Sincetheissuecontinuallycomesupwhendebating"limitedGovernment",LibertarianParty supporterswhobelievetheyareanarchistsIfeeltheneedtolayoutindetailyetAGAINthe explicitreasonswhyassociating"limited"ConstitutionalGovernmentandlibertyisproblematic, contradictoryandflawedlogic.InthisnotewewillbeexaminingwhytheFoundingFathers introducedaformofGovernmentthatwasNOTmeanttobeasmallerlesspowerful GovernmentthantheArticlesofConfederationbutinfactwasmeanttobeamorepowerful morecoerciveformofGovernment.

IwillalsobepostingsectionsoftheConstitutiontodemonstratewhyitledtoacoercive tyrannicalformofGovernment.FirstwewilllookathowJamesMadisonwantedtocreatea formofGovernmentthatheldsupremacyoverthestatesrightsandhowthestatesweretobe inasubordinateposition.Thisisforallthe"statesrights"LibertarianPartycheerleaders: "ConceivingthatanindividualindependenceoftheStatesisutterlyirreconcileablewiththeir aggregatesovereignty;andthataconsolidationofthewholeintoonesimplerepublicwouldbe asinexpedientasitisunattainable,Ihavesoughtforsomemiddleground,whichmayatonce supportaduesupremacyofthenationalauthority,andnotexcludethelocalauthorities wherevertheycanbesubordinatelyuseful." http://presspubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/v1ch8s6.html

NoticeIprovidedthelinkbelowthequotesothatyouknowMadisonactuallydidsayit.That quoteillustrateswhatMadison,thefatheroftheConstitutionhadinmindwhenhedrewupthe documentandthesubsequentformofGovernmentthatitwastocreate.Hegoesonto elaborateinthatsamelinkabouthowthenewGovernment'spowersofcoercionshouldbe particularlyemphasizedinaspecificamendmentintheConstitution:

"AnarticleshouldbeinsertedexpresslyguarantyingthetranquillityoftheStatesagainstinternal aswellasexternaldangers.

Inlikemannertherightofcoercionshouldbeexpresslydeclared.Withtheresourcesof Commerceinhand,thenationaladministrationmightalwaysfindmeansofexertingiteitherby seaorland" http://presspubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/v1ch8s6.html

IntheAntiFederalistPaperspg35ithighlightsMadison'sgoalofslylycreatingastrong, powerful,NationalGovernmentandtoeliminatetheArticlesofConfederationentirelyby imposingthisnewformofGovernmentdespitepeoplebeinggiventheimpressiontheywere justmeetingtoamendtheArticlesofConfederation: "TheplanembodiedMadison'sintentiontogreatlystrengthenthenationalgovernment,and boldlysetouttoframeanentirelynewConstitutionratherthansimplyamendtheArticlesof Confederationastheconventionwasformerlychargedtodo."

http://books.google.com/books?id=t6Ynub9vrUC&pg=PA35&lpg=PA35 &dq=the+plan+embodied+madison's+intention+to+greatly+strengthen+the+national+governme nt&source=bl&ots=Zs2sHIOeq2&sig=oxcHSDVjQ3hFUaoOHkfFmfI58T4 &hl=en&sa=X&ei=y_FEUaXXK6qp2QWz04GgDw&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=the% 20plan%20embodied%20madison's%20intention%20to%20greatly%20strengthen%20the% 20national%20government&f=false

We weren't even allowed to see the record of the proceedings from the drafters of the Constitution until 53 YEARS AFTER when James Madison's notes were released in 1840. Why all the secrecy?: http://www.constitution.org/dfc/dfc_0002.htm

YouneedtohaveacopyoftheAntiFederalistPapersinyourownpersonallibrarybecausethe bookissoimportanttherearefewbooksthatcanrivalitintermsofsignificance.Ifyouarea Libertarian,ananarchist,voluntarist,orinterestedinpoliticalhistorythesetopicswillcomeup againandagain.

