Professional Documents
Culture Documents
V. Mancuso, I. Tinnirello
PSTN, ISDN
GMSC
database
Internet
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PSTN
RNC
Iu CS
MSC VLR
GMSC
database
Internet
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2G => 3G MS => UE (User Equipment), often also called (user) terminal New air (radio) interface based on WCDMA access technology New RAN architecture (Iur interface is available for soft handover, BSC => RNC)
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PSTN
Iu CS
MSC VLR
GMSC
Internet
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PSTN
New option in Rel.4: GERAN (GSM and EDGE Radio Access Network)
MGW
PS core as in Rel.99
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core
PSTN
PS core as in Rel.99
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CS core PSTN
MGW
HSS
Internet
SGSN
GGSN
PS core
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HSS
SGSN
GGSN
PS core
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Service provider
Service provider
End user
End user
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V. Mancuso, I. Tinnirello
V. Mancuso, I. Tinnirello
The IMS
The IP Multimedia Subsystem Vincenzo Mancuso, PhD
V. Mancuso, I. Tinnirello
The IMS
The Third generation networks aim to merge two most valuable resources in communication technology, along with local PSTN networks Cellular Networks The Internet Use packet switching, IP The IP Multimedia Subsystem or IMS is the solution to integrate all the services that the internet provides with the cellular and other networks Triple Play: coordination of voice, video and data
V. Mancuso, I. Tinnirello
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Operators dislike such approaches, so they push a way very similar to e-mail: centralization per domain. This approach is named Internet Protocol Multimedia Subsystem, IMS. V. Mancuso, I. Tinnirello
tel:+17324567888 zzeb@tmobile.co m
IMS Subscriber
Sip:zehan.zeb@example.com
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User Identity
Private identity
Issued by home provider Used for AAA Saved on ISIM (not modifiable)
Private User Identity 1 Public User Identity 1 Implicitly Registered ID Set 1 Service Profile 1
Service Profile 2
Public identity
IMS Normal SIP address (URI or TEL) Subscription Identifies the user publicly User has one or more identities Used for routing Can be grouped into implicit registration sets
Service Profile 3
Service Profile 4
Use a temporary identity derived from USIM during initial registration (derived from IMSI) PIDs are then provided by the S-CSCF in its reply to the registration
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UICC
Universal Integrated Circuit Card Used to store data, including authentication information Contains one or more applications
SMS Phonebook SIM
GSM Subscriber Identity Module
USIM
UMTS SIM
ISIM
IMS SIM
IP Multimedia Subsystem
A standard Next-gen network architecture An enabler of new applications
SIP
Converged Services Rich Communications
Video Clips Sports, News PushPush-2-Talk Push-2-View Push PushPush-2-X
SIP
IMS
IP Network SIP SIP
SIP
SIP
Voice
At Home
On the Move
In the Office
IMS is access agnostic, cost reducing, and service enhancing IMS gives the customer & carrier choice
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IMS
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IMS goals
Combine latest trends in tech Run fast, no time for standardization of services Mobile/Nomadic internet Create a platform for multimedia services and their development Exploit/allow mobile packetswitching networks Not a mere circuit-switching replacement
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IMS requirements
Support for establishing IP Multimedia Sessions
Audio, video, messaging
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Protocols in IMS
3GPP reuses protocol developed by other standards development organizations
ETSI (European Telecommunications Standard Institute) IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) ITU-T (International Telecommunications Union - Telecommunications)
3GPP interacts with standards development organizations as for the development of existing and new protocols Protocols
RTP for media transport Session control protocols AAA protocols Other
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Authentication
Are you really who you say you are?
