The fuel stream char consists of 100 solid carbon, CS.
b Select CS in the De ned Species list and enter 1 in the Mole Fraction eld.
19-10

c Select the Oxidiser-Stream radio button to enable input of the oxidizer stream composition.
The oxidizer air consists of 21 O2 and 79 N2.
d Select O2 in the De ned Species list and enter 0.21 in the Mole Fraction eld. e Select N2 in the De ned Species list and enter 0.79 in the Mole Fraction eld.
19-11

f Select the Secondary-Stream radio button to enable input of the secondary stream volatiles composition.
Note: Because the empirical input option is enabled for the secondary stream, you will be prompted to enter atom mole fractions for C, H, O, and N, along with the heating value and heat capacity of the volatile matter.
g Select C in the De ned Species list and enter 0.24 in the Atom Mole Fraction eld. h Select H in the De ned Species list and enter 0.7 in the Atom Mole Fraction eld. i Select N in the De ned Species list and enter 0.03 in 19-12

the Atom Mole Fraction eld. j Select O in the De ned Species list and enter 0.03 in the Atom Mole Fraction eld. k Enter 4.0795e7 for the Lower Caloric Value and 1000 for the Speci c Heat. l Click Apply and close the panel.
19-13
Pulverized Coal Combustion in a 2D Furnace 5. De ne the density of the solid carbon. Assume 1300 kg m3. Setup ,! Species ,!Density...
a Select CS in the De ned Species list. b Enter 1300 under Density. c Click Apply and close the panel.
Note: prePDF will use this information during computation of the mixture density for the fuel. You should enter the density of solid char. This input will di er from the coal density de ned in FLUENT, which is the apparent density of the ashcontaining coal particles.
19-14
Pulverized Coal Combustion in a 2D Furnace 6. De ne the system operating conditions.

The system pressure and inlet stream temperatures are required for the equilibrium chemistry calculation. The fuel and secondary stream inlet temperatures for coal combustion should be the temperature at the onset of devolatilization. The oxidizer inlet temperature should correspond to the air inlet temperature. In this tutorial, the coal devolatilization temperature will be set to 400 K and the air inlet temperature is 600 K. The system pressure is one atmosphere.
Setup ,!Operating Conditions...
a Enter the Fuel, Oxidiser, and Secondary inlet temperatures. b Click Apply and close the panel.
19-15
Step 2: Compute and Review the Adiabatic System prePDF Look-up Tables
1. Accept the default PDF solution parameters. Setup ,!Solution Parameters...
The look-up table calculation performed by prePDF will result in a table of values for species mole fractions and temperature at a set of discrete mixture fraction values. You control the number and distribution of these discrete points using the Solution Parameters panel. You can also set the Fuel Rich Flamability Limit in this panel. The Fuel Rich Flamability Limit allows you to perform a partial equilibrium" calculation, suspending equilibrium calculations when the mixture fraction exceeds the speci ed rich limit. This increases the e ciency of the PDF calculation, allowing you to bypass the complex equilibrium calculations in the fuel-rich region, and is more physically realistic than the assumption of full equilibrium.
19-16

We will use the default rich limit of 0.7 for the fuel stream char. For empirically de ned streams here, the secondary stream or volatile matter, the rich limit is always 1.0 and cannot be altered.
a Accept the default settings and simply close the panel.
19-17
Pulverized Coal Combustion in a 2D Furnace 2. Save your inputs coal-sec-ad.inp. File ,! Write ,!Input... 3. Calculate the adiabatic system chemistry. Calculate ,!Calculate
During the calculation, prePDF rst retrieves thermodynamic data from the database. Then the instantaneous values of temperature, composition, and density at the discrete mixture-fraction secondarypartial-fraction points 21 points as de ned in the Solution Parameters panel are calculated. The result will be a set of tables containing instantaneous values of species mole fractions, density, and temperature at each discrete value of these two parameters. Computation of the mean values by integration over the beta or doubledelta PDF is performed in FLUENT when two mixture fractions are used. prePDF reports the progress of the look-up table construction in the console window. When the calculations are complete, prePDF will warn you that equilibrium calculations have been performed for the secondary inlet. You can simply acknowledge this warning, as the equilibrium conditions predicted do not impact your modeling inputs unless the secondary stream is representing a gaseous fuel inlet.
4. Save the adiabatic PDF File coal-sec-ad.pdf. File ,! Write ,!PDF...

19-18
Pulverized Coal Combustion in a 2D Furnace 5. Examine the temperature mixture-fraction relationship in

the adiabatic system.
The results of the adiabatic calculation provide insight into the system description that will be used for the nonadiabatic calculation.
Graphics ,!Property Table...
a Select TEMPERATURE from the Plot Variable list and then click Display Figure 19.2.
The temperature display shows how the instantaneous system temperature varies with the fuel stream char and secondary stream volatiles mixture fraction values. This system description will be integrated over the PDF within FLUENT in order to determine the time averaged temperature in the turbulent ame. The temperature mixture-fraction relationship shows that the peak ame temperature is about 2450 K and occurs at fuel and secondary stream mixture fractions of approximately 0.1. The relatively high ame temperature is a result of the high preheat in the combustion air.
19-19
2.5E+03
2.0E+03
T E M P E R A T U R E K
1.6E+03
8.00E-01
1.00E+00
1.2E+03
6.00E-01 P-SECONDARY
8.1E+02
2.00E-01
4.00E-01
4.0E+02
0.00E+00 2.00E-01 4.00E-01 6.00E-01 8.00E-01
0.00E+00 1.00E+00
F-FUEL
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES TABLE INSTANTANEOUS FLAME TEMPERATURE
prePDF V2.00
Fluent Inc.
Figure 19.2: Instantaneous Temperature: Initial Adiabatic prePDF Calculation
19-20
Pulverized Coal Combustion in a 2D Furnace 6. Modify the solution parameters.

