Core Network

UMTS Core Network
V. Mancuso, I. Tinnirello
GSM/GPRS Network Architecture

Radio access network BSS GSM/GPRS core network
PSTN, ISDN
MSC BTS MS BSC PCU SGSN BTS

IP Backbone
GMSC
VLR HLR AuC EIR GGSN
database
Internet
3GPP Rel.99 Network Architecture

Radio access network UTRAN Iub BS UE Uu Iub BS Iur RNC Iu PS Gn
IP Backbone
Core network (GSM/GPRS-based)
PSTN
RNC
Iu CS
MSC VLR
GMSC
HLR AuC SGSN EIR GGSN
database
Internet
3GPP Rel Rel.99 .99 Network Architecture

Radio access network UTRAN Iub BS UE Uu Iub BS Iur RNC RNC
2G => 3G MS => UE (User Equipment), often also called (user) terminal New air (radio) interface based on WCDMA access technology New RAN architecture (Iur interface is available for soft handover, BSC => RNC)

Changes in the core network: MSC is upgraded to 3G MSC SGSN is upgraded to 3G SGSN GMSC and GGSN remain the same AuC is upgraded (more security features in 3G)
SGSN Iu PS Gn
IP Backbone
Core network (GSM/GPRS-based)
PSTN
Iu CS
MSC VLR
GMSC
HLR AuC EIR GGSN
Internet

UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network)
Circuit Switched (CS) core network

MSC Server SGW GMSC Server SGW MGW
PSTN
New option in Rel.4: GERAN (GSM and EDGE Radio Access Network)
MGW
PS core as in Rel.99

MSC Server takes care of call control signalling The user connections are set up via MGW (Media GateWay) Lower layer protocol conversion in SGW (Signalling GateWay)
RANAP / ISUP SS7 MTP IP Sigtran
Circuit Switched (CS) network

MSC Server SGW MGW
core
GMSC Server SGW MGW
PSTN
PS core as in Rel.99

UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network) New core network part:
CS core PSTN
MGW
GERAN (GSM and EDGE Radio Access Network)
IMS (IP Multimedia System)
HSS
Internet
SGSN
GGSN
PS core

The IMS can establish multimedia sessions (using IP transport) via PS core between UE and Internet (or another IMS) Call/session control using SIP (Session Initiating Protocol) Interworking with the PSTN may be required for some time ... CS core PSTN
MGW
IMS (IP Multimedia System)
Internet / other IMS
HSS
SGSN
GGSN
PS core
New Service Concept

Content provider Content provider
Service provider
Service provider
Carrier provider all want to make profit
End user
End user
OSA (Open Services Architecture/Access)

OSA is being standardised, so that services provided by different service/content providers can be created and seamlessly integrated into the 3G network (this is the meaning of open architecture) OSA means in practice: Service Creation Environment (SCE) API API 3G network API API = Application Programming Interface (Standardised)
CAMEL (2G & 3G)

CAMEL (Customised Applications for Mobile network Enhanced Logic) is a set of IN (intelligent network) type functions and procedures that make operator-specific IN services available to subscribers who roam outside their home network. CAMEL = IN technology + global mobility CAMEL Service Environment (CSE) is a logical entity in the subscribers home network which processes IN related procedures CSE SCP in home network
The IMS
The IP Multimedia Subsystem Vincenzo Mancuso, PhD
The IMS
The Third generation networks aim to merge two most valuable resources in communication technology, along with local PSTN networks Cellular Networks The Internet Use packet switching, IP The IP Multimedia Subsystem or IMS is the solution to integrate all the services that the internet provides with the cellular and other networks Triple Play: coordination of voice, video and data
IMS ValueValue-added services

IMS also can provide integrated service to the user Third party developed services can be provided by operators, thus developing value-added services Appropriate charging for multimedia sessions, according to the content and the service offered
IMS Service Integration