Accounting
$
Session Management
Session Management
Routing Management
Routing Management
DIAMETER
by IETF RFC3588 Evolution of RADIUS Base protocol Diameter applications
Connection Management
Base Protocol
Connection Management
Base Protocol
Diameter applications used to customize/extend the base protocol for different interfaces, environments, and applications E.g.: interact with SIP session setup (Authorization and Authentication) E.g.: interact with the billing subsystem to control accounting E.g.: interact with routing entities
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IMS Architecture
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Access Independent Applications 3G mobile WLAN WiMAX DSL Fibre Ethernet IMS Platform Internet
PSTN
IP transport MGW
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AS MR F
HSS
MGCF
H.248
IP Network
GGS N
PSTN/PLMN
CPE
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Access to IMS
The user can connect to an IMS network in variety of ways, all of which use the standard Internet Protocol (IP) for packet switching e.g., IMS terminals can register directly on an IMS network
e.g., mobile phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs) and computers even when they are roaming in another network or country (the visited network) The only requirement is that they can use IPv6 (also IPv4 in early IMS) and run SIP user agents
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Mobile access
e.g., W-CDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, GPRS
Wireless access
e.g., WLAN, WiMAX
Other phone systems like plain old telephone service (POTS -- the old analogue telephones) or PSTN, H.323 and non IMS-compatible VoIP systems, are supported through gateways
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V. Mancuso, I. Tinnirello
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SIP servers
CSCF (Call/Session Control Function)
Databases (HSS,SLF)
HSS is an evolution of the HLR (Home Location Register) of GSM Contains the user-related subscription data (e.g., location, authorization and authentication information) More than one HSS is possible If #HSS > 1 SLF required SLF maps users address to HSSs HSS and SLF use DIAMETER with an IMSspecific diameter application
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Presence, Location and Profile End-User Identity Private and Public End-User Information Registration Information Service Initiation Information Subscriber Service Profile (SSP) Downloaded to CSCF at Registration
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More on HSS
HSS is a master user database that supports all the IMS network functions that actually handle communications contains the subscription-related information (user profiles) performs authentication and authorization of the user can provide information about the user's physical location is similar to the GSM Home Location Register (HLR) and Authentication Centre (AUC) together
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CSCF
SIP servers or proxies, collectively called Call Session Control Function (CSCF), are used to process SIP signaling packets/messages in the IMS P-CSCF (Proxy) I-CSCF (Interrogating) S-CSCF (Server)
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PCSCF
ICSCF
SIP
SIP
SCSCF
SIP
SIP
S-CSCF
Central Node of Control Plane Acts as Registrar for User (located in the home domain) Invokes Application Servers Performs Primary Routing Function
I-CSCF
Located at Edge of Administrative Domain (contact point for inter-domain messages) Is the Ingress Network Point Defined in DNS Shields Network Topology from External Networks
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Irish User
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CSCF
P-CSCF (Proxy) Outbound/Inbound proxy server First server contacted by the user Fixed while registered Security functions (integrity protection, IPSec,) Authenticates the user and extend the authentication to other nodes within IMS Compress/decompress SIP messages Generates charging info
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P-CSFC details
SIP proxy that is the first point of contact for the IMS terminal It can be located either in the visited network (in full IMS networks) or in the home network (when the visited network isn't IMS compliant yet) The terminal discovers its P-CSCF with either DHCP
Other nodes trust the P-CSCF, and do not have to authenticate the user again
It can also compress and decompress SIP messages it may include a Policy Decision Function (PDF), which authorizes media plane resources it also generates charging records V. Mancuso, I. Tinnirello
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CSCF
I-CSCF (Interrogating) SIP proxy at the edge of a domain Advertised by DNS Interface to HSS and SLF for routing purposes Optional: encryption of sensitive information about the domain (THIG: topology hiding inter-network gateway)
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I-CSCF details
It is another SIP function located at the edge of an administrative domain Its IP address is published in the DNS of the domain remote servers can find it, and use it as a forwarding point (e.g. registering) for SIP packets to this domain The I-CSCF queries the HSS using DIAMETER to retrieve the user location then it routes the SIP request to its assigned S-CSCF Up to Release 6 it can also be used to hide the internal network from the outside world (encrypting part of the SIP message) in which case it's called a THIG (Topology Hiding Inter-network Gateway) From Release 7 onwards this "entry point" function is removed from the ICSCF and is now part of the IBCF (Interconnection Border Control Function) which is also a firewall and a nat.
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CSCF
S-CSCF (Server) SIP server with session control functions SIP registrar (maintains a mapping between user location and public user identity) SIP routing PEP Always located in the home network Interfaced with the HSS (e.g., to download the users profile)
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S-CSCF details
It is the central node of the signaling plane
SIP server + session control
It is always located in the home network It uses DIAMETER to the HSS to download and upload user profiles
All necessary information is loaded from the HSS.
