Chapter I STUDY OF SOCIOLOGY Sociology is the outcome of mans search for a valid, reliable, and precise knowledge about

the nature of man and society. Its subject matter is social interaction. In spite of numerous problems, sociologists have concentrated their efforts on elevating sociology from were speculative thinking into building up sociological theory and methods of gathering data. While the primary goal of sociology is to provide data and knowledge to increase mans understanding of his groups, sociology has also been the source of information which the applied social sciences use as a guide for planning and action. In recent years, the issue of whether the sociologist is value free or not has arisen. A group of sociologists has voiced out the idea that the sociologists main role is to recommend and to work for equitable solutions to social problems. The debate will continue as the sociologists define their role and responsibilities to society. The resolution of the issue will determine the future of sociology as a scientific discipline. Sociology derived from two languages socius means companion or associate and logos means study. August Comte, known as the Father of Sociology. Fr. Valentin Marin was the first to teach sociology. It is started as a college subject taught in University of Sto. Tomas (1896), University of the Philippines (1911) and Siliman University (1919).

Chapter II GROUPS AND ORGANIZATIONS The central focus of sociological inquiry is human groups and the social interactions taking place within them. The individual is born into a group and is in constant association and interaction with the other members. A social group is composed of two or more persons interacting with each other and having a common set of norms. Each social group has a social organization with a structure or an independent network of statuses and roles as well as function. Social groups are classified in various ways. On the basis of the type of social relations, social groups may be classified as primary and secondary groups, Gememshaft and Geselischaft, in-group and out-group and formal group and informal group. Social interaction is an important factor in group formation. In most cases persons who are in close physical proximity and have common motivations in their common deeds, desires, interests and activities are likely to form groups. Participation within the group is influenced by the available communication channels. In informal groups the various patterns of communication are the linear pattern, the circular pattern and the wheel; in formal group the inverted Y is the common pattern. Basic to the understanding of the behaviour and attitudes of the group is the concept of the reference group. The reference group is the group of which the individual in the formation of his attitudes, values, standards, and judgements. Ones reference group may be ones membership groups or it may consist of groups of which one is not actually a member but to which one aspires to belong.

Chapter III

CULTURE Culture is that complex social heritage or general design or recipe for living within a society which has been transmitted by human beings interacting with one another throughout the whole history of mankind. Being the product of social interaction, every member of human society acquires culture through learning. Culture is also social, ideational, gratifying, adaptive and integrative. The reciprocal responses among the members of society develop from the components of culture the social norms, ideas, and material objects. The innumerable elements which comprise culture are arranged and patterned into a regular system of ordered behaviour. The simplest element is the trait; the combination of traits form the culture pattern. From these cultural patterns the members of a given society may derive their universals, specialties and alternatives. As the society becomes more complex, subgroups may be formed on the basis of age, social class, occupation, religion or ethnicity. These subgroups develop certain cultural specialties and become subcultures or small cultures within culture. Ethnocentrism or the feeling that ones culture is the best is also developed among the members of a group in the process of socialization. This imbues loyalty and a feeling of solidarity in the group. However, deeper insights into cultural diversity within and between societies can minimize the feeling of extreme ethnocentrism and make one more tolerable of the cultural practices and values of other societies.

Chapter IV SOCIAL PROCESS AS A MEANS OF SOCIAL INTERACTION Social Interaction is a vital principle of society and no social life is possible without it. Both society and culture are products of social interaction. Language is a crucial factor in it. In the process of interaction the status, norms and reciprocal obligations come into play. When the social interaction becomes patterned and recurrent, and leads to a definite end, the mode of interaction is called a social process. The basic social processes competition, conflict, cooperation, and differentiation, are universal and are considered more important then other social processes. These processes may occur in the interaction between persons or between groups. Conflict is the opposite of cooperation: in conflict the parties try to do away with one another; in cooperation, the parties do the opposite, they work together. Differentiation of statuses and roles, life style and prestige is found in every society. The derived social processes are so called because they develop or grow from the basic social processes. From the oppositional social processes springs accommodation: from cooperation result acculturation, assimilation, and amalgamation. Social stratification results from differentiation. These various social processes are interrelated and in some instances one shades off into the other. At times it is difficult to draw a dividing line between the various social processes. Any social activity or social movement may be analyzed in terms of these social processes.