Problem Statement: various networks providing services have a vertical infrastructure no horizontal links between networks The challenge: to integrate these networks and to create new applications that would provide service to next generation networks
Component #1: the media transport

After many other services, introduction of real time voice/video on Internet The 1st problem is easy: how to transmit voice/video?
IP packets RTP (Real-Time Protocol) is a protocol which transports an encoded multimedia stream as pieces, with a timestamp on each piece, and sends them using UDP/IP
Any encoding is permitted for voice/video with a Codec: MP3, ACC, MPEG4, AMR Several streams (voice+video) can be sent in parallel with the same timestamp The timestamp is used by the receiver to play the voice/video in a regular way for quality
Codec RTP UDP IP
RTP is the media transport

Component #2: session initiation

The 2nd problem is more difficult: how to initiate the call? how to know the IPaddress of the called phone?
It is necessary to have a table which translates a symbolic name Betty into an IP address Each time a terminal service is put on, it must notify its presence to update the table So, thanks to an access to this table, it is possible to make the address resolution : name -> IP address
Registration of Bettys phone and address
Registration of Johns phone and address
The control of the address table creates a tough competition

Why IMS? Solutions to make the address resolutions

MSN, Yahoo, AOL have designed a calling architecture hypercentralized: 1 table worldwide, only 1 operator Skype promotes a hyperdecentralized architecture: 1 table per terminal with peer-to-peer update between terminals
The introduction and development of solution like Skype is highly significant as it alters the notion of telecommunications operators by making the process fully electronic IDATE - ART, 2004
Operators dislike such approaches, so they push a way very similar to e-mail: centralization per domain. This approach is named Internet Protocol Multimedia Subsystem, IMS. V. Mancuso, I. Tinnirello
IMS User Identities

Sip:zehan.zeb@newstore.com
tel:+17324567888 zzeb@tmobile.co m
IMS Subscriber
Private User Identity
Sip:zehan.zeb@example.com
tel:+88028112347 Public User Identities
User Identity
Private identity
Issued by home provider Used for AAA Saved on ISIM (not modifiable)
Private User Identity 1 Public User Identity 1 Implicitly Registered ID Set 1 Service Profile 1
Public User Identity 2
Service Profile 2
Public identity
IMS Normal SIP address (URI or TEL) Subscription Identifies the user publicly User has one or more identities Used for routing Can be grouped into implicit registration sets
Public User Identity 3 Implicitly Registered ID Set 2
Service Profile 3
Private User Identity 2
If one of the set is registered then the others are as well
At least one is stored on ISIM

In case no ISIM is provided

Implicitly Registered ID Set 3
Service Profile 4
Use a temporary identity derived from USIM during initial registration (derived from IMSI) PIDs are then provided by the S-CSCF in its reply to the registration
UICC
Universal Integrated Circuit Card Used to store data, including authentication information Contains one or more applications
SMS Phonebook SIM
GSM Subscriber Identity Module
USIM
UMTS SIM
ISIM
IMS SIM
Applications are independent

SIM, USIM and ISIM can coexist on the same UICC but SIM cannot be used for IMS access (for security reasons) V. Mancuso, I. Tinnirello
IP Multimedia Subsystem
A standard Next-gen network architecture An enabler of new applications
SIP
Converged Services Rich Communications
Video Clips Sports, News PushPush-2-Talk Push-2-View Push PushPush-2-X
SIP
IMS
IP Network SIP SIP
ServiceService-layer ControlControl-layer TransportTransport-layer
SIP
SIP
Voice
LocationPresence, Location based Services

