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Vents and Filtering Strategies Come to Forefront in Fukushima Response

In recent months, experts from the nuclear industry and the NRC have turned their attention to two less obvious aspects of plant operations: vents and filters. The importance of venting became clear during the early days of the Fukushima Daiichi accident last year. If containment vents at the Japanese facility had been opened in a timely manner, the worst consequences of the accident might have been avoided. The major problem at Fukushima was getting the containment vents open, said Doug True, president of ERIN Engineering and Research. Significant delays in the decision to open the vents, combined with the Japanese decision-making process and difficulties in opening the vent valves, delayed the venting action, which in turn led to hydrogen explosions. Containment vents can be opened to reduce the pressure and temperature building up inside containment during a reactor accident and allow hydrogen generated during the accident to harmlessly escape. The purpose of venting in an accident condition is to protect the integrity of the containment structure, True said. A vent would only be opened and closed during an accident when it is necessary to preserve the containment. At Fukushima, units 1 and 3 containments released hydrogen not through the vent but directly into the secondary containment where it reached an explosive concentration. Containment vents are pipes that lead from the reactor containment to the outside environment, although not all containments have vents. A vent generally refers to a pipe connected to the primary containment of a nuclear power plant and leading to the plants [exhaust] stack, said True. The vent is designed to allow gases inside the containment to be removed. FILTERING STRATEGIES HOLD PROMISE Vents are just part of the story. Venting coupled with an appropriate filtering strategy can greatly reduce the amount of radioactivity that could be released in the event of an accident. Filtering strategies like sprays and immersion can significantly reduce radioactive releases, True said. For example, water sprays inside containment combecause water retains radioactive particles, preventing the particles from being released into the environment. There are three common filtering strategies
Vents on page 2
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In contrast to Japan, in the U.S. the decision to vent containment is dictated by emergency operating procedures and would generally be made by the on-site emergency director. In general, plant procedures call for the use of the vent at a point when the pressure in containment is at or above the design pressure of the containment, True said.
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bined with control of the containment vent can reduce the release by a factor of 1,000. Filtering strategies can accomplish this goal

Schematic of Boiling Water Reactor Containment Structures

1 Fuel Rods Reactor Vessel Steel Containment Vessel Drywall Concrete Shell Secondary Concrete Containment Wall Suppression Pool Reactor Building Steel-Reinforced Concrete

1 4 5

2 3
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Nuclear Energy Support Remains Steady

Support for nuclear energy among Americans has stabilized at about 65 percent, a new survey has found, and 77 percent believe that nuclear energy will be an important source of energy to help the country meet future electricity needs. Sixty percent of the respondents said they believe that the United States should definitely build more nuclear plants in the future, and 69 percent would accept a new reactor built

Favor the Use of Nuclear Energy for Electricity

6% 14% 16% 36% 29%
Strongly favor Somewhat favor Somewhat oppose Strongly oppose Dont know

Support on page 2

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In This Issue
A flood in Iowa did not affect the nuclear facility, which instead provided the key to the rescue effort

Filtering With Cooling Water Sprays

Filtering With Cooling Water Immersion

Filtering Through External Water Tanks

Robert Willard talks about INPO and its mission in evaluating nuclear plants

The Navy teams up with NEI to promote careers in nuclear energy for yeomen.

There are three common filtering strategies. Recent industry work has pointed toward the use of water sprays in the containment chamber (left) as highly effective. Vents from page 1

On Safety First
From comparing lessons learned with emergency response teams at other nuclear energy facilities to updating the Arizona Division of Emergency Management on new protective actions, Palo Verdes director of emergency preparedness and security, Monica Ray, is constantly facilitating communication between groups inside and outside of the industry to ensure that the facility and the community are prepared for any potential emergency. Read more at http://safetyfirst.nei.org.

