Lecture 35 Reinforced Concrete Beams & One-Way Slabs

Reinforced concrete structures are typified by their strength, beauty, bulk and longevity. It is the material of choice for many structures where these characteristics are required. Concrete-framed structures have many desirable advantages over other construction materials including: Concrete can be molded to form almost any imaginable shape The entire building can be made of concrete walls, floors, structure Concrete frames are inherently stable (vs. steel & wood) Concrete structures are heavy excellent for wind-prone areas Concrete is a readily-available material Concrete is very fire-resistant Weather-resistant (if built properly) Relatively inexpensive material

However, reinforced concrete structures have several shortcomings which may preclude it as a building material, including: Very labor-intensive Quality control Formwork Longer construction schedule due to curing time Much larger, heavier member sizes (vs. steel-framed)

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Concrete Materials: Concrete is a mixture of the following materials: 1. Portland Cement The active ingredient that glues the other materials together. Different types of Portland cement include: a) Type I General purpose b) Type II Moderate sulfate protection and lower heat of hydration c) Type III High-early strength d) Type IV Low heat of hydration used for massive concrete structures such as dams e) Type V High sulfate resistance 2. Water Should be clean and free from any impurities (i.e., potable). 3. Aggregates Fine (sand) and coarse (gravel). 4. Admixtures Other ingredients added to enhance properties: a) Air Entrainment Tiny bubbles used to reduce cracking in concrete subject to freeze-thaw cycles. b) Superplasticizers Used to increase concretes flow (workability) instead of adding water. c) Retarders Used to slow the hydration process d) Accelerators Used to speed-up the curing process e) Insulating beads increases the R value, but diminishes strength f) Fly Ash decreases the amount of portland cement required g) Colors can be mixed to produce any desirable color Reinforced Concrete Properties: 1) Compressive Strength The specified concrete compressive strength, fc, is actually a stress. It is the most important structural property of concrete and is VERY DEPENDENT upon the water-to-cement ratio, i.e., low w/c ratio = high fc and high w/c ratio = low fc. Typical range of fc are: fc = 3000 PSI (slab-on-grade, footings, foundation walls) = 3500 6000 PSI (beams, framed slabs) = 4000 14000 PSI (columns)

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2) Tensile Strength Concrete is a brittle material and has very small tensile strength (about 10% of fc). It is usually assumed that concrete has zero tensile strength. 3) Modulus of Elasticity Determined by formula below: Econc = 57000 f 'c

where fc = concrete specified compressive stress in PSI Example 1: GIVEN: Concrete with fc = 4000 PSI. REQUIRED: Determine Econc Econc = 57000 f 'c

= 57000 4000 PSI = 3,605,000 PSI Econc = 3605 KSI 4) Reinforcing Bars Used to carry ALL of the tension in a concrete member, as well as helping to carry shear and compression. The size of a bar refers to its diameter in 1/8ths. For example a #5 bar is 5/8 in diameter (see table below). Rebar should conform to ASTM A615 for deformed bars. Typical grades include: a) Grade 60 Has a yield stress Fy = 60 KSI, used for all bars b) Grade 40 Has a yield stress Fy = 40 KSI, used for low-strength applications only Bar Size: #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 Diameter: 1 1 1 1 Area (in2): 0.11 0.20 0.31 0.44 0.60 0.79 1.00 1.27 1.56

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Typical Concrete Beam Cross-Section: Consider a rectangular concrete beam under normal positive-moment bending (flexure).

Compression side of beam

Tension reinforcing at bottom of beam As Vertical Stirrup bars to prevent diagonal tension cracks

Below is a section through a typical rectangular concrete beam: Width b

Depth to steel d Section A-A

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Hanger bars (#4 or #5 bars) #3 Stirrup bars (used to prevent diag. tension cracks) spaced at d/2 apart

Concrete cover = 2 as per ACI reqmts.

Tension bars As

As = Total cross-sectional area of tension bars, in2 d = depth to center of tension bars, inches = h (concrete cover) (stirrup bar dia.) (tension bar dia.)

Height h

Example 2 GIVEN: A rectangular concrete beam is similar to the one shown above. Use the following: Height h = 20 Width b = 12 Concrete fc = 4000 PSI Concrete cover = All bars are A615 Grade 60 (Fy = 60 KSI) Stirrup bar = #3 4 - #7 Tension bars REQUIRED: 1) Determine total area of tension bars, As. 2) Determine depth to center of tension bars, d. A 200 3) Determine actual = s where min = and state if it is acceptable. bd Fy Step 1 Determine area of tension bars, As: As = 4 bars(0.60 in2 per bar) As = 2.40 in2 Step 2 Determine depth to tension bars, d: d = depth to center of tension bars, inches = h (concrete cover) (stirrup bar dia.) (tension bar dia.) = 20 () d = 18.44 Step 3 Determine actual and min : actual =
As bd

min =

200 Fy

2.40in 2 = (12" )(18.44" )

200 60000 PSI

actual = 0.0108

min = 0.0033

Since actual > min beam is acceptable

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Concrete Beam Flexure Analysis ACI Working Stress Method: Concrete beam design involves many variables and is typically done by trial & error. As a starting point, ACI has a useful table listing minimum heights for beams and slabs: Minimum Thickness of Concrete Beams & One-Way Slabs Member: End Conditions Simply One end Both ends Cantilever supported continuous continuous Solid one-way slab L/20 L/24 L/28 L/10 Beam L/16 L/18.5 L/21 L/8 Span length L = inches The following table has been developed as a design aid for the flexural analysis and design of rectangular beams and one-way slabs: Balanced Section Properties for Rect. Beams & Slabs w/ Tension Reinf. Rebar Grade: Allow. Rebar Concrete fc j R Tensile stress, fs Grade 40 20 KSI 3000 PSI 0.872 0.226 4000 PSI 0.860 0.324 Grade 60 24 KSI 3000 PSI 0.886 0.204 4000 PSI 0.875 0.295 Based on values from the above table, we have the following formulas for analysis and design: As required =
M max f s jd

dmin =

M max Rb

where: Mmax = maximum applied moment from moment diagram, Kip-in = maximum allowable moment for analysis fs = from table above j = from table above dmin = minimum required depth to tension steel, inch R = from table above b = beam width, inch