Chapter V COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR Normally, group behaviour is organized and structured in accordance with cultural norms. However, occasions arise in an unorganized and unstructured situation when the cultural guides do not operate. This results in behaviour which is null, deviant, and spontaneous. Sociologists refer to such types of behaviour as collective behaviour. The conditions which may bring about collective behaviour are: weakness of the social organization, breakdown in the mechanisms of social control, social depreviation, and changed perspectives and values. These are usually results of rapid social change. Among the manifestations of the elementary collective groupings are the crowd, the mass, and the public. The crowd is an unorganized, transitory, and temporary group characterized by emotional interaction and confronted with a problematic situation. The mass refers to a number of persons who come from all strata of society, wherein the members act independently but in a uniform way to the same stimulus or its center of attention. Crazes, fads and fashions are forms of mass interaction. In the public, the members are confronted with an issue, discuss, debate, make compromises and form a collective opinion known as public opinion. Public opinion is dependent upon some effective media of communications to make accessible, information about the issue. When the collective behaviour process becomes so organized that rules and norms are put up and a leader arises, the grouping assumes the proportions of a social movement. The purpose of the social movement is to promote a change or resist a change. Social movements range from the short lived expressive movement, the resistance movement, the reform movement to the widespread and extensive revolutionary movement. Although collective behaviour does not always bring about change, in some instances, new organizations, folkways, mores, or values may result from it.

Chapter VI THE FAMILY The family is the most universal of social institution and is the basic institution in most societies. It is the group which ensures continuity through its reproductive function and socializes the child. The conception of the family varies from culture to culture. The basic family is the nuclear family and is composed of husband, wife, and children bound in a union recognized and approved by the society. The foundation of the family is marriage which provides the cultural mechanism to insure its continuity. The family performs varied functions, among them the sex and parental function, socialization and social control, biological maintenance, status placement, economic, religious, educational, recreational, and political functions. There are variations in family organizations in terms of structural arrangements. Based on membership, the family may be classified as nuclear or extended. Linton classifies the family as conjugal or consaguineal. Based on descent, the family may be classified as patrilocal, matrilocal or aunlocal, bilocal or neolocal. Based on authority, the family is typed as patriarchal, matriarchal, equalitarian or matricentric. The form of marriage may be monogamy or polygamy. The Filipino family is usually bilaterally extended, embracing all relatives of the father and mother. The family is consanguineal and equalitarian. In terms of residence the family may be bilocal or neolocal. Endogamy is practiced. Since the society is undergoing social change, the family has been affective relative to its values and mores. This has led to certain social problems. Family planning has been launched to raise the quality of life and curb the rapid population growth.

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Chapter VII POPULATION Since ancient times, thinkers have mulled over the subject of population but only in modern times have they tried to devise a scientifically oriented study of it. The steady and remarkable increase of population has been of considerable interest to academicians, social planners and even the laymen, while it has alarmed some quarters. What brought about this phenomenon this remarkable increase of population? The study of population its size, composition, and distribution is the field of demography. The sociologist studies the social and cultural factors involved in population change. While population growth is biological fact it is influenced by a complex set of cultural and social factors. Hence, any kind of population change happens in terms of fertility as measured by the birth rate, mortality as measured by the death rare, and migration affect and are affected by social change. The population of the world is growing at a fast rate, the Philippines having one of the fastest. This growth is attributed to the stubbornly high birth rate and a falling death rate. Migration plays an insignificant factor in population increase. Modern science and medicine, improve health and sanitation, nutrition and advancing technology have all contributed to cutting down the death rate in the Philippines, as well as in other parts of the world. The age structure which is a function of fertility affects the social structure of the society as well as its economic development. The same may be said of sex composition and life expectancy. In the light of the data and facts gathered by demographers and other social scientists, the following questions can apply be raised: What is the relation of population growth to social and economic development? What is the implication of the rapid population growth to the quality of life? What can policy makers and planners do about the population problem?