You can improve the prePDF prediction by optimizing the distribution of discrete mixture fraction values, clustering them around the stoichiometric mixture fraction values.
Setup ,!Solution Parameters...
a Set the Distribution Center Point for the Fuel Mixture Fraction and the Secondary Partial Fraction to 0.2.
The Distribution Center Point controls the distribution of the discrete mixture-fraction values at which the PDF system chemistry is computed. Setting the distribution on the rich side of the stoichiometric mixture fraction is optimum. Here, this yields a center point value of 0.2.
b Click Apply. c Con rm by clicking Yes the automatic calculation of the rich ame stoichiometry.
19-21

Note: When you choose the automatic calculation of the rich ame stoichiometry, prePDF will determine the composition at the rich limit using the equilibrium calculation. If you do not choose automatic calculation, you need to input the molar stoichiometry at the rich limit.
d Close the Solution Parameters panel.
19-22
Pulverized Coal Combustion in a 2D Furnace 7. Save the modi ed input le coal-sec-ad2.inp. File ,! Write ,!Input... 8. Calculate the modi ed adiabatic system chemistry. Calculate ,!Calculate
When the calculations are complete, prePDF will again warn you that equilibrium calculations have been performed for the secondary inlet. As before, simply acknowledge this warning.
9. Save the modi ed adiabatic PDF le coal-sec-ad2.pdf. File ,! Write ,!PDF...
19-23
Pulverized Coal Combustion in a 2D Furnace 10. Examine the modi ed temperature mixture-fraction relationship in the adiabatic system. Graphics ,!Property Table...
The temperature mixture-fraction relationship shows that the peak ame temperature is about 2500 K, slightly higher than in the previous prediction. The increase is due to the improved resolution of the look-up table in the region of the stoichiometric mixture fraction.
19-24
2.5E+03
2.1E+03
1.7E+03
8.00E-01
1.00E+00
1.2E+03
8.2E+02
2.00E-01
4.00E-01
4.0E+02
0.00E+00 2.00E-01 4.00E-01 6.00E-01 8.00E-01
0.00E+00 1.00E+00
F-FUEL
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES TABLE INSTANTANEOUS FLAME TEMPERATURE
prePDF V2.00
Fluent Inc.
Figure 19.3: Instantaneous Temperature: Modi ed Adiabatic prePDF Calculation

Note: The adiabatic ame temperature predicted by the adiabatic system calculation will be used to select the maximum temperature in the nonadiabatic system calculation.
19-25
Step 3: Create and Compute the Nonadiabatic prePDF System
Creating a nonadiabatic PDF system description requires that you do the following: Rede ne the system as nonadiabatic. Set the peak system temperature based on the adiabatic result of 2500 K.
After these modi cations, you will recompute the system chemistry and save a nonadiabatic PDF le for use in FLUENT.
19-26
Pulverized Coal Combustion in a 2D Furnace 1. De ne the prePDF model type as nonadiabatic. Setup ,!Case...
a Select the Non-Adiabatic option and click Apply.
19-27
Pulverized Coal Combustion in a 2D Furnace 2. Set the system temperature limits.

Minimum and maximum temperatures in the system are required when the PDF calculation is nonadiabatic. The minimum temperature should be a few degrees lower than the lowest boundary condition temperature e.g., the inlet temperature or wall temperature. In coal combustion systems, the minimum system temperature should also be set below the temperature at which the volatiles begin to evolve from the coal. Here, the vaporization temperature at which devolatilization begins will be set to 400 K. Thus, the minimum system temperature is set to 298 K the default. The maximum temperature should be at least 100 K higher than the peak ame temperature found in the preliminary adiabatic calculation. Here, the maximum temperature will be taken as 2800 K, well above the peak adiabatic system temperature of 2500 K.
Setup ,!Operating Conditions...
19-28