It sits on the path of all signaling messages, and can inspect every message It decides to which application server(s) the SIP message will be forwarded, in order to provide their services It provides routing services, typically using Electronic Numbering (ENUM) lookups There can be multiple S-CSCFs in the network for load distribution and high availability reasons It's the HSS that assigns the S-CSCF to a user, when it's queried by the I-CSCF.
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Contains Call Related Application Logic Facilitates a Service Creation Environment Queried by S-CSCF in Real Time to Execute Logic Filters can be applied at S-CSCF in order to inspect the SIP messages and decide whether involve or not the AS Generally Specialized for Each Service May Provide Gateway to Legacy Applications (e.g. AIN) Can Behave as a SIP Proxy or Terminal (and in this case receive the media!)
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AS
Three different AS types
SIP AS
native IMS application server
AS as a SIP Proxy
(e.g. find a taxi)
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AS as a SIP Terminal
(e.g. web server: receive media data!)
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User A wants to divert all calls from boss to an answering machine (i.e. the AS) (method=INVITE) AND (P-Asserted-Identity = boss@vodafone.com) AND (Session Case = Terminating) ->message is addressed to AS
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SIP
MRFC
MS
MS
Offers Services Such as Conferencing MRFC SIP User Interface toward S-CSCF MRFP Controls the Media Server (MS)
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MRF
The MRF (Media Resource Function) provides a source of media in the home network It provides media related functions such as media manipulation (e.g. voice stream mixing, media trans-coding) and playing of tones and announcements. Each MRF is further divided into Media Resource Function Controller (MRFC) signaling plane Media Resource Function Processor (MRFP) media plane The MRFC acts as a SIP User Agent to the S-CSCF, and controls the MRFP with a H.248 interface The MRFP is a media plane node that implements all media-related functions
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Multiparty Calls
(MRF as a special AS)
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Multiparty Call
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Multiparty Call
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BGCF
The Breakout Gateway Control Function is a SIP server that includes routing functionality based on telephone numbers used when calling from the IMS to a phone in a circuit switched network e.g., IMS to Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) or to Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) BGCF routes to the appropriate (remote) circuit switching domain BGCF selects the (local) PSTN/CS gateway
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PSTN Gateway
SGW
SIP ISUP SIP SIP
BGCF
MGCF
H.248 TDM
MGW
BGCF Routes to Gateway Based Upon Telephone Number MGCF Controlling Function for SGW and MGW SGW Provides Signaling Conversion Between SIP and ISUP MGW Provides Conversion between RTP and TDM
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Application Servers
Push-to-talk Instant messaging Telephony AS 3rd party or IMS Vendor
Home Network
DNS ENUM HSS
Diameter SIP SIP
AS AS AS
SIP
UA/UE
P-CSCF
P-CSCF UA/UE
SIP
I-CSCF
SIP
S-CSCF
SIP
MRFC MS MS
SIP
SIP
BGCF
SIP
MGCF
ISUP H.248 SS7 TDM PSTN
SIP RTP
MGW
Proxy CSCF
1st contact point for UA QoS Routes to S-CSCF
Visited Network
Serving CSCF
Registrar Session control Application Interface
Interrogating CSCF
Entry point for incoming calls Determines S-CSCF for Subscribers Hides network topology
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SIP RTP
UA/UE
Access SIP SIP
DNS ENUM
HSS
Diameter
AS AS AS
SIP
P-CSCF
SIP SIP
SIP
RTP
Visited Network
P/SP/S-CSCF
SIP
I-CSCF
SIP
S-CSCF
SIP
MRFC MS MS
SIP
BGCF
SIP
MGCF
ISUP H.248 SS7 TDM PSTN
RTP
Home Network
MGW
Proxy/Serving CSCF
Manages call origination Selects destination network Routes to I-CSCF
Interrogating CSCF
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Entry point for incoming calls Determines S-CSCF for Subscribers Hides network topology
IMS architecture
Examples
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HSS
When the phones get connected they register their name/IP to the HSS
SIP
S-CSCF
SIP
Changes the SIP message replacing Betty by its IP address found in the HSS
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AS
S-CSCF Changes the SIP message replacing taxi by the IP address of the nearest available taxi