E-mail IM Games, Music Downloads
At Home
On the Move
In the Office
Picture Messaging, MM Messaging
IMS is access agnostic, cost reducing, and service enhancing IMS gives the customer & carrier choice
Streaming Audio, Video
Interactive Services, Interactive Gaming
IMS
Goals & Tools
IMS goals
Combine latest trends in tech Run fast, no time for standardization of services Mobile/Nomadic internet Create a platform for multimedia services and their development Exploit/allow mobile packetswitching networks Not a mere circuit-switching replacement
IMS requirements
Support for establishing IP Multimedia Sessions
Audio, video, messaging
Support for mechanisms to negotiate QoS

distinguish users operators want to control QoS
Support for interworking

with Internet with packet-switching networks
Support for roaming

Home and visited network Inter-operators roaming
IMS requirements (contd)

Support for user activity control
policies imposed by the operator (general policies and per-user policies) accomplish to service agreements
Support for fast service creation

dont require service standardization Standardize service capabilities instead
Support for multiple access

Not only GPRS, UMTS IP is independent on lower protocol layers
Protocols in IMS
3GPP reuses protocol developed by other standards development organizations
ETSI (European Telecommunications Standard Institute) IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) ITU-T (International Telecommunications Union - Telecommunications)
3GPP interacts with standards development organizations as for the development of existing and new protocols Protocols
RTP for media transport Session control protocols AAA protocols Other
Session Control Protocol

SIP (Session Initiation Protocol, by IETF- RFC2821) Protocol to establish and manage multimedia session over IP SIP borrows some design principles from SMTP and HTTP Does not differentiate the user-to-network interface from the network-to-network interface (unlike BICC and H.323) It follows the client-server model Text-based protocol
Easy to debug, extend and reuse for service building
AAA protocol: DIAMETER

one protocol for many interfaces Authorization
What service can be used?
Diameter Client Application Diameter Server Application
Authentication
Are you really who you say you are?
Accounting
$
Session Management
Session Management
Routing Management
Routing Management
DIAMETER
by IETF RFC3588 Evolution of RADIUS Base protocol Diameter applications
Connection Management
Base Protocol
Connection Management
Base Protocol
Diameter applications used to customize/extend the base protocol for different interfaces, environments, and applications E.g.: interact with SIP session setup (Authorization and Authentication) E.g.: interact with the billing subsystem to control accounting E.g.: interact with routing entities
IMS Architecture
New services for mobile and fixed networks

Open, standardised, operator friendly, NGN multimedia architecture for mobile and fixed services
Based on SIP, DIAMETER and COPS controls Supports legal interception, localisation, PSTN interworking, etc.
Access Independent Applications 3G mobile WLAN WiMAX DSL Fibre Ethernet IMS Platform Internet
PSTN
IP transport MGW
Functions and nodes

IMS standardizes functions IMS does NOT standardize nodes The IMS Architecture is a collection of functions linked by standardized interfaces A function can be implemented through one or more nodes Multiple functions can share a node Commonly a function per node
A standard architecture for service delivery

Application Layer Session Control Layer Connectivity Layer AS
SIP DIAMETER SIP SIP MGW SIP
AS MR F
HSS
MGCF
H.248
IP Network
GGS N
PSTN/PLMN
CPE
Access to IMS
The user can connect to an IMS network in variety of ways, all of which use the standard Internet Protocol (IP) for packet switching e.g., IMS terminals can register directly on an IMS network
e.g., mobile phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs) and computers even when they are roaming in another network or country (the visited network) The only requirement is that they can use IPv6 (also IPv4 in early IMS) and run SIP user agents
Other access examples

Fixed access
- e.g., Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), cable modems, Ethernet
Mobile access
e.g., W-CDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, GPRS
Wireless access
e.g., WLAN, WiMAX
Other phone systems like plain old telephone service (POTS -- the old analogue telephones) or PSTN, H.323 and non IMS-compatible VoIP systems, are supported through gateways
IMS functional elements
Infrastructure of SIP Proxies

(media do not traverse the IMS..)
IMS Functional Elements

Session Management (SIP) Routing Databases Network Interoperability Elements Services and Support Components Charging Components
Nodes/Functions in the IMS

User databases
HSS (Home Subscriber Server) SLF (Subscriber Location Function)
SIP servers
CSCF (Call/Session Control Function)
AS (Application Server) MRF (Media Resource Function)