a Enter 298 and 2800 for the min max temperatures.
!
The minimum and maximum temperature limits must not be exceeded during the calculation of the equilibrium chemistry. prePDF will issue a warning message if these limits are exceeded.
19-29
Pulverized Coal Combustion in a 2D Furnace 3. Save the nonadiabatic system inputs coal-sec.inp. File ,! Write ,!Input... 4. Compute the nonadiabatic PDF look-up tables. Calculate ,!Calculate
The nonadiabatic prePDF calculation requires much more computation than the adiabatic calculation. prePDF begins by accessing the thermodynamic data from the database. Next, the enthalpy eld is initialized and the enthalpy grid adjusted to account for inlet conditions and solution parameters. Next, instantaneous values of temperature, composition, and density at the discrete mixturefraction secondary-partial-fraction enthalpy points 21 points as de ned in the Solution Parameters panel are calculated. The result will be a set of tables containing instantaneous values of species mole fractions, density, and temperature at each discrete value of these three parameters. Computation of the mean values over the beta or double-delta PDF is performed in FLUENT when two mixture fractions are used. When the calculations are complete, prePDF will warn you that equilibrium calculations have been performed for the secondary inlet. As noted above, you can simply acknowledge this warning, which has no impact on your inputs when you are modeling coal or liquid fuels.
19-30
Pulverized Coal Combustion in a 2D Furnace 5. Write the PDF output le coal-sec.pdf. File ,! Write ,!PDF... 6. Review one slice of the 3D look-up table prepared by prePDF. Graphics ,!3D Nonadiabatic Table...
Note: Review of the 3D look-up tables is accomplished on a sliceby-slice basis. By default, the slice selected is that corresponding to the adiabatic enthalpy values. This display should look very similar to the look-up table created during the adiabatic calculation. You can select other slices of constant enthalpy for display, as well.
19-31
2.5E+03
2.1E+03
1.7E+03
8.00E-01
1.00E+00
1.2E+03
8.2E+02
2.00E-01
4.00E-01
4.0E+02
0.00E+00 2.00E-01 4.00E-01 6.00E-01 8.00E-01
0.00E+00 1.00E+00
F-FUEL
ENTHALPY SLICE NUMBER 23 INSTANTANEOUS FLAME TEMPERATURE
prePDF V2.00
Fluent Inc.
Figure 19.4: Nonadiabatic Temperature Look-up Table on the Slice Corresponding to Adiabatic Enthalpy
19-32
Pulverized Coal Combustion in a 2D Furnace 7. Examine the species mixture-fraction relationship in the nonadiabatic system. Graphics ,!3D Nonadiabatic Table...
a Select SPECIES from the Plot Variable list. b In the Species Selection panel, select CS in the Species drop-down list and click OK.
c Click Display in the 3D-Nonadiabatic-Table panel Figure 19.5.
19-33
1.0E+00
8.0E-01
M O L E F R A C T I O N
6.0E-01
8.00E-01
1.00E+00
4.0E-01
2.0E-01
2.00E-01
4.00E-01
0.0E+00
0.00E+00 2.00E-01 4.00E-01 6.00E-01 8.00E-01
0.00E+00 1.00E+00
F-FUEL
ENTHALPY SLICE NUMBER 23 SPECIES C(S)
prePDF V2.00
Fluent Inc.
Figure 19.5: Instantaneous Cs Mole Fractions: Nonadiabatic prePDF Calculation
8. Plot the instantaneous mole fractions for CO Figure 19.6. 9. Exit from prePDF. File ,!Exit
19-34
3.3E-01
2.7E-01
M O L E F R A C T I O N
2.0E-01
8.00E-01
1.00E+00
1.3E-01
6.7E-02
2.00E-01
4.00E-01
0.0E+00
0.00E+00 2.00E-01 4.00E-01 6.00E-01 8.00E-01
0.00E+00 1.00E+00
F-FUEL
ENTHALPY SLICE NUMBER 23 SPECIES CO
prePDF V2.00
Fluent Inc.
Figure 19.6: Instantaneous CO Mole Fractions: Nonadiabatic prePDF Calculation
19-35
Preparation for FLUENT Calculation

1. Copy the le
With the PDF le creation completed, you are ready to use the PDF model in FLUENT and predict the combusting ow in the coal furnace.
path Fluent.Inc fluent4.4 tut 19 coal.grd
from the FLUENT installation area to your working directory. path is the directory in which you have placed the release directory, Fluent.Inc.
2. Start FLUENT.
The mesh le coal.grd is a quadrilateral mesh describing the system geometry shown in Figure 19.1.
19-36
Step 4: Allocate Memory
Allocate memory for the coal combustion problem. De ne ,!Allocate...
1. Set the Max. Number of Cells to 1525, the Max. Number of
Species to 5, the Max. Number of Reactions to 1, and the Max. Number of Particle Injections to 10. 2. Under Create Space for, select k-e RNG Turbulence and PDF Combustion.
19-37
Step 5: Grid
1. Read the 2D mesh le, coal.grd. File ,! Read ,!Grid...
Click on No when asked if you wish to scale the grid.

Note: The FLUENT console window reports that the mesh contains 1525 cells.
2. Display the zone types in the grid Figure 19.7. De ne ,!Cells...
Click on Display and use the middle mouse button to zoom in on di erent portions of the display. 19-38

13 I1 12 I1 11 I1 10 I1 9 I1 8 I2 7 I2 6 I2 5 I2 4 I2 3 I2 2 I2 J 1 I
FLUENT Grid File /* CONFIGURATION = coal-fluent */ Computational Grid Apr 26 1996 Fluent 4.40 Fluent Inc.
S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 1
Figure 19.7: Zone Type Display

The high-speed stream enters through INLET-2, on the lower left of the grid, and the low-speed stream enters through INLET-1, on the upper left. The ow then exits through the OUTLET boundary at the right.
19-39
Step 6: Models: Continuous Gas Phase

the k- turbulence model. De ne ,!Models...
1. Enable calculation of heat transfer and species, and turn on
2. Click Apply and close the panel.

Note: As indicated in the problem description, the Reynolds number of the ow is about 105. Thus the ow is turbulent and the high-Re k- model is suitable.
19-40
Pulverized Coal Combustion in a 2D Furnace 3. Activate the PDF chemistry calculation. De ne ,!Species...
a Select the PDF Di usion option under Reaction Models. b In the Select File dialog box, select and read the nonadiabatic PDF le coal-sec.pdf.
Note: FLUENT reports in the console window that it is reading the nonadiabatic PDF le containing 13 species and a secondary mixture fraction, and lists information about each of the species.
FLUENT will open the Select File dialog box, requesting input of the PDF le to be used in the simulation.
19-41

c In the Species list in the De ne Species panel, select the following 5 species to be transferred to FLUENT: CS, CO, CO2, H2O and O2.
Use the scroll bar to the right of the list to access all species. Note: The transfer of species to FLUENT allows you to select which species will be available during postprocessing. It has no other impact on your solution and the selection of transferred species can be altered during postprocessing. One approach is to transfer all species, although this approach requires the most computer memory. At a minimum, you must transfer the chemical species that will be used in the calculation of the di usion-controlled char burnout rate i.e., O2.
-
d Click Apply and close the panel. 4. De ne a title for the problem e.g., "coal combustion PDF model with secondary stream".
SETUP-1
,!TITLE
19-42
Step 7: Boundary Conditions
De ne ,!BCs... 1. Set thermal conditions for W-WALL-1 the furnace wall.