George Washington wrote to Alexander Hamilton months before the Constitution was ratified: "The Men who oppose a strong & energetic government are, in my opinion, narrow minded politicians, or are under the influence of local views." That shows just how despised opponents of this new strong centralized Federal Government were by Founding Fathers like Washington.
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http://gwpapers.virginia.edu/documents/constitution/1787/hamilton1.html George Washington then went on to talk about how the people needed a coercive, powerful Government to make them do what was in their best interest and that he and his peers had formerly had too good an impression of the people to see things any other way: "We have probably had too good an opinion of human nature in forming our confederation. Experience has taught us, that men will not adopt & carry into execution, measures the best calculated for their own good without the intervention of a coercive power. I do not conceive we can exist long as a nation, without having lodged somewhere a power which will pervade the whole Union in as energetic a manner, as the authority of the different state governments extends over the several States. To be fearful of vesting Congress, constituted as that body is, with ample authorities for national purposes, appears to me the very climax of popular absurdity and madness...We must take human nature as we find it. Perfection falls not to the share of mortals. Many are of opinion that Congress have too frequently made use of the suppliant humble tone of requisition, in applications to the States, when they had a right to assume their imperial dignity and command obedience." George Washington to John Jay15 August 1786 http://gwpapers.virginia.edu/documents/constitution/1784/jay2.html

Oksolet'sgetbacktowhattheFoundingFatherssetouttointroduceinthisnewFederal Constitution.Duringtheconstitutionalconventionitwasexpresslystatedthatthisnewformof Governmentwasneededtostoprebellionsfromthestates,tocheckstatesrightsandtoprotect thenationfrom"anarchy"whichofcoursewaslikenedtouncheckedstatesrights:

"2.[FN9]thatthefoederalgovernmentcouldnotcheckthequarrelsbetweenstates,nora rebellioninany,nothavingconstitutionalpowernormeanstointerposeaccordingtothe exigency: 3.[FN9]thatthereweremanyadvantages,whichtheU.S.mightacquire,whichwerenot attainableundertheconfederationsuchasaproductiveimpostcounteractionofthe commercialregulationsofothernationspushingofcommerceadlibitum&c&c.

4.thatthefoederalgovernmentcouldnotdefenditselfagainstthe[FN10]incroachmentsfrom thestates.

5.thatitwasnotevenparamounttothestateconstitutions,ratified,asitwasinmayofthe states." http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/debates_529.asp

Doesthatsouldlike"limited"Governmenttoyou?

Nowcontinuingontheyalsoemphasizedonceagaininthefollowingpassagefromthe conventionthattheConstitutionshouldgivethenewGovernmentthepowertocallforththe forceoftheFederalpowerstocoerceeverystateintheunionintosubmission: "6.ResolvedthateachbranchoughttopossesstherightoforiginatingActs;thattheNational LegislatureoughttobeimpoweredtoenjoytheLegislativeRightsvestedinCongressbarthe Confederation&moreovertolegislateinallcasestowhichtheseparateStatesareincompetent, orinwhichtheharmonyoftheUnitedStatesmaybeinterruptedbytheexerciseofindividual Legislation;tonegativealllawspassedbytheseveralStates,contraveningintheopinionofthe NationalLegislaturethearticlesofUnion;(4)andtocallforththeforceoftheUnionagstany memberoftheUnionfailingtofulfillitsdutyunderthearticlesthereof." http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/vatexta.asp Doesthatsoundlike"limited"Governmenttoyou?

FurthermorewhenpeopleadvocatelimitedGovernmentandtheymentionthesocalledliberty lovingFoundingFatherstheyalwaysmentionthesamefewfoundingfathersandleaveothers outlikeElbridgeGerryandRogerShermanwhofeltthepeopleshouldhaveaslittleaspossible todowithbeingabletoinfluencetheaffairsofthenewGovernment.Theseweretheirwords duringtheConstitutionalConventionillustratinghowlittletheythoughtofthecommonman andsheddinglightonthelevelofelitismstemmingfromthesepeople:

"Mr.SHERMANopposedtheelectionbythepeople,insistingthatitoughttobebytheState Legislatures.Thepeoplehesaid,immediatelyshouldhaveaslittletodoasmaybeaboutthe Government.Theywantinformationandareconstantlyliabletobemisled.