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Example 3 GIVEN: The concrete beam from Example 2. REQUIRED: Determine the maximum allowable moment in terms of kipfeet. Step 1 Determine values for j and R: From table above, j = 0.875 R = 0.295 Step 2 Determine Mallow: As required =
M max f s jd

Rearranging to solve for Mmax: Mmax = Mallow = Asfsjd = (2.40 in2)(24 KSI)(0.875)(18.44 in) = 929.4 kip-in Mallow = 77.4 kip-ft Example 4 GIVEN: A rectangular simply-supported concrete beam as shown below with the following: Concrete fc = 4000 PSI Rebar = Grade 60 Concrete cover = Stirrups = #3 bars Tension bars = #6 bars Assume beam height 1.5 x width REQUIRED: Design the beam, including all dimensions and number of reinforcing bars. w = 1700 PLF (including beam wt.)

Span = 20-0

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Step 1 Determine minimum beam height, h: From table above, h L/16 (20-0 x 12/ft)/16 15 TRY h = 16 Step 2 Determine depth to tension steel, d: d = h (concrete cover) (stirrup bar dia.) (tension bar dia.) = 16 (6/8) d = 14.5 inch Step 3 Determine Mmax: Mmax =

wL2 8 (1.7 KLF )(20' ) 2 8

= 85 kip-ft Mmax = 1020 kip-in Step 4 Check minimum required d: dmin =

M max Rb

where b h/1.5 16/1.5 10.67 TRY b = 12

1020kip in (0.295)(12" )

dmin = 16.97 > 14.5 MUST REVISE DEPTH OF BEAM

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Step 5 Revise beam dimensions: h = d + (concrete cover) + (stirrup bar dia.) + (tension bar dia.)
= 16.97 + + 3/8 + (6/8) = 18.47 USE h = 18

Step 6 Determine required Area of tension steel, As: As required =

M max f s jd

1020kip in (24 KSI )(0.875)(17" )

= 2.86 in2 Step 7 Check if actual > min:

actual =

As bd 2.86in 2 (12" )(17" )

min =

200 Fy

200 60000 PSI

= 0.0140

min = 0.0033

Since actual = 0.0140 > 0.0033 reinforcing is acceptable Step 8 Determine number of #6 tension bars: Number of bars =

As Area _ of _ one _ bar 2.86in 2 0.44in 2 _ per _#6 _ bar

= 6.5 bars Use 7 - #6 tension bars

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Step 9 Detail the beam:

12

#4 Hanger bars #3 Stirrup bars spaced 8 o.c. 18 7 - #6 bars Section A-A

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Concrete cover =

Concrete One-Way Slabs A one-way slab is supported by parallel walls or beams, and the main tension reinforcing runs parallel to the span. It looks like the following:

Tension rebar

Wall (or beam)

Slab span

The slab is designed as a series of 1-0 wide beam strips. The analysis is similar to rectangular beams, except the width b = 12 and the height is usually on the order of 4 10. The main tension bars are usually #4, #5 or #6 bars. There are no stirrups in slabs, however, additional bars are placed perpendicular to the main tension bars to prevent cracking during the curing process. These bars are referred to as shrinkage or temperature bars and are also usually #4 or #5 bars. 3 x slab thickness Maximum spacing between main tension bars = smaller of 12 5 x slab thickness Maximum spacing between shrinkage bars = smaller of 18 or or

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Example 5 GIVEN: A simply-supported one-way slab with a span = 10-0. The slab is loaded with DL = 120 PSF and LL = 100 PSF (total load = 220 PSF). In addition, use the following: Concrete fc = 4000 PSI Rebar = Grade 60 Concrete cover = Main tension bars = #5 Shrinkage bars = #4 REQUIRED: Design the slab thickness and bar requirements. Take a 10 wide strip. Tension rebar

Wall

10-0

Step 1 Determine Mmax: Mmax =

wL2 8 (0.220 KLF )(10' ) 2 8

= 2.75 kip-ft Mmax = 33 kip-in

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Step 2 Determine minimum required dmin: dmin =

M max Rb

33kip in (0.295)(12" )

dmin = 3.05 inch Step 3 Determine minimum thickness from table above: From table, h = L/20 = (10-0 x 12/ft)/20 = 6 Use h = 6 Step 4 Determine revised d: d = h cover (Tension bar dia) = 6 () = 4.94 Step 5 Determine required area of tension steel, As: From table above, fs = 24 KSI, j = 0.875 As required =
M max f s jd

33kip in (24 KSI )(0.875)(4.94" )

= 0.32 in2 per 1-0 wide slab strip

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Step 6 Determine spacing of #5 tension bars (Abar = 0.31 in2): Max Spacing =
( Abar )(12" ) OR 3(Thickness) OR 12 As

(0.31in 2 )(12" ) = 0.32in 2

= 11.6 Use #5 tension bars @ 11 o.c. Step 7 Determine #4 shrinkage bar spacing: 5 x slab thickness Maximum spacing between shrinkage bars = smaller of 18 or use

Use #4 shrinkage bars @ 18 o.c. to tension bars

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