Containment vents at U.S. nuclear power plants do not have wet filters, but the industry and the NRC are investigating which filtering strategy might be most appropriate. Recent industry work has pointed toward the use of water sprays in containment, combined with strategies to control the opening and closing of the vent, as highly effective, True said. Such strategies retain the radioactivity inside containment, as designed, rather than collecting them in a tank somewhere else. Importantly, a filtering strategy would not occur in isolation. The decision to vent, and the use of sprays or immersion, would only occur in the context of emergency operating procedures. Furthermore, US plants are implementing the FLEX strategy that provides the capability to respond to an extended loss of power by relying on backup emergency equipmentgenerators, battery packs, pumps, air compressors and battery chargers. In addition to all the systems we already have in containment that could do flooding and spraying, we will also have FLEX equipment that will be able to provide the same service, said Korsnick. This isnt a question of a containment filter or no filter. Its a question around filtering strategy and whats the best, most efficient way to achieve the goals of a filtering strategy.

around which a facility can design a solution: an external water tank (also known as a wet filter), water immersion and water sprays. There are a variety of [wet filter] designs, but the most prevalent design is a tank of water such that the air from the vent would be bubbled up through the water, said Maria Korsnick, chief nuclear officer and chief operating officer, Constellation Energy Nuclear Group. As the water bubbles up it creates a scrubbing action which contains the radioactive materials in the water, significantly removing radioactivity from the air. Wet filters are used in Europe, but not the United States. In an external wet filter, the water tank is placed outside of containment and the scrubbing action occurs there. Filtering with water immersion and water sprays uses the same basic principlewater retains the radioactive particles, greatly reducing the amount of radioactive release. The key difference is that both immersion and sprays keep radioactive particles inside the containment chamber, with water falling from the top of the chamber

Editor Mark Flanagan Graphic Designer Rafy Levy Illustrator Calvin Haden

Editorial Specialist Andrea Korte

Photographer Anna Gomez

in the case of sprays and water coming up from below in the case of immersion.

Contributing Editors Lynne Prodoehl Christopher Charles Thaddeus Swanek

Support from page 1

high safety mark, with only 17 percent rating them low. That continues a gradual shift from three decades ago when the majority gave nuclear power plants low scores. Respondents give strong support to U.S. leadership in global nuclear energy trade. Nearly threequarters agree that it is important for the United States to continue to play a leading role in world markets, so that America can influence nuclear safety and boost the economy.

at the nuclear energy site nearest to them. In

Nuclear Energy Insight is published quarterly by the Nuclear Energy Institute for policymakers and others interested in nuclear issues. NEI is the policy organization of the nuclear energy industry. 2012 Nuclear Energy Insight and Web Extra content are available on NEIs website at www.nei.org. For more information, call 202.739.8000.

general, support for nuclear energy is stronger among those who live near a site. Bisconti Research/GfK Roper conducted the poll of 1,000 U.S. adults by telephone in September. The survey has a margin of error of plus or minus three percentage points. Americans in general think nuclear energy facilities are operating safely: 69 percent gave the facilities a

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PPL Program Teaches Teachers About Nuclear Energy

Twenty Pennsylvania school teachers spent a week on the other side of the desk last summerlearning about nuclear energy, other nuclear technologies and operations at the Susquehanna nuclear energy facility. PPL hosts the Nuclear Energy Seminar for Teachers, or NEST, at its Susquehanna Energy Information Center. The program is a five-day whirlwind that includes plant tours, lectures, discussions and classroom exercises, giving K-12 teachers the tools to take information about nuclear energy back to their schools. they can take back to the classroom and implement and share with the other teachers in the school district, said Alana Roberts, PPLs community affairs specialist and program coordinator. Last summer, PPL celebrated the 30th anniversary of NEST, which has educated more than 1,200 teachers. The program was initiated and developed by Joe Scopelliti, who now serves as PPLs Susquehanna community relations manager. He joined PPL after teaching chemistry at a local high school and, knowing how little information educators had about nuclear energy, saw a gap ready to be filled. That demand has not abated. Roberts said that the program is filled, with a waiting list. NEST draws science teachers from a number of disciplines, including chemistry, physics and environmental science. Participants come into the program with varying levels of nuclear knowledge. Some teachers may be plant neighbors who are well-aware of Susquehannas contribution to the states electricity profile, while other, more far-flung participants may not know that nuclear energy generates 33 percent of Pennsylvanias electricity and almost all of its emissions-free power. PPL regularly adds new topics to the
Buckling down for education: Teachers spend time in the classroom, learning from PPL employees about all forms of energy and electricity.
Photos courtesy PPl

We provide them with curricula that

curriculum, keeping the information fresh. The company allows participants to retake the course every five years to learn whats new in the industry and at Susquehanna station. Roberts said there is growing interest in a comparison of nuclear to other forms of electrical generation, so PPL incorporated a unit on renewable energy and organized a trip to a local wind farm.