Mr.GERRY.Theevilsweexperienceflowfromtheexcessofdemocracy.Thepeopledonotwant virtue,butarethedupesofpretendedpatriots... Mr.GERRYdidnotliketheelectionbythepeople.ThemaximstakenfromtheBritish constitutionwereoftenfallaciouswhenappliedtooursituationwhichwasextremelydifferent. ExperiencehesaidhadshewnthattheStatelegislaturesdrawnimmediatelyfromthepeopledid notalwayspossesstheirconfidence. Hehadnoobjectionhowevertoanelectionbythepeopleifitweresoqualifiedthatmenof honor&charactermightnotbeunwillingtobejoinedintheappointments.Heseemedtothink thepeoplemightnominateacertainnumberoutofwhichtheStatelegislaturesshouldbe boundtochoose." AnotherquotefromGerryduringthedraftingoftheConstitution: "Thepeopleareuninformed,andwouldbemisledbyafewdesigningmen.Heurgedthe expediencyofanappointmentoftheExecutivebyElectorstobechosenbytheState Executives." JohnFrancisMerceranotherFoundingFatherthoughtthepeopleweretoostupidtobeallowed tovoteandmadehisviewsknownduringtheConstitution'sdrafting: "Mr.MERCER.TheConstitutionisobjectionableinmanypoints,butinnonemorethanthe present.Heobjectedtothefootingonwhichthequalificationwasput,butparticularlytothe modeofelectionbythepeople.Thepeoplecannotknow&judgeofthecharactersof Candidates.Theworsepossiblechoicewillbemade." CharlesPinkneyanotherFoundingFatherfeltthatowninglandshouldbearequirementin ordertotellwhethersomeonewascompotentenoughornottoserveinGovernmentasthe followingquotebyhimduringthedraftingillustrates: "HewasopposedtotheestablishmentofanunduearistocraticinfluenceintheConstitutionbut hethoughtitessentialthatthemembersoftheLegislature,theExecutive,andtheJudges, shouldbepossessedofcompetentpropertytomakethemindependent&respectable.Itwas

prudentwhensuchgreatpowersweretobetrustedtoconnectthetieofpropertywiththatof reputationinsecuringafaithfuladministration." Andherehegoesontostatethattheyshouldalsohaveacertainamountofwealth: "Werehetofixthequantumofpropertywhichshouldberequired,heshouldnotthinkofless thanonehundredthousanddollarsforthePresident,halfofthatsumforeachoftheJudges, andinlikeproportionforthemembersoftheNatl.Legislature." AnotherFoundingFathernamedJohnRutledgeagreedwithhimasyoucanseeinthelink. JamesMadisonthefatheroftheConstitutionstatedthattheGovernmentshouldbestructured astoprotectthewealthyminorityagainsttheworkingclasspeoplebecausetheywereof greatervalue.Thisisperhapsoneofthemostrevealingquotesofallbecauseitshowswithouta doubtthattheFoundingFatherswereelitists: "Thegovernmentwemeantoerectisintendedtolastforages.Thelandedinterest,atpresent, isprevalent;butinprocessoftime,whenweapproximatetothestatesandkingdomsofEurope; whenthenumberoflandholdersshallbecomparativelysmall,throughthevariousmeansof tradeandmanufactures,willnotthelandedinterestbeoverbalancedinfutureelections,and unlesswiselyprovidedagainst,whatwillbecomeofyourgovernment? InEngland,atthisday,ifelectionswereopentoallclassesofpeople,thepropertyofthelanded proprietorswouldbeinsecure.Anagrarianlawwouldsoontakeplace.Iftheseobservationsbe jsut,ourgovernmentoughttosecurethepermanentinterestsofthecountryagainstinnovation. Landholdersoughttohaveashareinthegovernment,tosupporttheseinvaluableinterests,and tobalanceandchecktheother.Theyoughttobesoconstitutedastoprotecttheminorityofthe opulentagainstthemajority.Thesenate,therefore,oughttobethisbody;andtoanswerthese purposes,theyoughttohavepermanencyandstability." NowaskyourselfwhenhaveweeverhadapoliticianinofficewhoWASN'Tweathy. http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/elector1787.html http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/debates_531.asp http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/debates_807.asp http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/debates_810.asp

Andwithoutadoubt,theFoundingFatherscreatedaConstitutionbywhichthepeoplewould onlyhavetherighttovoteevery4yearsinordertoinfluencetheFederalGovernmentandkeep inmindthatthepeopledidn'tevenhavetherighttovoteforSenatorsuntil1913andthathad tobefoughtforalongwiththeBillofRightsbecausemostoftheFoundingFathersdidn'twant ustohaveeitherofthem.