MRFC (MRF Controller) MRFP (MRF Processor)
BGCF (Breakout Gateway Control Function) PSTN/CS gateways, decomposed into:

SGW (Signaling Gateway) MGCF (Media Gateway Controller Function) MGW (Media Gateway)
Charging collection functions

Databases (HSS,SLF)
HSS is an evolution of the HLR (Home Location Register) of GSM Contains the user-related subscription data (e.g., location, authorization and authentication information) More than one HSS is possible If #HSS > 1 SLF required SLF maps users address to HSSs HSS and SLF use DIAMETER with an IMSspecific diameter application
Home Subscriber Server (HSS)

HSS
Diameter
Presence, Location and Profile End-User Identity Private and Public End-User Information Registration Information Service Initiation Information Subscriber Service Profile (SSP) Downloaded to CSCF at Registration
More on HSS
HSS is a master user database that supports all the IMS network functions that actually handle communications contains the subscription-related information (user profiles) performs authentication and authorization of the user can provide information about the user's physical location is similar to the GSM Home Location Register (HLR) and Authentication Centre (AUC) together
CSCF
SIP servers or proxies, collectively called Call Session Control Function (CSCF), are used to process SIP signaling packets/messages in the IMS P-CSCF (Proxy) I-CSCF (Interrogating) S-CSCF (Server)
Call/Session Control Func. Func. ( (CSCF) CSCF)

Diameter SIP
PCSCF
ICSCF
SIP
SIP
SCSCF
SIP
SIP
CSCF Processes SIP Signaling P-CSCF

First Point of User Contact (located in the visited domain) Authenticates user May Include Policy Functions
S-CSCF
Central Node of Control Plane Acts as Registrar for User (located in the home domain) Invokes Application Servers Performs Primary Routing Function
I-CSCF
Located at Edge of Administrative Domain (contact point for inter-domain messages) Is the Ingress Network Point Defined in DNS Shields Network Topology from External Networks
IMS Signaling Path

(1 domain, no roaming)
IMS Signaling Path

(4 domain roaming, media goes directly)
Sweden User
Irish User
Sweden User In roaming
Irish User In roaming
CSCF
P-CSCF (Proxy) Outbound/Inbound proxy server First server contacted by the user Fixed while registered Security functions (integrity protection, IPSec,) Authenticates the user and extend the authentication to other nodes within IMS Compress/decompress SIP messages Generates charging info
P-CSFC details
SIP proxy that is the first point of contact for the IMS terminal It can be located either in the visited network (in full IMS networks) or in the home network (when the visited network isn't IMS compliant yet) The terminal discovers its P-CSCF with either DHCP
or it is assigned in the PDP Context (GPRS)

It is assigned to an IMS terminal during registration, and does not change for the duration of the registration It sits on the path of all signaling messages, and can inspect every message It authenticates the user and establishes an IPsec security association with the IMS terminal
Other nodes trust the P-CSCF, and do not have to authenticate the user again
It can also compress and decompress SIP messages it may include a Policy Decision Function (PDF), which authorizes media plane resources it also generates charging records V. Mancuso, I. Tinnirello
PDF for QoS in IMS

