Materials: The importance of material properties

Well defined properties capture the useful characteristics Think of clusters of properties thermal mechanical chemical electrical

Thermal properties of materials

Well defined properties/characteristics which allow us to answer questions like How does an engineering component change size when heated? How well does it transmit heat? How will its temperature change when heated? At what temperatures can I use it?

Thermal properties cluster

Thermal expansivity Thermal conductivity Specific heat capacity Melting temperature others?? CALLISTER Ch 20 [5th edn]

c Tm

Thermal expansivity

Is independent of temperature? In general not For many materials can be taken as independent of temperature, at least over small temperature intervals

Thermal expansivity
What are typical values of ? and what is the range? Metals 10 -- 20 10-6 / K Ceramics 1 -- 10 10-6 / K Polymers 30 -- 300 10-6 / K See Ashby diagrams for this kind of information Michael F Ashby MATERIALS SELECTION IN MECHANICAL DESIGN 2ND EDN 1999

Thermal expansivity: the physics

Bulk behaviour essentially reflects changes at the atomic level Amplitude of thermal motion increases with temperature and mean separation of atoms increases Soft materials high Hard materials low
Magnetite (iron oxide) 6 x 6 nm

Invars
Iron-nickel alloys with exceptionally low thermal expansivity as low as 0.4 10-6 / K

Charles Guillaume
Discoverer of invars 1897 Nobel Prize 1920

From Guillaume, Nobel lecture

Iron density

Iron density

bcc

912 C

fcc

Explosive spalling in concrete under fire conditions

Quartz... Major constituent of granite, quartzite and other mineral aggregates used in concrete Alpha-beta quartz transition Displacive structural transition 573 C 2 % INCREASE in volume
See Tucker, Keen and Dove, Min Mag 2001, 65, 489-507

Thermal conductivity
Defining equation q = dT/dx where q is the heat flux Units w /(m K) Typical values and range 1000 --- 0.01 w /(mK) See for example Ashby charts

Thermal conductivity
Physics: in all materials diffusion of thermal vibrations closely linked to strength of bonding in the lattice; reduced by scattering from lattice imperfections in metals heat also transferred by motion of electrons

Thermal conductivity
Correlations with other properties speed of sound v elastic modulus Newton-Laplace equation v=(E/ )1/2 where E is elastic modulus and is density

Thermal conductivity
Correlations with other properties For metals electrical conductivity Wiedemann-Franz law ratio of electrical to thermal conductivity is the same for all metals at a given temperature