YetanotherFoundingFatherJohnDickinsonfearedthestatespowersifleftuncheckedbythe newFederalGovernmentandstatedassuchintheConstitutionalCommittee:

"Mr.DICKENSONdeemeditimpossibletodrawalinebetweenthecasesproper&improperfor theexerciseofthenegative.Wemusttakeourchoiceoftwothings.Wemusteithersubjectthe StatestothedangerofbeinginjuredbythepoweroftheNatl.Govt.orthelattertothedanger ofbeinginjuredbythatoftheStates.HethoughtthedangergreaterfromtheStates.Toleave thepowerdoubtful,wouldbeopeninganotherspringofdiscord,andhewasforshuttingas manyofthemaspossible."

http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/debates_608.asp

AlexanderHamiltonattheFederalConventiononJune18th,1787statedthatthenew Governmentinordertosurvivemustswallowupstatesrightsorriskbeingchallengedbythem andeliminated:

"Thegeneralpowerwhateverbeitsformifitpreservesitself,mustswallowuptheState powers.otherwiseitwillbeswallowedupbythem." http://presspubs.uchicago.edu/founders/print_documents/v1ch8s10.html

AlexanderHamiltonactuallywantedtoplacealifelongmonachinofficeastheheadofthenew Governmentasthefollowingquotebyhimillustrates:

"AnExecutiveforlifehasnotthismotiveforforgettinghisfidelity,andwillthereforebeasafer depositoryofpower.Itwillbeobjectedprobably,thatsuchanExecutivewillbeanelective Monarch,andwillgivebirthtothetumultswhichcharacterizethatformofGovt.Hewd.reply thatMonarchisanindefiniteterm.Itmarksnoteitherthedegreeordurationofpower.Ifthis ExecutiveMagistratewd.beamonarchforlifetheotherpropd.bytheReportfromtheComtte ofthewhole,wd.beamonarchforsevenyears.Thecircumstanceofbeingelectivewasalso applicabletoboth.Ithadbeenobservedbyjudiciouswritersthatelectivemonarchieswd.be thebestiftheycouldbeguardedagst.thetumultsexcitedbytheambitionandintriguesof competitors." http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/debates_618.asp

AndnowwithoutfurtherdelaywewillgetintotheactualpowersgiventothisGovernmentin theamendmentsoftheConstitution.FirstoffjustlookingattheLegislativebranchwewillstart offwithArticleISection8whichgaveCongressthepowertocreateFederaltaxation: "TheCongressshallhavepowertolayandcollecttaxes,duties,impostsandexcises,topaythe debtsandprovideforthecommondefenseandgeneralwelfareoftheUnitedStates" ThisamendmentwouldexpandthewealthofthepoliticiansemployedbytheGovernmentyear afteryearafteryearandleadtothepassageofthefirstFederalincometaximposedonthe peoplein1861bytheLincolnAdministrationwiththeexcuseofhelpingpayfortheCivilWar andthoughthisincometaxwasrepealedthe16thamendmentin1913wouldleadtothe currentincometaxwehavetoday.

http://www.loc.gov/rr/business/hottopic/irs_history.html

ArticleISection8alsogivestheGovernmentthepowertocommandtheFederalArmytocrush allrebellions.Doesthissoundlike"limited"Governmenttoyou?: "Toprovideforcallingforththemilitiatoexecutethelawsoftheunion,suppressinsurrections andrepelinvasions;" http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articlei

AndthepowertomicromanagetheStatemilitias: "Toprovidefororganizing,arming,anddisciplining,themilitia,andforgoverningsuchpartof themasmaybeemployedintheserviceoftheUnitedStates,reservingtothestates respectively,theappointmentoftheofficers,andtheauthorityoftrainingthemilitiaaccording tothedisciplineprescribedbyCongress"

Andnowtowardstheendofsection8wecometoperhapsthemosttyrannicalpowergivento theGovernmentunderthisConstitution: "Tomakealllawswhichshallbenecessaryandproperforcarryingintoexecutiontheforegoing powers,andallotherpowersvestedbythisConstitutioninthegovernmentoftheUnitedStates, orinanydepartmentorofficerthereof."

TomakeALLLAWSWHICHSHALLBENECESSARYANDPROPER!That'sasopenendedand potentiallytyrannicalasitcanget.Necessaryandpropercanmeanabsoltelyanythingtheywant anditdidcometomeanANYTHINGtheywanted.