(intermediary between the applicationapplication-level QOS and the 3G networknetwork-level QoS) QoS)
CSCF
I-CSCF (Interrogating) SIP proxy at the edge of a domain Advertised by DNS Interface to HSS and SLF for routing purposes Optional: encryption of sensitive information about the domain (THIG: topology hiding inter-network gateway)
I-CSCF details
It is another SIP function located at the edge of an administrative domain Its IP address is published in the DNS of the domain remote servers can find it, and use it as a forwarding point (e.g. registering) for SIP packets to this domain The I-CSCF queries the HSS using DIAMETER to retrieve the user location then it routes the SIP request to its assigned S-CSCF Up to Release 6 it can also be used to hide the internal network from the outside world (encrypting part of the SIP message) in which case it's called a THIG (Topology Hiding Inter-network Gateway) From Release 7 onwards this "entry point" function is removed from the ICSCF and is now part of the IBCF (Interconnection Border Control Function) which is also a firewall and a nat.
CSCF
S-CSCF (Server) SIP server with session control functions SIP registrar (maintains a mapping between user location and public user identity) SIP routing PEP Always located in the home network Interfaced with the HSS (e.g., to download the users profile)
S-CSCF details
It is the central node of the signaling plane
SIP server + session control
It is always located in the home network It uses DIAMETER to the HSS to download and upload user profiles
All necessary information is loaded from the HSS.
It handles SIP registrations

bind the user location and the SIP address
It sits on the path of all signaling messages, and can inspect every message It decides to which application server(s) the SIP message will be forwarded, in order to provide their services It provides routing services, typically using Electronic Numbering (ENUM) lookups There can be multiple S-CSCFs in the network for load distribution and high availability reasons It's the HSS that assigns the S-CSCF to a user, when it's queried by the I-CSCF.
Application Server (AS)

AS AS AS
Diameter SIP
Contains Call Related Application Logic Facilitates a Service Creation Environment Queried by S-CSCF in Real Time to Execute Logic Filters can be applied at S-CSCF in order to inspect the SIP messages and decide whether involve or not the AS Generally Specialized for Each Service May Provide Gateway to Legacy Applications (e.g. AIN) Can Behave as a SIP Proxy or Terminal (and in this case receive the media!)
AS
Three different AS types
SIP AS
native IMS application server
OSA-SCS (Open Service Access Service Capability Server)

Interface to Open Service Application (AS) framework application server (developed by 3GPP for UMTS)
IM-SSF (IP Multimedia Service Switching Function)

Reuse/interface with CAMEL (GSM) Gateway for GSM Service Control Function
An AS can be located in the home network or in an external third-party network

If located in the home network, it can query the HSS with the DIAMETER Sh interface (for a SIP-AS) or the Mobile Application Part (MAP) interface (for IM-SSF).
AS as a SIP Proxy
(e.g. find a taxi)
AS as a SIP Terminal
(e.g. web server: receive media data!)
Example of Filter Rule

(at SS-CSCF)
User A wants to divert all calls from boss to an answering machine (i.e. the AS) (method=INVITE) AND (P-Asserted-Identity = boss@vodafone.com) AND (Session Case = Terminating) ->message is addressed to AS
Multimedia Resource Function (MRF)
SIP
MRFC
MS
MS
Offers Services Such as Conferencing MRFC SIP User Interface toward S-CSCF MRFP Controls the Media Server (MS)
MRF
The MRF (Media Resource Function) provides a source of media in the home network It provides media related functions such as media manipulation (e.g. voice stream mixing, media trans-coding) and playing of tones and announcements. Each MRF is further divided into Media Resource Function Controller (MRFC) signaling plane Media Resource Function Processor (MRFP) media plane The MRFC acts as a SIP User Agent to the S-CSCF, and controls the MRFP with a H.248 interface The MRFP is a media plane node that implements all media-related functions
Multiparty Calls
(MRF as a special AS)
REFER: Ask other to join
Multiparty Call
Multiparty Call
BGCF
The Breakout Gateway Control Function is a SIP server that includes routing functionality based on telephone numbers used when calling from the IMS to a phone in a circuit switched network e.g., IMS to Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) or to Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) BGCF routes to the appropriate (remote) circuit switching domain BGCF selects the (local) PSTN/CS gateway
PSTN Gateway
SGW
SIP ISUP SIP SIP
BGCF
MGCF
H.248 TDM
MGW
BGCF Routes to Gateway Based Upon Telephone Number MGCF Controlling Function for SGW and MGW SGW Provides Signaling Conversion Between SIP and ISUP MGW Provides Conversion between RTP and TDM
Home Network - Functional Elements