Recent events in the nuclear industry also shape the programs focus. Were just beginning to speak about what changes are going to come about from the Fukushima incident and how thats going to translate into changes at U.S. reactors and in particular about Susquehanna, Roberts said. She said that one of this years unexpected highlights was a presentation on nuclear job opportunities. We had a terrific back-and-forth twohour session on what job opportunities are available, what are up-and-coming job opportunities, she said, not only at PPL, but in the nuclear industry. The nuclear industry has filled 41,100 jobs since 2005. PPL is seeing the effects of new faces in the industry, and NEST has begun to reflect the generational change taking place throughout the industry. Recent hires help to shape the future of the program in the wake of several retirements. This year, former students of Bloomsburg University Professor David Simpson, NESTs lead instructor, are working at PPL and serving as instructors themselves.

NEST participants don the protective gear worn by nuclear energy professionals working in close proximity to radioactive materials.

We provide them with curricula that they can take back to the classroom and implement and share with the other teachers in the school district.
Alana Roberts PPL Site Specialist

On what NEST offers participants

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Nuclear Safety Planning Helps Iowa Weather a Flood

The waters of the Cedar River and its tributaries rose alarmingly throughout the spring of 2008. Heavy snow from the previous winter melted away and Iowa farmers had not yet planted their crops, a potential bulwark against excess drainage into the river. Chances for a major flood That June, the river overflowed its banks, flooding Cedar Rapids and much of the rest of Linn and Benton counties. Emergency workers expected a flood seen only once in 100 years, cresting at about 20 feet. That would be bad enough. But the water that inundated the area exceeded a 500-year flood, cresting at more than 31 feet, the highest seen in modern times. Local emergency officials implemented a well-developed strategy to evacuate as many people as possible, to get them out of harms way if they could, and ensure assistance to those whose homes and businesses were inundated by floodwaters.
PhotograPher: Don Becker , u.s. geological survey Photo courtesy of courtesy of nextera

passed from a possibility to a certainty.

The island that was Duane Arnold. The nuclear facility was designed to withstand the worst possible flood that could strike the regionand it did.

County emergency management services. Because the Duane Arnold facility is located there, personnel from the plant and the two counties, along with the Federal Emergency Management Agency and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, have a well-developed radiological emergency response plan. Emergency responders drill on the plan frequently to ensure it works if needed. NextEra Energy designs and conducts the exercises four times a year. Emergency planning experts at the facility develop accident scenarios and use a full-scale plant simulator to provide realistic meteorological and radiologic information to set the parameters. Emergency workers take their places in the Emergency Operations Center and in the field and respond to the imaginary

facility releases radiation, the resulting emergency response would be focused essentially as the wind blows. Protective actions would be recommended for areas according to wind direction. The flood, meanwhile, affected populations across and beyond the Linn County area. Almost everyone along the rivers path had to evacuate, some indefinitely.

A local nuclear energy facility has been recognized for its role in the response. NextEra Energys Duane Arnold Energy Center is only 10 miles from downtown Cedar Rapids, but it stands on high ground and experienced no damage from the floods. Duane Arnold responded in the same way we would in a radiological emergency. We sent a representative to each site in each county. We also have emergency coordinators in those counties who also responded, Mike Davis, the facilitys emergency planning manager, said. But Duane Arnold did more, both directly and indirectly. A recent study in disaster resilience issued by the National Academy of Sciences pointed to an essential connection between the nuclear energy facility and Linn and Benton
Mike Davis

A necessary if gritty task: filling and positioning sandbags to hold back the floodwaters.

accident, while plant and county officials measure their performance. In addition, every other year, FEMA tests the Linn and Benton County emergency personnel while the NRC measures the effectiveness of Duane Arnolds emergency preparedness and safety operations. In the unlikely event that a nuclear One of the unique aspects of the Duane Arnold plan, said Davis, is that the
Members of the Iowa National Guard move into position to help out with the rescue effort.

