REALISM

Assumptions

o The primary qualities of experience exist in the physical world. o Mind is like a mirror receiving images from the physical world. o The mind of a child at birth is similar to a blank sheet of paper upon which the world to write its impressions. o Nature is a primary self-evident reality, a starting point in philosophizing. o Consciousness is not a substance, it is an awareness of experience and experience is a medium in which objects and organism are related.
Educational Aim o Gives direction and form to individuals basic potentialities. o Determines the direction of the individuals inherited tendencies. o Provide an education that could produce a good individual and a good society by meeting 4 principal needs of an individual: 1. Aptitude needs 2. Self-determination needs 3. Self-realization needs 4. Self-integration needs

IDEALISM
Assumptions o God is the absolute ideal and all positive values are fully realized and enjoyed through him. o Every individual is born good, and is capable to sense, perceive, and think. o The self is the ultimate reality of individual experiences.

o The individual self has all the freedom for self-determination. o Ones perception of the world is rooted in his existence. o Values depend on how individual persons pass and enjoy them in their experiences. o Social values are realized when an individual recognizes the he is a part of the total society.

Educational Aim
o To develop the individual spiritually, mentally, and individually.

PRAGMATISM
Assumptions o The world is uncertain and incomplete. It allows a room for improvement. o Past is a potential instrumentality for dealing with the future. o Experience is not primarily an affair in knowing but is incidental in the process of acting, doing, and living. o Sensation is not merely a gateway but the avenue of active relation with the world.

Educational Aim o For social efficiency. o Train the students to continuously and actively quest for information and production of new ideas needed to adjust to an ever-changing society.

ESSENTIALISM
Assumptions o The study of knowledge and skills for the individual are imperative for him to become a productive member of the society. Educational Aim o Education provides sound training of the fundamental skills.

o Education develops individuals to perform justly, skillfully, and magnanimously.

PERENNIALISM
Assumptions o Education should promote continuing search for truth since truth is universal and timeless. o Education should cultivate humans rational mind. o Education should stimulate humans to think critically and thoughtfully. Educational Aim o To develop power of thought, internalize truths that are universal and constant.

PROGRESSIVISM
Assumptions o The curriculum should be derived from the needs and interests of the students. o Effective methods of teaching must consider interests and needs of the students. o Effective teachers provide experiences that will make students active than passive. o Effective education is one that provides the learners with a future better than the past. Educational Aim o To provide the pupil the necessary skills to be able to interact with his ever changing environment.

EXISTENTIALISM
Assumptions o Existence precedes essence.

Educational Aim o To train individual for significant and meaningful existence.

RECONSTRUCTIONALISM
Assumptions

o o

We live in a period of great crisis, as is most evident in the fact that humans now have the capability of destroying civilization overnight. Mankind has the intellectual technological and moral potential to create a world civilization of abundance, health, and human capacity.

Educational Aim o Education enlivens the students awareness of different societal problems. o Education based on the quest for a better society.