Home Subscriber Server
Centralized DB HLR successor User profile Filter criteria (sent to S-CSCF) Which applications Which conditions
Application Servers
Push-to-talk Instant messaging Telephony AS 3rd party or IMS Vendor
Media Resource Function Controller

Pooling of Media servers (e.g. conference)
Domain Name Server
Home Network
DNS ENUM HSS
Diameter SIP SIP
AS AS AS
SIP
UA/UE
P-CSCF
Media Gateway Control Function

Interfaces to PSTN/PLMN by Converting SIP <-> ISUP Interworking RTP to circuit H.248 control of MGW
P-CSCF UA/UE
SIP
I-CSCF
SIP
S-CSCF
SIP
MRFC MS MS
SIP
SIP
BGCF
SIP
MGCF
ISUP H.248 SS7 TDM PSTN
Call Session Control Function

SIP registration SIP session setup
SIP RTP
MGW
Proxy CSCF
1st contact point for UA QoS Routes to S-CSCF
Visited Network
Serving CSCF
Registrar Session control Application Interface
Interrogating CSCF
Entry point for incoming calls Determines S-CSCF for Subscribers Hides network topology
Breakout Gateway Control Function

Selects network (MGCF or other BGCF) in which PSTN/ PLMN breakout is to occur
NetworkNetwork -toto-Network Connectivity
SIP RTP
UA/UE
Access SIP SIP
DNS ENUM
HSS
Diameter
AS AS AS
SIP
P-CSCF
SIP SIP
SIP
RTP
Visited Network
Backbone Packet Network
P/SP/S-CSCF
SIP
I-CSCF
SIP
S-CSCF
SIP
MRFC MS MS
SIP
BGCF
SIP
MGCF
ISUP H.248 SS7 TDM PSTN
RTP
Home Network
MGW
Proxy/Serving CSCF
Manages call origination Selects destination network Routes to I-CSCF
Interrogating CSCF
Entry point for incoming calls Determines S-CSCF for Subscribers Hides network topology
Home and Visited Networks

Inherited from 2G, 3G Most of IMS nodes and functions are located in the Home network P-SCFC can be either in the home or visited network
If GPRS access P-CSCF in the same network of the GGSN
simplifies the operators management allows roaming to non-IMS GPRS CANs (Connectivity Access networks) Drawback: trombone effect when GGSN is in the home network (GGSN is in the media plane) In a long term perspective the P-CSCF will be located in the visited network
Media servers can be out of both

IMS architecture
Examples
John is calling Betty

Introducing the HSS and the S S-CSCF The HSS is the table user/address The S-CSCF is a SIP proxy which works on messages to provide users (consumers, enterprises) with calling services including registration being a mediation SIP2DIAMETER
HSS
When the phones get connected they register their name/IP to the HSS
SIP
S-CSCF
SIP
Changes the SIP message replacing Betty by its IP address found in the HSS
John is calling a taxi to meet Betty

Introducing the Application Server (AS) In addition to the basic name/address translation, the S-CSCF routes SIP messages to:
The network of Betty, if different The applications such as: Push-To-Talk, Instant Messaging, Advance Call Control, Voice/video mailbox, nearest Taxi running on AS, a SIP proxy application server
nearest Taxi application (location, fleet)
AS
S-CSCF Changes the SIP message replacing taxi by the IP address of the nearest available taxi
Johns and Bettys phones do not support a common voice encoding

Introducing the MRFC and MRFP
Intercepting the SIP invite message, the S-CSCF/AS detects a non compatibility between the codecs of the phones : it forwards it to the MRFC (a SIP proxy). The MRFC adjusts the SIP messages in order to orient the RTP flow to the MRFP (a RTP proxy), for trans-coding
S-CSCF MRFC
MGCP, H248 Megaco
SIP
RTP (codec: G729)