ArticleISection10specifiesthatthestatesarenotallowedtokeeptroopsinatimeofpeace unlesstheFederalGovernmentSAYStheycan: "Nostateshall,withouttheconsentofCongress,layanydutyoftonnage,keeptroops,orships ofwarintimeofpeace,enterintoanyagreementorcompactwithanotherstate,orwitha foreignpower,orengageinwar,unlessactuallyinvaded,orinsuchimminentdangeraswillnot admitofdelay."

Soundliketyrannytoyou?Yepmetoo.Andonceagainhereisthelink: http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articlei

Article2Section2oftheConstitutiongivesthePresidentthepowertopardonanyFederal criminalhewants.Thismeanshecanpardonanyofhisbuddieshewants.

"heshallhavepowertograntreprievesandpardonsforoffensesagainsttheUnitedStates, exceptincasesofimpeachment." http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articleii AndkeepinmindthispowerwasusedbyPresidentGeraldFordtopardonformerPresident RichardNixonandpreventhimfromservingadayinprison: http://www.scribd.com/doc/118118301/PresidentFordspeaksandinvokesConstitutional righttopardoninprotectingNixonfromFederalcrimes http://www.scribd.com/doc/118117071/PresidentFordpardonsRichardNixonandprotects himfromallFederalcrimes1974

Soundliketyrannydoesn'tit?

TheSupremeCourthasthepowertointerprettheConstitutionandisoneofthemostpowerful courtsunderitsGoverningdocumentintheworldastheSupremeCourt'swebsiteadmits: "Asthefinalarbiterofthelaw,theCourtischargedwithensuringtheAmericanpeoplethe promiseofequaljusticeunderlawand,thereby,alsofunctionsasguardianandinterpreterof theConstitution.

TheSupremeCourtis"distinctlyAmericaninconceptandfunction,"asChiefJusticeCharles EvansHughesobserved.Fewothercourtsintheworldhavethesameauthorityofconstitutional interpretationandnonehaveexerciseditforaslongorwithasmuchinfluence.Acenturyanda halfago,theFrenchpoliticalobserverAlexisdeTocquevillenotedtheuniquepositionofthe SupremeCourtinthehistoryofnationsandofjurisprudence."Therepresentativesystemof governmenthasbeenadoptedinseveralstatesofEurope,"heremarked,"butIamunaware thatanynationoftheglobehashithertoorganizedajudicialpowerinthesamemannerasthe Americans....Amoreimposingjudicialpowerwasneverconstitutedbyanypeople."

http://www.supremecourt.gov/about/constitutional.aspx

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SoTHEYinterprettheConstitutionanddecidewhohasrightsandwhodoesn'tunderthat document.DuringtheEugenicsmovementtheydecidedCarrieBuckintheBuckvsBelldecision hadnohumanrightscoveringherownreproductivesystemandthuswasforciblysterilized LEGALLYatgunpoint.SupremeCourtJusticeOliverWendellHolmesstated: Itisbetterforalltheworld,ifinsteadofwaitingtoexecutedegenerateoffspringforcrimeorto letthemstarvefortheirimbecility,societycanpreventthosewhoaremanifestlyunfitfrom continuingtheirkind...Threegenerationsofimbecilesareenough. http://www.hsl.virginia.edu/historical/eugenics/

TensofthousandsofpeoplewouldgoontobeforciblysterilizedConstitutionallyandlegallydue tothisdecisionandaslongastheywerelabelled"unfit"theyhadnorights.

SotoconcludethisdetailedanalysisofwhattheFoundingFatherswerereallyaboutandhow thephrase"limited"andConstituionalGovernmentarecontradictorywhenusedtogetherIwill leaveyouwiththislittleFreemasonicinsidejokeBenjimanFranklinmadeinreferencetoGeorge WashingtonatthesigningoftheConstitution: "DoctorFranklin,lookingtowardthePresident'schair,atthebackofwhicharisingsun happenedtobepainted,observedtoafewmembersnearhim,thatpaintershadfoundit difficulttodistinguishintheirartarisingsunfromasettingsun.Ihave,saidhe,ofteninthe courseofthissession,andthevissitudesofmyhopesandfearsastoitsissue,lookedatthat behindthePresident,withoutbeingabletotellwhetheritwasrisingorsetting;butatlengthI havethehappinesstoknowthatitisarisingandnotasettingsun." http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/convention1787.html

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