The furnace wall will be treated as an isothermal boundary at 1200 K.
a Select Temperature in the Type drop-down list. b Enter 1200 in the Temperature eld. c Click Apply and close the panel. 2. Set the following conditions for INLET-1 the low-speed inlet boundary.
19-43
a b c d
Enter 15 in the U M S eld. Enter 600 in the Static Temperature eld. Enter 10 and 0.375 under the Turbulence Parameters. Click Apply and close the panel.
Note: Turbulence parameters are de ned here based on intensity and characteristic length. The relatively large turbulence intensity of 10 may be typical for combustion air ows. The
19-44

characteristic length has been set to the height of the 2D inlet stream. Under PDF Parameters, you de ne the inlet Fuel and Secondary Fraction and their Variance. For coal combustion, all fuel comes from the discrete phase and thus the gas phase inlets have zero mixture fraction values. Therefore, you can accept the zero default settings.
19-45
Pulverized Coal Combustion in a 2D Furnace 3. Set the following conditions for INLET-2 the high-speed inlet boundary.
a b c d 19-46
Enter 50 in the U M S eld. Enter 1500 in the Static Temperature eld. Enter 10 and 0.125 for the Turbulence Parameters. Click Apply and close the panel.
Step 8: Physical Properties: Continuous Phase
All thermodynamic data including density, speci c heat, and formation enthalpies are extracted from the prePDF chemical database when the PDF model is used. These properties are transferred to FLUENT through the PDF le, so only transport properties, such as viscosity and thermal conductivity, need to be de ned.
SETUP-1
1. Set viscosity to 2e-5 constant.
,!PHYSICAL-CONSTANTS
PHYSICAL-CONSTANTSvi *- DEFINE VISCOSITY OF FLUID KG M-S *- AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE K *I- NUMBER OF COEFFICIENTS +VE = POLYNOM.,-VE = P.W.LINEAR,-1 = HARMONIC I- ++DEFAULT 1++ x I- DEFAULT ASSUMED R- VISCOSITY OF FLUID KG M-S R- UNITS= KG M-S ++DEFAULT 1.7200E-05++ 2e-5
19-47
Pulverized Coal Combustion in a 2D Furnace 2. Set thermal conductivity to 0.025 constant.

PHYSICAL-CONSTANTStc *- DEFINE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF FLUID W M-K *- AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE K *I- NUMBER OF COEFFICIENTS +VE = POLYNOM.,-VE = P.W.LINEAR,-1 = HARMONIC I- ++DEFAULT 1++ x I- DEFAULT ASSUMED R- THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF FLUID W M-K R- UNITS= W M-K ++DEFAULT 2.4100E-02++ 2.5e-2
19-48
The ow of pulverized coal particles will be modeled by FLUENT using the discrete phase model. This model predicts the trajectories of individual coal particles, each representing a continuous stream or mass ow of coal. Heat, momentum, and mass transfer between the coal and the gas will be included by alternately computing the discrete phase trajectories and the gas phase continuum equations.
Step 9: De ne the Discrete Phase Injections
1. Create the discrete phase coal injections.
The ow of the pulverized coal is de ned by the initial conditions that describe the coal as it enters the gas. FLUENT will use these initial conditions as the starting point for its time integration of the particle equations of motion the trajectory calculations. Here, the total mass ow rate of coal in the half-width of the duct is 0.1 kg s per unit meter depth. The particles will be assumed to obey a Rosin-Rammler size distribution between 70 and 200 micron diameter. Other initial conditions velocity, temperature, position are detailed below along with the appropriate input procedures.
19-49

SETUP-2
,!SET-GROUP
In the SET-GROUP command you will de ne the initial conditions of the ow of coal particles. The particle stream will be de ned as a group of 10 distinct initial conditions, all identical except for diameter, which will obey the Rosin-Rammler size distribution law. The injections will be de ned as a hollow spray cone of 26 degree half-angle.
PARTICLE DROPLET-TYPEcp
By selecting COMBUSTING-PARTICLE cp you are activating the submodels for coal devolatilization and char burnout. Similarly, selecting DROPLET would enable the submodels for droplet evaporation and boiling.
LLy II1 II10 SELECT ROSIN-RAMMLER SIZE DIST.? Y OR N ++DEFAULT-NO++ SELECT 1ST INJECTION NUMBER ++DEFAULT 1++ SELECT 2ND INJECTION NUMBER ++DEFAULT 2++
These inputs tell FLUENT to represent the range of speci ed initial conditions by 10 discrete particle streams, each with its own set of discrete initial conditions. Here, this will result in 10 discrete particle diameters, as the diameter will be varied within the injection group according to the Rosin-Rammler equation.
19-50