MRFP
RTP (codec: AMR)
During its travel John is calling Betty The operator has made a segmentation of its services offer
Introducing the P-CSCF, II-CSCF The P-CSCF is the 1st SIP proxy seen by the terminal
It controls the bearer plan via COPS protocol It adjusts the SIP message (e.g., compression) and forwards it to the I-CSCF of the home network The operator may have several S-CSCFs (e.g., offer segmentation) So it introduces, the I-CSCF SIP proxy as the entry point of its network
also used as the entry point for calls from other operators
Visited Network
HSS
P-CSCF
S-CSCF (consumers)
I-CSCF
S-CSCF (enterprises)
Home Network
John is calling Betty who has a legacy phone

Introducing the MGCF and the MGW
At the border of the IMS network with the phone network, an adaptation is necessary. The MGCF handles the control for the 2 worlds and drives the MGW (Media gateway)
controls circuits and MGW much like a VoIP softswitch
MGCF
Legacy Call control (SS7)
SIP RTP
Phone transmission Internet H248 MGCP, Megaco
MGW
PSTN/PLMN network
IMS Communication Focus

Roaming IMS Mobile Users
Serving Network A Serving Network B Access Network A
Service Platform A (ASA ) Service Platform B (ASB)
Access Network B
PCSCF C
PDF
SIP / SDP
SIP / SDP
SIP / SDP
PCSCF D
PDF
S -CSCF A
S -CSCF B
Gm SIP/SDP
inviting uey@homeb.com
Gm Go Go SIP/SDP
SGSN GGSN
UEA PDP Context
Data- Path
IP Backbone Network
GGSN SGSN
UEB
Sessionlevel(SIP/SDP signalling ) Bearer level(PDPcontext activation / modification / Release) Interaction betweensession andbearer level(COPS) I-CSCF (between P-CSCF and S-CSCF) not shown for simplicity
PDP Context
A Typical Example of an IMS Call

Network X
AS S-CSCF S-CSCF HSS HSS I-CSCF I-CSCF
Network Y
AS
P-CSCF
P-CSCF SGSN
GRX
DSL/Cable Modem
Network Z (UMTS/GPRS)
GGSN
DSLAM/CMTS RNC
User A
User B
The Signaling Plane
SIP functionality
SIPs main goal is to deliver a session descriptor to a user at his/her/its location A session descriptor contains the information needed for a remote user to join the session
IP address and port Codecs
SDP (Session Description Protocol)

A (possible) text-based way to describe the media session
SDP
version user subject Start time G711-law Stream directio n H.261 codec Media-level user IP
Session-level
SIP entities
Registrar User Agent
SIP endpoints handled by users (also automatically, based on userdefined rules)
Proxy server
SIP routers Usually is co-located with the registrar, and always uses the information on the registrar (through a location server) to route the calls
Forking proxy
Parallel or serial forking in the message routing
Redirect server
For routing, but no message delivery
SIP transactions
Transaction structure A request from the client Zero or more provisional responses from the server A final response from the server Each message begins with a start line Request line (in a request) Method Request URI Protocol version
e.g.: INVITE sip:alice@domain.com SIP/2.0
Status line (in an answer)

e.g.: SIP/2.0 180 Ringing
Protocol version
Status Human code code
Start line One or more headers (name:value) ---------EMPTY LINE --------Message body (OPTIONAL) SIP message format
SIP methods
ACK BYE CANCEL INFO INVITE NOTIFY OPTIONS PRACK PUBLISH REGISTER ack the final response for INVITE terminate a session cancel a pending request transport PSTN telephony signaling establish a session notify a UA about a particular event queries a server about capabilities ack for provisional response upload UAs info to a server map the current URI and location with the public URI SUBSCRIBE request to be notified about an event UPDATE update session characteristics MESSAGE instant message in the message body REFER instruct a server to send a request
SIP in the IMS

