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Introduction
It is important to model excitation system of a generator due to the crucial influence to the transient processes in a power plant during the disturbance (first 10 seconds) Largest influence is present in:
maintaining
steady voltage setpoint of generator terminal electromagnetic processes of synchronous machine, capability of machine to dampen the small signal oscillations (small signal stability)
Main Objectives
To
identify the types of excitation systems in Black Sea Region collect as much data as possible for these excitation systems the proper model from PSS/E dynamic library
To
Select
DC excitation systems
DC excitation system
It uses DC machines (with parallel or independent self excitation) for electromechanical amplification of control signals and generation of field current for rotor circuit of synchronous generator Special DC machines (amplidynes) are common Used widely during 50s and 60s and now considered as obsolete
DC excitation system
Advantages:
Independency
Backdraws:
Decreased
parts Slow response during the transient processes Low amplification of control signals inside the excitation system
DC excitation system
IEEET5
more
DC excitation system
Recommendation is to use IEEET1 and ESDC1A as a representation in PSS/E is with (it is the simplest one and it covers all the necessary parts)
DC excitation system
AC excitation systems
AC excitation systems
It uses AC machine to generate AC excitation voltage which is then rectified over a diode or thyristor bridge Rotor of synchronous generator may have slide contact rings or it could be brushless Various types of controllers for regulator could be used (PI, PID, Fuzzy, Neural etc.) In case of brushless excitation system, special type of excitation generator is used Widely used excitation system
AC excitation systems
Advantages:
Independency
some cases Expanded range for excitation voltages and currents with high amplification Very fast response
Backdraws:
Decreased
reliability due to the usage of many parts Commutation drop in brushless systems Dependency toward the voltage occurrences in grid in some cases
AC excitation systems
with non controlled rectifiers: EXAC1/2/3, ESAC1/2/3A, EXAC1A, ESAC5A, ESAC6A, ESAC8B, EXPIC, AC7B, AC8B with thyristor bridges: EXAC4, ESAC4A, EX2000, EXBAS
alternators
AC excitation systems
Voltage controller
Voltage controller
P, f, dV/dt, df/dt
V, deltaV
Pel, Qel, f, I
AC excitation systems
AC excitation systems
In case of brushless excitation, recommendation is to use EXAC1 or ESAC1A as a representation in PSS/E (but not alone)
AC excitation systems
AC excitation systems
V
Pel Sn
dV dt
df dt
AC excitation systems
AC excitation systems
Shape of response
AC excitation systems
Uses generator terminals voltage, self excitation transformer and a thyristor bridge for rectification of AC signal There are no rotating parts Various types of controllers for regulator could be used (PI, PID, Fuzzy, Neural etc.) Widely used concept for excitation systems nowadays
Advantages:
Expanded
range for excitation voltages and currents with high amplification Very fast response Simplicity of design (occupies small space)
Backdraws:
Dependency
There are several models for static AC excitation systems in PSS/E library:
Generic
static excitation systems: EXST1/2/3, EXST2A, SCRX static excitation systems: ESST1/2/3A ESST4B, EXELI, URST5T, ST6B
Detailed
Recommendation is to use EXST1 or ESST1A as a representation in PSS/E (with PSS and limiters)
In case of some new excitation system installed, usually there are PI or PID controllers implemented. In such cases use ESST4B (PI controllers) or ST6B (PID controller)
part determines the amplification of the control signal Integral part adjusts the time appearance of the control signal (lagging) and its rate of change Differential part amplifies and corrects all fast changing input signals (very sensitive value which can accelerate the change of control signal)
Shape of response
In case of absence of any knowledge about the excitation system in one power plant, use SEXS
Avoid using SCRX, which is generic model, but used for special static excitations and it imposes negative current logic
Excitation limiters
Supplementary equipment to the excitation systems Main purpose is to readjust the operation of excitation system in difficult regimes of generator Their action is restricted to maintaining of upper and lower limits for field voltage applied to rectifier unit (or to rotor winding of synchronous machine)
Excitation limiters
Excitation limiters
Excitation limiters
Minimum excitation limiter sends its signal to High Value Gate for comparison with the regular voltage signal. In case it is higher than the actual voltage it will superimpose and maintain the limit of low voltage Maximum excitation limiter sends its signal to Low Value Gate for comparison with the regular voltage signal. In case it is lower than the actual voltage it will superimpose and maintain the limit of maximum voltage
Excitation limiters
It is done according to the IEEE standards There are two standard tests which are used in practice and modeled in PSS/E:
Open
Efd
0.1s TU 1s
Efd n
TU
Efd1
V1
V1
Vn
T = 5s
TT
After reaching the steady state, if the excitation voltage is too high compared to the terminal voltage, check the saturation factors of generator
Response Ratio test shows the capability of forcing the maximum excitation voltage on nominally loaded generator. Rising period should be over for less than 0.5 s and maximum field voltage should be at least twice the nominal value.
Excitation Voltage
rr =
CE AO AO OE
Thank you