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10-mile emergency planning zone we are federally required to accommodate divides the city of Cedar Rapids, but our organization expanded our plan to include the entire Cedar Rapids metropolitan area. The key, though, was not the radiological emergency response plan. What made the difference was the frequency of the drills, which helped the community prepare to respond to any emergency. When it became clear the river would flood, the activation of the emergency operation center went out, and it was the same activation that we use for the radiological plan. All the same players were called because they also man our radiological plan, Linn County Emergency Management Director Mike Goldberg said. They sat at their tables, their phones were ready, their traffic and access control maps were up and they knew what to dobecause of the radiological plan. Without the opportunities and motivation to train together, some counties have trouble pulling in agencies to work their exercises, Goldberg added. Theyll have an exercise on the weekend and try to get representatives from the police and fire department to participate, but they have more of a challenge to get them to come in. We have 60 to 65 people come in to the EOC. Theyre very eager to do it. The outcome? The radiological emergency plan and the community partnerships it helped develop played a large role in the fact that no lives were lost to a different hazard that evolved into a disaster during the flooding in 2008, NAS said. No lives were lost.

The Role of the Organization in Changing Times

Robert Willard, a retired U.S. Navy admiral, became head of the Institute of Nuclear Power Operations (INPO) earlier this year. Insight asked him how hes settling in and what role he envisions for the organization during a time of change in the global nuclear energy industry.

Photo courtesy of institute of nuclear Power oPerations

One-On-One With INPOs Robert Willard

nel (on loan). Evaluations last for about two weeks and cover a variety of areas with an emphasis on plant operations. We are endeavoring to understand any gaps in performance that may exist so that we can share that with the site and assist them with improving performance to a level that would be regarded as excellent.

Q: In the simplest terms, what does

INPO do? Willard: INPO is dedicated to the safety and reliability of the commercial nuclear energy industry. It focuses on nuclear operations and in many ways the human factors and leadership aspects associated with that. Were not the regulator, but focus on excellence in safety and reliability. The biggest resource commitment is the conduct of periodic evaluations of various nuclear energy facilities. We conduct about three evaluations per month, which consume a good amount of INPOs time and resources. We also have programs in assistance, training and accreditation. As a consequence of Fukushima, weve further developed our involvement in emergency response. We broadly share operating experience information with the industry. There are a whole variety of programs and initiatives that INPO executes every day.

Q: Give me an overview of INPOs

work to date in addressing Fukushima lessons learned. What have you already inspected or implemented? Willard: Were well under way in dealing with the lessons learned from Fukushima. While Fukushima was occurring, within about four days, the first INPO event report was transmitted to the industry. It resulted in an effort to identify the equipment that is on hand for emergency preparedness at our sites. There have been two subsequent INPO event reports that have been submitted to industry. Walkdown inspections are part of these. Weve been working within a couple of different Fukushima forums that have yielded lessons learned across the industry and helped develop actions that the industry, regulator and INPO are taking or plan to take. INPO is also adjusting its posture to be better prepared for consequential external events including internal restructuring, investments in communications capabilities and better access to data.
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As a consequence of Fukushima, weve further developed our involvement in emergency response.

Q: What does a typical INPO

evaluation involve? Willard: The evaluation teams are comprised of both INPO and industry person-

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Partnership Helps Prepare Workforce for the Future

understanding is the first formal partnership between the Navy and the nuclear energy industry designed to put veterans to work in the growing domestic nuclear energy field.
photo courtesy of courtesy of u.s. Navy

The NUCP is a program NEI helped set up at 38 community colleges to provide a uniform course of study for future nuclear reactor operators and technicians. Whats good for the industry is good for the Navy, and the NUCP gives the Navy access to recruits with a strong head start in nuclear energy technologies and skills. And if they have a yearning for the sea, all the better. Access to students participating in the Nuclear Uniform Curriculum Program will provide the nuclear Navy with a larger pool of qualified candidates to fill the ranks, said Tom Dougan, a spokesperson for the Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program. As the nuclear Navy is always looking for educated individuals, this is a step in the right direction for the Navy and the nation. The agreement has enormous potential. One prominent former Navy serviceman may have put its prospects best. This new partnership is a win-win for the industry and for the men and women of the Navy, who have served their country and are ready to apply the skills theyve honed in the military to build careers in the private sector, said Sen. John McCain (R-Ariz.) There are few better ways to support our troops than to hire a veteran.