INITIAL CONDITIONS 1.0000E-03 1ST X-LOCATION M 3.125e-2 1ST Y-LOCATION M 1.0000E-03 2ND X-LOCATION M 3.125e-2 2ND Y-LOCATION M 10 1ST U-VELOCITY M S 10 2ND U-VELOCITY M S 5 1ST V-VELOCITY M S 5 2ND V-VELOCITY M S 1.0000E-03 1ST W-VELOCITY M S 1.0000E-03 2ND W-VELOCITY M S 300 1ST TEMPERATURE K 300 2ND TEMPERATURE K 7e-5 MINIMUM DIAMETER M 2e-4 MAXIMUM DIAMETER M 1.34e-4 MEAN DIAMETER M 4.52 SPREAD PARAMETER DIM 0.1 TOTAL MASS FLOWRATE KG S d ACTION TOP,DONE,QUIT,REFRESH
The coal particles have a nonuniform size distribution with diameters ranging from 70 m to 200 m. The size distribution ts the Rosin-Rammler equation, with a mean diameter of 134 m and a spread parameter of 4.52. You can check the injections by using the SETUP-2 LIST-INJECTIONS command.
19-51

SETUP2li INJECT ...........................INITIAL VALUES........................... NO TYP X Y U V W T DIAM MFLOW 1 CP 1.0E-03 3.12E-02 1.0E+01 5.00E+00 1.00E-03 3.00E+02 7.00E-05 4.91E-03 2 CP 1.0E-03 3.12E-02 1.0E+01 5.00E+00 1.00E-03 3.00E+02 8.44E-05 8.79E-03 3 CP 1.0E-03 3.12E-02 1.0E+01 5.00E+00 1.00E-03 3.00E+02 9.89E-05 1.34E-02 4 CP 1.0E-03 3.12E-02 1.0E+01 5.00E+00 1.00E-03 3.00E+02 1.13E-04 1.74E-02 5 CP 1.0E-03 3.12E-02 1.0E+01 5.00E+00 1.00E-03 3.00E+02 1.28E-04 1.89E-02 6 CP 1.0E-03 3.12E-02 1.0E+01 5.00E+00 1.00E-03 3.00E+02 1.42E-04 1.66E-02 7 CP 1.0E-03 3.12E-02 1.0E+01 5.00E+00 1.00E-03 3.00E+02 1.57E-04 1.15E-02 8 CP 1.0E-03 3.12E-02 1.0E+01 5.00E+00 1.00E-03 3.00E+02 1.71E-04 5.90E-03 9 CP 1.0E-03 3.12E-02 1.0E+01 5.00E+00 1.00E-03 3.00E+02 1.86E-04 2.13E-03 10 CP 1.0E-03 3.12E-02 1.0E+01 5.00E+00 1.00E-03 3.00E+02 2.00E-04 5.05E-04
2. Set physical properties for the injections. SETUP-2 ,!PHYSICAL-CONSTANTS a Set the INITIAL-DENSITY to 1300 kg m3 and retain
the default speci c heat of 1000 J kg-K.
PHYSICAL-CONSTANTSid R- INITIAL DENSITY R- UNITS= KG M3 ++DEFAULT 1300
1.0000E+03++
INITIAL-DENSITY impacts the particle inertia and body forces when the gravitational acceleration is non-zero. CPSPECIFIC-HEAT determines the heat required to change the
b Select O2 as the oxidizing species using the SPECIESDESTINATION command. 19-52
particle temperature.

PHYSICAL-CONSTANTSsd *- OXIDIZING SPECIES DEFAULT - CO COMMANDS AVAILABLE FROM SPECIES-SELECTION: CS CO CO2 H2O HELP ENTER HELP COMMAND FOR MORE INFORMATION. SPECIES-SELECTIONo2 O2 QUIT
c Set the LATENT-HEAT-VAPORIZATION to 1e-9 J kg, the VAPORIZATION-TEMPERATURE to 400 K, and the BOILING-POINT to 400 K.
PHYSICAL-CONSTANTSlh 1e-9 PHYSICAL-CONSTANTSvt 400 PHYSICAL-CONSTANTSbp 400
You only need to specify the oxidizing species and not the devolatilizing and char burnout products when the PDF model is used. The volatile and char combustion species were dened in prePDF.
The LATENT-HEAT-VAPORIZATION is the heat required to vaporize the volatiles. This can usually be set to zero when the PDF chemistry model is used for coal combustion. If the volatile composition has been selected in order to preserve the heating value of the fuel, the latent heat has been e ectively included. You would, however, use a non-zero latent heat if water content had been included in the volatile de nition as vapor phase H2O. The VAPORIZATION-TEMPERATURE
19-53

d Set the
PHYSICAL-CONSTANTSfv 0.28 PHYSICAL-CONSTANTSbin x 5e-4
and BOILING-POINT are the temperature at which the coal devolatilization begins.
FRACTION-VOLATILES to 0.28 BINARY-DIFFUSIVITY to 5e-4 m2 s.
and the
e Set the
The FRACTION-VOLATILES determines the mass of each coal particle that is devolatilized. This input should be consistent with the input of coal composition in prePDF. The BINARY-DIFFUSIVITY is the di usivity of oxidant to the particle surface and is used in the di usion-limited char burnout rate.
COMBUSTIBLE-FRACTION BURNOUT-STOICHIOMETRY to 2. SWELLING-COEFFICIENT of 2.
to 0.64 and the Keep the default
PHYSICAL-CONSTANTS MODEL
COMBUSTING-PARTICLE-MODELcf 0.64 COMBUSTING-PARTICLE-MODELbu 2
,!COMBUSTING-PARTICLE-
The SWELLING-COEFFICIENT determines the change in diameter during coal devolatilization. A swelling coe cient of 2 implies that the particle size will double as the volatile fraction is released.
19-54

The BURNOUT-STOICHIOMETRY is used in the calculation of the di usion-controlled burnout rate. Otherwise, this parameter has no impact when the PDF combustion model is used. When nite-rate chemistry is used instead, the stoichiometric ratio de nes the mass of oxidant required per mass of char. The default value 2.66 represents oxidation of Cs to CO2; here, the value of 2 implies a mixed region of oxidation to CO2 and CO. The COMBUSTIBLE-FRACTION determines the mass of each coal particle that is consumed by the char burnout submodel. This input should be consistent with the input of coal composition in prePDF.
f Enable the two-mixture fraction coal model.