In principle, no difference with the public Internet In practice, IMS imposes some constraints Wireless access Security QoS Roaming 3GPP/IETF defines a profile of utilization of SIP in the IMS environment E.g., RFC 3261 (redefinition of SIP) RFC 3665 and 3666 (Best Current Practice)
Prerequisites
TwoTwo -phase registration
Offline subscription
Login to the IP access net DHCP or Lower level mechanism Online registration
Inbound/Outbound Fixed Proxy
Entering the IP Connectivity Access Network

The access to GPRS includes the assignment of servers and IP address
PDF Context Activation/DeActivation/De-Activation

A PDP context is pre-setup for the SIP signaling Different PDP contexts are then activated for the media flows (e.g. according to the agreed codec) When the session ends, all PDP contexts are deactivated
P-CSCF discovery
The IMS terminal has to discover the IP address of the P-CSCF The procedure can be
stand alone (DHCP+DNS) integrated with the access to the IP (e.g., with the PDP context)
IMSIMS -level registration

The user requests authorization to use the IMS The IMS authenticate and eventually authorize the user SIP REGISTER is mandatory DIAMETER is used by the CSCF to contact the HSS For security reasons, the user is challenged to show its identity this require two SIP REGISTER messages
IMSIMS -level registration

Without authentication
The HSS tells the I-CSCF whether a S-CSCF was already allocated to the user. If not, I-CSCF will choose based on capabilities notified by HSS in the UAA UAA: User Auth. Ans. MAA: Multiledia Auth.Ans SAA:Server Assignment Ans. UAR: User Auth. Req MAR:Multimedia Auth.Req SAR:Server Assignment Req.
DL User Auth vector
Challenge the User

authentication vector included
DL User Profile
Basic Session Setup
Session setup
Many nodes and many messages involved in the setup Different planes/layers media signaling CAN core
Session setup (conted (conted) )

Core Network

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Core Network

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UMTS Core Network

GSM/GPRS Network Architecture

MSC BTS MS BSC PCU SGSN BTS

VLR HLR AuC EIR GGSN

3GPP Rel.99 Network Architecture

Core network (GSM/GPRS-based)

HLR AuC SGSN EIR GGSN

3GPP Rel Rel.99 .99 Network Architecture

3GPP Rel.99 Network Architecture

Core network (GSM/GPRS-based)

HLR AuC EIR GGSN

3GPP Rel.4 Network Architecture

Circuit Switched (CS) core network

3GPP Rel.4 Network Architecture

Circuit Switched (CS) network

GMSC Server SGW MGW

3GPP Rel.5 Network Architecture

GERAN (GSM and EDGE Radio Access Network)

IMS (IP Multimedia System)

3GPP Rel.5 Network Architecture

IMS (IP Multimedia System)

Internet / other IMS

New Service Concept

Carrier provider all want to make profit

OSA (Open Services Architecture/Access)

CAMEL (2G & 3G)

IMS ValueValue-added services

IMS Service Integration

Component #1: the media transport

Codec RTP UDP IP

RTP is the media transport

Component #2: session initiation

Registration of Bettys phone and address

Registration of Johns phone and address

The control of the address table creates a tough competition

Why IMS? Solutions to make the address resolutions

IMS User Identities

Private User Identity

tel:+88028112347 Public User Identities

Public User Identity 2

Public User Identity 3 Implicitly Registered ID Set 2

Public User Identity 4

Private User Identity 2

Public User Identity 5

If one of the set is registered then the others are as well

At least one is stored on ISIM

Public User Identity 6

Implicitly Registered ID Set 3

Applications are independent

ServiceService-layer ControlControl-layer TransportTransport-layer

LocationPresence, Location based Services

Picture Messaging, MM Messaging

Streaming Audio, Video

Interactive Services, Interactive Gaming

Goals & Tools

Support for mechanisms to negotiate QoS

Support for interworking

Support for roaming

IMS requirements (contd)

Support for fast service creation

Support for multiple access

Session Control Protocol

AAA protocol: DIAMETER