A fair number of those veterans are younger peopleand thats exactly what the nuclear energy industry needs to sustain itself as the industry revitalizes. The nuclear industry expects to hire about 25,000 more workers over the next four years, and this agreement allows us to bring in experienced, highly skilled people who deserve rewarding civilian careers after selfless service to their country, said Anthony Pietrangelo, NEIs senior vice president and chief nuclear officer. An important facet of the program allows the Navy to forward contact information about its nuclear-trained naval veterans to nuclear industry recruiters. This allows former sailors more opportunities to use their hard-earned skills after they decide to leave the Navy, said Steve Trautman, the deputy director of the Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program. But the agreement works both ways. Establishing this agreement with the nuclear energy industry facilitates the Navys access to the graduates of the commercial Nuclear Uniform Curriculum Program to provide them opportunities to serve as nuclear-trained sailors, said Trautman.

The knowledge gained by these young sailors in the nuclear navy can be useful in the domestic nuclear energy industryso the Navy and the industry have joined together to foster this affinity with a new program.

The nuclear industry and the Navy face similar challenges in filling their ranks with top talent. The nuclear industry wants young workers to replace older workers preparing for retirement. The U.S. Navy, meanwhile, wants to transition their service personnel into the private sector after their service comes to an end. The Navy would also like to find new recruits with an interest in nuclear energy. The goals of the two are complementary enough that it seemed a matter of time before they found a way to work together to benefit both of them. And now, that has happened. This summer, the industry and the U.S. Navys Nuclear Propulsion Program signed an agreement of understanding to establish a program to help Navy veterans transition to civilian jobs. The agreement of

As we continue to implement important safety enhancements at our facilities, it will be critical to share that news and information.
Eric McErlain NEI Senior Manager, Web Communications

Online from page 8

It was a great example of how NEI can work together with its members to manage a media event in real time, said McErlain. As we continue to implement important safety enhancements at our facilities, it will be critical for us to share that news and information with the public on whatever online platform they choose.

Connect with NEI via social media: @N_E_I - NEI's Main Twitter Feed @NEI_media - NEI's Media Relations Department @Nuclear_policy - NEI's Senior Vice President of Communications Nuclear Energy Institute on Facebook NEINetwork on YouTube NEI Nuclear Notes Blog N_E_I's Flickr Photostream NEI on Pinterest

McErlain put together a game plan ahead of the broadcast to make sure industry was heard during the real-time conversation about the program. One result: Frontline reporter Miles OBrien re-tweeted NEIs content, a fair and generous gesture that ensured that viewers got to hear all sides of the issue and allowed nuclear advocacy to reach an even wider audience.

On the value of twittering and Facebooking

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Extra Eyes and Ears Combat Counterfeit Nuclear Parts at NRC