COMBUSTING-PARTICLE-MODELpdf L- USE TWO MIXTURE FRACTION MODEL? L- Y OR N ++DEFAULT-NO++ y
This input indicates that the two-mixture fraction PDF model is being used to model char and volatiles in the coal. Alternately, you might be considering a problem in which two mixture fractions are used to model coal and another e.g., gaseous fuel stream.
19-55
Step 10: Initial Cold Flow Solution

EXPERT
1. Enable the Beta PDF shape for use in the integration of

mean ow quantities. Accept the default number of discrete Beta PDF points variance points.
,!PDF-MODEL-ITERATION
PDF MODEL ITERATION n SELECT DELTA PDF ELSE BETA PDF 5 NUMBER OF ITERATIONS PER TABLE LOOKUP 3.0000E-03 LIMITING VARIANCE VALUE DIM NO PERFORM INTEGRATION OVER TWO PDF FUNCTIONS? d ACTION TOP,DONE,QUIT,REFRESH PDF MODEL ITERATION I- NUMBER OF BETA PDF POINTS I- ++DEFAULT 9++ x
19-56
Pulverized Coal Combustion in a 2D Furnace 2. Set the underrelaxation parameters. EXPERT ,!UNDERRELAX-1
UNDERRELAX 1 0.5 VELOCITIES DIM 0.5 PRESSURE DIM 0.5 TURBULENCE K.E. E DIM 0.5 EDDY DISSIPATION D DIM 0.4 VISCOSITY DIM 0.9 ENTHALPY DIM 0.9 TEMPERATURE DIM 0.9 F-MEAN DIM 0.9 F-VAR DIM 0.9 S-MEAN DIM 0.9 S-VAR DIM d ACTION TOP,DONE,QUIT,REFRESH
19-57
Pulverized Coal Combustion in a 2D Furnace 3. Enable the display of residuals during the solution process. Solve ,! Monitor ,!Residuals...
Enable Plot under Options and then click Apply and close the panel. 4. Save the initial case le secondary-cold.cas. File ,! Write ,!Case... 5. Request 300 iterations. Solve ,!Iterate... 6. Save the cold ow data le secondary-cold.dat. File ,! Write ,!Data...
19-58
Step 11: Coupled Solution

ow prediction.
1. Enable the discrete phase coupling to the continuous phase

SETUP-2 SOLUTION-PARAMETERS PARAMETERS
,!
,!NUMERICAL-
NUMERICAL PARAMETERS 50000 MAXIMUM NUMBER OF STEPS 2.0000E+01 STEP LENGTH FACTOR DIM 5 SELECT NUMBER OF PHASE 1 ITERATIONS PER P2CALC 0 = OFF 0 SELECT NUMBER OF TRIES PER P2CALC 0 = MEAN TRACKS 3.0000E-01 MAXIMUM CRW STEP FRACTION OF INTEGRAL TIME SCALE DIM 25 MAX. NUMBER OF WALL REFLECTIONS ALLOWED PER CELL NO FLUID VELOCITY INTERPOLATION NO SELECT RUNGE-KUTTA METHOD FOR TRAJECTORY CALCULATION YES SELECT DETAILED TRACKING REPORT NO SELECT STEP-BY-STEP TRACK REPORT NO ALLOW INJECTIONS TO HAVE DIFFERENT PROPERTIES NO ENABLE SECOND PHASE SAMPLING PROBE 0 NUMBER OF CONCENTRATION SAMPLING TIMES d ACTION TOP,DONE,QUIT,REFRESH
Setting the number of phase 1 iterations per phase 2 iterations to a non-zero value enables coupling, in which the discrete phase trajectories along with heat and mass transfer to the particles are allowed to impact the gas phase equations. If you leave this parameter set to zero, you can track particles but they will have no impact on the continuous phase ow. Your input de nes the number of gas phase iterations performed between updates of the discrete phase trajectory calculations. You might want to increase this parameter in problems that include a high particle mass loading or a larger grid size. Less frequent trajectory updates can be bene cial in such problems, in order to converge the gas phase equations more completely prior to repeating the trajectory calculation.
19-59
Pulverized Coal Combustion in a 2D Furnace 2. Request one phase 2 iteration to update the source terms. MAIN ,!CALC-2
*MAIN*c2 *- PARTICLE DROPLET PHASE CALCULATION I- ENTER NO. OF TRIES 0 FOR MEAN TRACKS, -1 TO FLUSH I- ++DEFAULT 0++ x I- DEFAULT ASSUMED I- ENTER 1ST INJECTION NO. I- ++DEFAULT 1++ x I- DEFAULT ASSUMED I- ENTER 2ND INJECTION NO. I- ++DEFAULT 10++ x I- DEFAULT ASSUMED *- PARTICLE TRACKING BEGINS.... *- 10 CALCULATED - 10 ESCAPED, 0 TRAPPED, 0 ABORTED, 0 EVAPD.
Increasing the maximum number of steps ensures that the particle trajectories are complete after each discrete phase iteration.
3. Request 400 iterations. Solve ,!Iterate... 4. Save the case and data les for the coupled calculation
secondary.cas and secondary.dat. File ,! Write ,!Case & Data...
19-60
Step 12: Postprocessing the Combustion Solution