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Intercepting the SIP invite message, the S-CSCF/AS detects a non compatibility between the codecs of the phones : it forwards it to the MRFC (a SIP proxy). The MRFC adjusts the SIP messages in order to orient the RTP flow to the MRFP (a RTP proxy), for trans-coding
S-CSCF MRFC
MGCP, H248 Megaco
SIP
MRFP
During its travel John is calling Betty The operator has made a segmentation of its services offer
Introducing the P-CSCF, II-CSCF The P-CSCF is the 1st SIP proxy seen by the terminal
It controls the bearer plan via COPS protocol It adjusts the SIP message (e.g., compression) and forwards it to the I-CSCF of the home network The operator may have several S-CSCFs (e.g., offer segmentation) So it introduces, the I-CSCF SIP proxy as the entry point of its network
also used as the entry point for calls from other operators
Visited Network
HSS
P-CSCF
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S-CSCF (consumers)
I-CSCF
S-CSCF (enterprises)
Home Network
MGCF
Legacy Call control (SS7)
SIP RTP
Phone transmission Internet H248 MGCP, Megaco
MGW
PSTN/PLMN network
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Access Network B
PCSCF C
PDF
SIP / SDP
SIP / SDP
SIP / SDP
PCSCF D
PDF
S -CSCF A
S -CSCF B
Gm SIP/SDP
inviting uey@homeb.com
Gm Go Go SIP/SDP
SGSN GGSN
UEA PDP Context
Data- Path
IP Backbone Network
GGSN SGSN
UEB
Sessionlevel(SIP/SDP signalling ) Bearer level(PDPcontext activation / modification / Release) Interaction betweensession andbearer level(COPS) I-CSCF (between P-CSCF and S-CSCF) not shown for simplicity
PDP Context
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Network Y
AS
P-CSCF
P-CSCF SGSN
GRX
DSL/Cable Modem
Network Z (UMTS/GPRS)
GGSN
DSLAM/CMTS RNC
User A
User B
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SIP functionality
SIPs main goal is to deliver a session descriptor to a user at his/her/its location A session descriptor contains the information needed for a remote user to join the session
IP address and port Codecs
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SDP
version user subject Start time G711-law Stream directio n H.261 codec Media-level user IP
Session-level
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SIP entities
Registrar User Agent
SIP endpoints handled by users (also automatically, based on userdefined rules)
Proxy server
SIP routers Usually is co-located with the registrar, and always uses the information on the registrar (through a location server) to route the calls
Forking proxy
Parallel or serial forking in the message routing
Redirect server
For routing, but no message delivery
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SIP transactions
Transaction structure A request from the client Zero or more provisional responses from the server A final response from the server Each message begins with a start line Request line (in a request) Method Request URI Protocol version
Protocol version
Start line One or more headers (name:value) ---------EMPTY LINE --------Message body (OPTIONAL) SIP message format
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SIP methods
ACK BYE CANCEL INFO INVITE NOTIFY OPTIONS PRACK PUBLISH REGISTER ack the final response for INVITE terminate a session cancel a pending request transport PSTN telephony signaling establish a session notify a UA about a particular event queries a server about capabilities ack for provisional response upload UAs info to a server map the current URI and location with the public URI SUBSCRIBE request to be notified about an event UPDATE update session characteristics MESSAGE instant message in the message body REFER instruct a server to send a request
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Prerequisites
TwoTwo -phase registration
Offline subscription
Login to the IP access net DHCP or Lower level mechanism Online registration
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P-CSCF discovery
The IMS terminal has to discover the IP address of the P-CSCF The procedure can be
stand alone (DHCP+DNS) integrated with the access to the IP (e.g., with the PDP context)
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The HSS tells the I-CSCF whether a S-CSCF was already allocated to the user. If not, I-CSCF will choose based on capabilities notified by HSS in the UAA UAA: User Auth. Ans. MAA: Multiledia Auth.Ans SAA:Server Assignment Ans. UAR: User Auth. Req MAR:Multimedia Auth.Req SAR:Server Assignment Req.
DL User Profile
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Session setup
Many nodes and many messages involved in the setup Different planes/layers media signaling CAN core
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