Companies that supply Americas nuclear energy facilities know their customers arent the only ones keeping a sharp eye on quality. The U.S. Nuclear pendent nuclear safety watchdog, also inspects vendors of nuclear parts against rigorous standards and investigates reports of defective or suspect items. Now the agency has gone further with its efforts, joining forces with other investigative services that keep their eyes on the global supply chain. As the challenges of international trade increase, the NRC aims to keep the universe of parts that make up a nuclear energy facility free of quality issues. Substandard parts can potentially disrupt the safe operation of a plant or devices with a nuclear source, said Cheryl McCrary, director of the NRCs Office of Investigations. While reports of this kind of substandard manufacturing have not been common, the trend toward a more globalized supply chain creates new challenges in the fight against the potential introduction of counterfeit parts into the nuclear industry. In July, the NRC became the 21st partner agency to the National Intellectual Property Rights Coordination Center (IPR Center), part of the Department of Homeland Securitys Immigration and Customs Enforcement. The agreement between the NRC and the center outlines the collaborative investigative efforts and cooperation protocols the two agencies will share related to counterfeit, fraudulent and suspect parts and equipment used in nuclear energy facilities and devices using nuclear materials. Founded in 2000, the IPR Center uses the expertise of its member agencies to share information, develop initiatives, coordinate enforcement actions and conduct investigations to fight criminal counterfeiting and piracy. Partner agencies include the FBI and other U.S. governmental investigative services, Interpol, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the Mexican Revenue Service. McCrary said the new collaboration will enhance information sharing between the NRC and partner agencies. This gives us an early alert to potential problems, and extra eyes and ears around the world. The NRC also has consolidated internal groups that inspect vendors and their quality assurance programs. When the industry began developing new reactor projects several years ago, the NRC formed an organization with the Office of New Reactors to conduct vendor inspections related to these projects. A separate organization continued to investigate reports on defective or suspect products for operating reactors, focusing primarily on safetyrelated parts and services. The Office of New Reactors will now perform vendor inspections and quality assurance program inspections for both new and operating reactors through the newly created Vendor Inspection Center of Expertise. The agency said the new approach will also provide a better environment for knowledge management for the vendor inspection staff and provide the junior staff better accessibility to senior staff for mentoring and on-the-job training so that they can grow in their areas of expertise. Substandard parts can potentially disrupt the safe operation of a plant or devices with a nuclear source.
Following the signing ceremony on July 11, 2012, IPR Center Director Lev Kubiak (left) and NRC Office of Investigations Director Cheryl L. McCrary (right) exchanged seals at the IPR Center.
photo courtesy of courtesy of u.s. ImmIgratIoN aNd customs eNforcemeNt (Ice), NatIoNal INtellectual property rIghts coordINatIoN ceNter

Regulatory Commission (NRC), an inde-

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NEI Leads the Online Conversation About Nuclear

This spring, the Nuclear Energy Institute staked out another outpost online: an NEI Facebook page that has more than 9,800 followers. On the page, you can view photos and videos, ask (and answer) questions, and connect with other nuclear energy enthusiasts. Theres a conversation going on about our industry all the time online, and a large part of that conversation has migrated to Facebook, said Eric McErlain, senior mansome fun. The Facebook page, along with NEIs Twitter feeds, NEI Nuclear Notes blog, Flickr page and YouTube channel, and even a presence on Pinterest, allows NEI, the industry and the public to work together to cover milestones, debunk myths and promote clean, safe and reliable nuclear energy. In addition to the main NEI feed, NEI also keeps two other Twitter feeds: The media team tweets under the handle @NEI_media, and Scott Peterson, NEIs senior vice president of communications, joins the conversation with @Nuclear_policy. Twitter has become especially useful in allowing NEI and its member companies to combat media misinformation. For example, in February, NEI and Entergy live tweeted during a PBS broadcast of a Frontline documentary on nuclear safety, calling out misinformation and directing viewers to additional resources. Working with Jerry Nappi, Entergys lead communicator at Indian Point, as well as Alex Schott, Entergys manager of social media,
Online on page 6

Know Your Nuclear State

Arkansas
Electric Generation: Nuclear energy produced 23.1 percent of Arkansass electricity in 2010, the second-largest source following coal.
NEI Nuclear Notes, launched in 2005, was NEIs first foray into social media. It provides extended comment on the nuclear news of the day.

ager of Web communications at NEI. Its important that NEI takes part in that conversation and listens to what folks are saying about our business. That doesnt mean that the conversation is always serious. Overall, the page takes on a conversational tone not unlike an open house at an American nuclear energy facility. There is even the occasional contest to test your nuclear energy knowledge or, as with the recent haiku contest, just have

Environmental Impact: Using nuclear energy in 2010 prevented the emission of 16,000 tons of sulfur dioxide, which causes acid rain; 10,000 tons of nitrogen oxide, about the equivalent of 545,000 cars, more than half the 945,000 cars registered in the state; and 10 million metric tons of carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas. Two Reactors: Arkansas Nuclear One 1842 megawatts Arkansas Nuclear One 2993 megawatts
Arkansas Nuclear One LITTLE ROCK

College Programs: Arkansas Tech, Nuclear Physics, Nuclear Technology

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