1. Display the predicted temperature eld Figure 19.8. Display ,!Contours...
The peak temperature in the system is about 1990 K. Hint: Use the Views panel Display Views... to mirror the display about the Y Min symmetry plane.
19-61
1.99E+03 1.94E+03 1.89E+03 1.84E+03 1.80E+03 1.75E+03 1.70E+03 1.65E+03 1.60E+03 1.56E+03 1.51E+03 1.46E+03 1.41E+03 1.37E+03 1.32E+03 1.27E+03 1.22E+03 1.17E+03 1.13E+03 1.08E+03 1.03E+03 9.83E+02 9.35E+02 8.87E+02 8.39E+02 7.91E+02 7.43E+02 6.96E+02 6.48E+02 6.00E+02
Y Z X
coal combustion - PDF model with secondary stream Temperature (K) Max = 1.987E+03 Min = 6.000E+02
May 02 1996 Fluent 4.40 Fluent Inc.
Figure 19.8: Temperature: Coupled Calculation
19-62
Pulverized Coal Combustion in a 2D Furnace 2. Display the mean mixture fraction distribution Figure 19.9. Display ,!Contours...
Note: For the two-mixture-fraction coal model, F-MEAN displays the fuel fraction corresponding to the char and S-MEAN displays the secondary fraction corresponding to the volatiles.
19-63
2.52E-02 2.43E-02 2.35E-02 2.26E-02 2.17E-02 2.09E-02 2.00E-02 1.91E-02 1.82E-02 1.74E-02 1.65E-02 1.56E-02 1.48E-02 1.39E-02 1.30E-02 1.22E-02 1.13E-02 1.04E-02 9.56E-03 8.69E-03 7.82E-03 6.95E-03 6.08E-03 5.21E-03 4.34E-03 3.48E-03 2.61E-03 1.74E-03 8.69E-04 0.00E+00
Y Z X
coal combustion - PDF model with secondary stream F-Mean Max = 2.520E-02 Min = 0.000E+00
Figure 19.9: Mixture-Fraction Distribution: Coupled Calculation
19-64
Pulverized Coal Combustion in a 2D Furnace 3. Display the devolatilization rate Figure 19.10. Display ,!Contours...
4. Display the char burnout rate Figure 19.11 by selecting

Char Burnout Rate in the Particles... category of the Contours Of list.
Note: The display of devolatilization rate shows that volatiles are released almost immediately. The onset of devolatilization occurs when the coal temperature reaches the speci ed value of 400 K. The results show that the coal heating rate is fast, due to the high preheat of the air stream carrier. The char burnout occurs following complete devolatilization. Figure 19.11 shows that burnout is complete at the furnace exit, as expected for a lean ame.
19-65

Y Z X
coal combustion - PDF model with secondary stream Mass Exchange (Kg/S) Max = 6.929E-04 Min = 0.000E+00
Figure 19.10: Devolatilization Rate: Coupled Calculation

Y Z X
coal combustion - PDF model with secondary stream Char Burnout Rate (Kg/S) Max = 9.199E-04 Min = 0.000E+00
Figure 19.11: Char Burnout Rate: Coupled Calculation 19-66

Pulverized Coal Combustion in a 2D Furnace 5. Display the particle trajectories Figure 19.12. Display ,!Particle Tracks...
a Select Particle Law under Color By. b Click the Display button.
19-67
1.00E+01
9.00E+00
8.00E+00
7.00E+00
6.00E+00
5.00E+00
4.00E+00
3.00E+00
2.00E+00
1.00E+00
Y Z X
coal combustion - PDF model with secondary stream Particle/Droplet Trajectories Trajectories Colored By Particle Law
Figure 19.12: Coal Particle Trajectories Colored by Heat Mass Transfer Law: Coupled Calculation
19-68
Pulverized Coal Combustion in a 2D Furnace 6. Display the oxygen distribution Figure 19.13. Display ,!Contours...
7. Select other species and display their mass fraction distribution e.g., Figures 19.14 19.16.
Note: Although transport equations are solved only for the mixture fraction and its variance, you can still display the predicted chemical species concentrations. These are predicted by the PDF equilibrium chemistry model. Note that the oxygen is nearly depleted by the exit in this near-stoichiometric ame.
19-69

2.33E-01 2.29E-01 2.26E-01 2.23E-01 2.19E-01 2.16E-01 2.12E-01 2.09E-01 2.05E-01 2.02E-01 1.99E-01 1.95E-01 1.92E-01 1.88E-01 1.85E-01 1.81E-01 1.78E-01 1.75E-01 1.71E-01 1.68E-01 1.64E-01 1.61E-01 1.57E-01 1.54E-01 1.51E-01 1.47E-01 1.44E-01 1.40E-01 1.37E-01 1.33E-01
Y Z X
coal combustion - PDF model with secondary stream O2 Mass Fraction Max = 2.329E-01 Min = 1.333E-01
Figure 19.13: O2 Distribution: Coupled Calculation

Y Z X
coal combustion - PDF model with secondary stream Co2 Mass Fraction Max = 1.122E-01 Min = 0.000E+00
Figure 19.14: CO2 Distribution: Coupled Calculation
19-70

Y Z X
coal combustion - PDF model with secondary stream H2O Mass Fraction Max = 1.809E-02 Min = 0.000E+00
Figure 19.15: H2O Distribution: Coupled Calculation

