Lenses and Imaging (Part II)

Reminders from Part I Surfaces of positive/negative power Real and virtual images Imaging condition Thick lenses Principal planes

MIT 2.71/2.710 09/20/04 wk3-a-1

The power of surfaces

Positive power : exiting rays converge
1 n R>0 1 n R>0 1 1 n R>0 R<0
Bi-convex lens

Simple spherical refractor (positive)

Plano-convex lens

Negative power : exiting rays diverge

R<0 1 n R<0 1 n R<0 1 1 1 n R>0

MIT 2.71/2.710 09/20/04 wk3-a-2

Bi-concave lens

Simple spherical refractor (negative)

Plano-concave lens

Thin lens in air

n=1
in x in

n=1 n
P
out x out

out 1 Pthin lens 0 = x 1 out

Pthin lens
MIT 2.71/2.710 09/20/04 wk3-a-3

in x in

n 1 1 n 1 1 Lens-makers = P + P = + = (n 1) formula R R R R

Thin lens in air

n=1
in x in

n=1 n
P
out x out

out 1 Pthin lens 0 = x 1 out

in x in

out = in Pthin lens xin

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xout = xin

Ray bending is proportional to the distance from the axis

Positive thin lens in air

object at Ray bending is proportional to the distance from the axis

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Positive thin lens in air

xin , in = 0 xout = xin ,

out = Pthin lens xin

Pthin lens > 0

thin lens as a black box

f
1 Pthin lens

Real image

f =

out

xin

f =

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Focal point = image of an object at Focal length = distance between lens & focal point

Negative thin lens in air

object at

Ray bending is proportional to the distance from the axis

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Negative thin lens in air

object at

Virtual image
f =
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1 Pthin lens

still applies, now with

Pthin lens < 0 f < 0 (to the left)

Imaging condition: ray-tracing

n=1 object 2nd FP 1st FP
chief ray

n=1

image

Image point is located at the common intersection of all rays which emanate from the corresponding object point The two rays passing through the two focal points and the chief ray can be ray-traced directly
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Imaging condition: ray-tracing

B x A
F

M f L f N
F

(ABF)~(FLN) and (FCD)~(MLF) are pairs of similar triangles

(AB) (LN) = (AF) (FL)

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(LM) (CD) = (LF) (FC)

(AF) (FC) = (FL) (LF)

(AB) = (ML)

(LN) = (CD)

xx = f 2

Imaging condition: matrix method

n=1 object 2nd FP 1st FP
chief ray

n=1

image

Location of image point must be independent of ray departure angle at the object

MIT 2.71/2.710 09/20/04 wk3-a-11

Imaging condition: matrix method

lens object

s s

image

1 s 1 1 out 1 0 1 1 0 in f f in = f x = s 1 s s s x x 1 s 0 1 in s + s out 1 in f f

=0
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Imaging condition: matrix method

lens object

s s

image

ss s + s =0 f
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1 1 1 + = s s f

Imaging condition (aka Lens Law)

Imaging condition: matrix method

lens object

s s

image

s 1 out f == x out 0
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1 s f in 1 xout = xin s xin f 1 f

Lateral magnification : x M T = out xin s s M T = 1 = f s

Real & virtual images

+
object image 1st FP 2nd FP 1st FP 2nd FP object image

image: real & inverted; MT<0

image object

image: virtual & erect; MT>1

image object

2nd FP

1st FP

2nd FP

1st FP

image: virtual & erect; 0<MT<1

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image: virtual & erect; 0<MT<1

The thick lens

air glass air

Rays bend in two steps

MIT 2.71/2.710 09/20/04 wk3-a-16

The thick lens

air glass air

Equivalent to a thin lens placed somewhere within the thick element. The location of this equivalent thin lens is the Principal Plane of the thick element
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The thick lens

n=1
air
in x in

glass

air
out x out

n=1

( ) R

1 n 1 out 1 d = R x out 0 1 n
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n 1 0 1 in R x 1 1 in 0

The thick lens

n=1
air
in x in

glass

air
out x out

n=1

( ) R
n 1 d out 1 + n R x = d out n
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2 1 1 (n 1) d (n 1) + in nRR R R xin n 1 d 1 n R

The thick lens: power

air
in x in

glass

air
out x out

Object at infinity
2 ( ) 1 1 n 1 d (n 1) + x in 0 out nRR R R = = x x x n 1 d in out x 1 n R

out = Pxin

MIT 2.71/2.710 09/20/04 wk3-a-20

The thick lens: power

air
in x in

glass

air
out x out

2 1 1 (n 1) d P = (n 1) + R R nR R

2 1 1 1 (n 1) d = (n 1) + f R R nR R

Power
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f: Effective Focal Length

The very thick lens

air glass air

Funny things happening: rays diverge upon exiting from the element, i.e. too much positive power leading to a negative element!
MIT 2.71/2.710 09/20/04 wk3-a-22

The thick lens: back focal length

air
in x in

glass

air

z
out x out

1 n 1 d 1 + out 1 0 n R f in = x z 1 d n 1 d xin out 1 n n R

MIT 2.71/2.710 09/20/04 wk3-a-23

The thick lens: back focal length

air
in x in

glass

air

z
out x out

n 1 d xout = 0 z = f 1 n R

z: Back Focal Length

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Focal Lengths & Principal Planes

1st PS 2nd PS generalized optical system (e.g. thick lens, multi-element system) 2nd FP EFL

FFL 1st FP EFL

BFL

EFL: Effective Focal Length (or simply focal length) FFL: Front Focal Length BFL: Back Focal Length FP: Focal Point/Plane PS: Principal Surface/Plane
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PSs and FLs for thin lenses

glass, index n n n

P 1

P2
Dl = 0

1 P=P 1+P 2 (EFL)

(BFL) = (EFL) = (FFL)

The principal planes coincide with the (collocated) glass surfaces The rays bend precisely at the thin lens plane (=collocated glass surfaces & PP)
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The significance of principal planes /1

1st PS 2nd FP 1st FP generalized optical system

2nd PS located at the 2nd PS for rays passing through 2nd FP

thin lens of the same power

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The significance of principal planes /2

1st PS 2nd FP 1st FP generalized optical system

2nd PS

thin lens of the same power

located at the 1st PP for rays passing through 1st FP

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