Y Z X
coal combustion - PDF model with secondary stream Co Mass Fraction Max = 1.764E-04 Min = 0.000E+00
Figure 19.16: CO Distribution: Coupled Calculation
19-71
Pulverized Coal Combustion in a 2D Furnace Summary: Coal combustion modeling involves the prediction of volatile
evolution and char burnout from the pulverized coal along with simulation of the combustion chemistry occuring in the gas phase. In this tutorial you learned how to use the PDF mixture-fraction equilibrium chemistry model to represent the gas phase combustion chemistry. In this approach the fuel composition was de ned in prePDF and the fuel was assumed to react according to the equilibrium system data. This equilibrium chemistry model can be applied to other turbulent, di usion-reaction systems. Note that you can also model coal combustion using the nite-rate chemistry model. You also learned how to set up and solve a problem involving a discrete phase of combusting particles. You created discrete phase injections, activated coupling to the gas phase, and de ned the discrete phase material properties. These procedures can be used to set up other simulations involving reacting or inert particles.
19-72

Tutorial19. PulverizePuvadCoal

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Tutorial19. PulverizePuvadCoal

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Tutorial 19.

Pulverized Coal Combustion in a 2D Furnace

Pulverized Coal Combustion in a 2D Furnace

Problem Description: The coal combustion system considered

Fluent Inc. May 22, 1997

Pulverized Coal Combustion in a 2D Furnace

Figure 19.1: 2D Furnace with Pulverized Coal Combustion

Preparation for prePDF

1. Start prePDF by typing prepdf at the system prompt.

Step 1: De ne the Preliminary Adiabatic System in prePDF

Fluent Inc. May 22, 1997

Pulverized Coal Combustion in a 2D Furnace

a Enable the Secondary Stream option.

Fluent Inc. May 22, 1997

Pulverized Coal Combustion in a 2D Furnace

d Keep the default setting of Equilibrium Chemistry.

e Click Apply and close the panel.

Fluent Inc. May 22, 1997

Pulverized Coal Combustion in a 2D Furnace 2. De ne the chemical species in the system.

Setup ,! Species ,!De ne...

Pulverized Coal Combustion in a 2D Furnace

Don't forget to click Apply before closing the panel.

Fluent Inc. May 22, 1997

Pulverized Coal Combustion in a 2D Furnace 3. Determine the fuel composition inputs.

Wt  DAF 30.4 69.6 -

The ultimate analysis, for the dry-ash-free coal, is known to be:

Wt  DAF 89.3 5.0 3.4 2.3 -

Fluent Inc. May 22, 1997

Pulverized Coal Combustion in a 2D Furnace

We can compute the heating value of the volatiles as:

0:696 32:9 MJ=kg = 35:3 MJ=kg , 0 :304

Fluent Inc. May 22, 1997

Fluent Inc. May 22, 1997

Pulverized Coal Combustion in a 2D Furnace

Fluent Inc. May 22, 1997

Pulverized Coal Combustion in a 2D Furnace

Pulverized Coal Combustion in a 2D Furnace

Fluent Inc. May 22, 1997

Fluent Inc. May 22, 1997

Pulverized Coal Combustion in a 2D Furnace 6. De ne the system operating conditions.

Setup ,!Operating Conditions...

Fluent Inc. May 22, 1997

Pulverized Coal Combustion in a 2D Furnace

Fluent Inc. May 22, 1997

Pulverized Coal Combustion in a 2D Furnace

Fluent Inc. May 22, 1997

4. Save the adiabatic PDF File coal-sec-ad.pdf. File ,! Write ,!PDF...

Pulverized Coal Combustion in a 2D Furnace 5. Examine the temperature mixture-fraction relationship in

Graphics ,!Property Table...

Fluent Inc. May 22, 1997

Pulverized Coal Combustion in a 2D Furnace

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES TABLE INSTANTANEOUS FLAME TEMPERATURE

Figure 19.2: Instantaneous Temperature: Initial Adiabatic prePDF Calculation

Fluent Inc. May 22, 1997

Pulverized Coal Combustion in a 2D Furnace 6. Modify the solution parameters.

Setup ,!Solution Parameters...

Pulverized Coal Combustion in a 2D Furnace

d Close the Solution Parameters panel.

Fluent Inc. May 22, 1997

9. Save the modi ed adiabatic PDF le coal-sec-ad2.pdf. File ,! Write ,!PDF...

Fluent Inc. May 22, 1997

Fluent Inc. May 22, 1997

Pulverized Coal Combustion in a 2D Furnace

a Enable the Secondary Stream option.

d Keep the default setting of Equilibrium Chemistry.

e Click Apply and close the panel.

Wt DAF 30.4 69.6 -

Wt DAF 89.3 5.0 3.4 2.3 -

4. Save the adiabatic PDF File coal-sec-ad.pdf. File ,! Write ,!PDF...

d Close the Solution Parameters panel.

9. Save the modi ed adiabatic PDF le coal-sec-ad2.pdf. File ,! Write ,!PDF...

a Select the Non-Adiabatic option and click Apply.

c Click Display in the 3D-Nonadiabatic-Table panel Figure 19.5.

Figure 19.5: Instantaneous Cs Mole Fractions: Nonadiabatic prePDF Calculation

2. Display the zone types in the grid Figure 19.7. De ne ,!Cells...

Step 6: Models: Continuous Gas Phase

De ne ,!BCs... 1. Set thermal conditions for W-WALL-1 the furnace wall.

a b c d

a b c d 19-46

1. Set viscosity to 2e-5 constant.

Pulverized Coal Combustion in a 2D Furnace 2. Set thermal conductivity to 0.025 constant.