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Chapter VIII FAMILY PLANNING Family planning in some countries implies birth control and family limitation. In the Philippines, it connotes none of these, for birth control and family limitation could mean the practice of abortion, infanticide and the killing of the aged and the infirm. Its concept is contraception and planned or responsible parenthood. Contraception means prevention of unwanted pregnancy while responsible parenthood means responsible procreation and socialization of children. Family planning is defined as the process by which responsible couples, it they wish can determine by themselves the timing, spacing and number of children born to them. It can also mean the national utilization of effective contraceptive methods by married couples so they can space and limit their children to a desirable number in order to control size stems from the fervent desire to improve the lot of family members and of insuring quality children. It leans of the principle that every man is entitled to health, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Roles of Family Planning are: it is freedom, it is a highly personal matter, it does not mean stopping to have children, and it is not preventing pregnancy thru illegal practice of birth control as abortion. There are two methods of contraception, natural Family Planning and Scientific Method. It means responsible parenthood for it seeks to prepare married couples for the responsibility of rearing a child who can be properly fed, clothed and educated.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: The aim of this paper is to broadly sketch what it means to be working as an applied sociologist. I begin with a general introduction into the discipline of sociology, before providing a definition of its applied branch. I then provide a concise background history of the different practices that might be considered under the rubric of applied sociology. Lastly, I present an outline of the professional skills that a degree in sociology can offer its graduates. My discussion on applied sociology refers to those professionals who use the principles of sociology outside a university setting in order to provide their clients with an in-depth understanding of some specific facet of society that requires information gathering and analysis. Applied sociologists work in various industries, including private business, government agencies and not-for-profit organizations. The work of applied sociologists is especially concerned with changing the current state of social life for the better. This can include anything from increasing the health and wellbeing of a disadvantaged community group; working with law enforcement organizations to implement a rehabilitation program for criminal offenders; assisting in planning for natural disasters; and enhancing existing government programs and policies. I will show that a degree in sociology has several career benefits, but I specifically focus on the strong communication, research and interpersonal skills that prove advantageous to sociology graduates looking for work. I argue that applied sociology can help to improve any professional sector that might benefit from a critical evaluation of how a particular social issue, group or organization works. Family planning is the voluntary planning and action taken by individuals to prevent, delay or achieve a pregnancy. Family planning services include counseling and education, preconception care, screening and laboratory tests, and family planning methods. Family planning methods include abstinence, natural family planning and all FDA approved methods of contraception including hormonal contraception and contraceptive supplies such as condoms, diaphragms and intrauterine devices. The family planning is part of the health department,The Centers for Disease Control characterizes family planning as one of the top 10 public health achievements of the 20th century. In 1800, women had an average of 7 children; today women average 2.1 children. A woman is fertile for an average of 35 years of her life; if she has two children, she will spend about 30 years of her life avoiding pregnancy. Family planning information and services help individuals maintain their overall health and improve family and community health by supporting men and women to have children when their health, financial conditions, and personal situations are optimal. Access to family planning services is an important factor in planning for healthy pregnancies. What is unintended pregnancy? An unintended pregnancy is one that is unwanted or mistimed at the time of conception. It does not mean an unwanted birth or an unloved child. It does mean that there is less opportunity for the parents to prepare physically and financially, take advantage of pre-pregnancy risk identification and management, and initiate needed changes in diet, exercise, smoking and drinking that help ensure a healthy pregnancy.

Why is unintended pregnancy a problem? For some, unintended pregnancies result in healthy children in happy families. For others there are negative health effects from late or inadequate prenatal care, low birth weight, fetal exposure to alcohol, tobacco smoke and other toxins, and maternal depression. Unintended pregnancies are also associated with economic hardship, marital dissolution, poor child health and development, spouse abuse, and child abuse and neglect. Almost half of all unintended pregnancies end with an induced abortion. How can we reduce the incidence of unintended pregnancy? A womans ability to avoid an unintended pregnancy is related to her level of risk for pregnancy, her choice of methods, the strength of her motivation to avoid pregnancy and her pattern of contraceptive use. These factors, in turn, are often associated with a womans demographic and socioeconomic background, characteristics of her sexual partnerships, and her experiences with and attitudes toward pregnancy and contraception. While slightly more than half of unintended pregnancies occur among women who were not using any method of contraception in the month they conceived; more than four in 10 occur among women who were using a contraceptive method the month they conceived. Issues related to inconsistent or incorrect use of method were the primary reason they conceived. Research indicates that the most effective birth control method is the method the client is the most comfortable with. Client understanding of various methods and comfort with the one they choose is best accomplished with non-directive counselling and education and from a family planning provider that they trust. Family planning providers aim at increasing the percentage of clients who use their chosen method consistently and correctly. DEDICATION: The Society of Family Planning, established in 2005, works to advance family planning research and education, providing evidence-based insight to improve clinical care in the areas of contraception and abortion. We also seek to cultivate a collaborative and supportive environment to foster scholarly activity and leadership in the areas of reproductive health and family planning. The SFP Lifetime Achievement Award was established in 2005 and is one of only two awards that the SFP grants yearly. The awardees must have produced scholarship over the majority of a career promoting the advancement of clinical or social science within family planning. Ideally, this work has created a foundation for others to achieve academic success or has provided clinical information or resources to significantly improve womens lives or the ability of clinicians to help women with reproductive issues specific to family planning.

CONCLUSIONS: In front of the badly managed fears, in the everyday life of the current society, without enough reflection, reasoning, nor analysis, rapidly come the prostration, the apathy, and the violent reactions, which easily lead to new fears for all, always more profound, always more omnipresent, always more oppressive, and thus to always more new problems and to their perpetuation, indefinitely. This phenomenon of individual and social reactions, is the main component of our current problems, likely since the beginning of the human civilization, and the intellectualization of the problems, notably of the tribal conflicts of then, notably territorial and for water and food resources, as progressed the mental and technical development of the human species, from attacks to battles, from vengeance to open wars, always more devastating, always more terrifying, everywhere on Earth. Leaving this circle goes very notably by the profound understanding of the fears, and their best management possible, by reason, by balance, and by openness. The stress, the oppression, the frustration, and the tiredness, in the daily life, which limit a lot the possibilities of reflection, of reasoning, and of analysis, of our problems, and thus of their solutions. The diverse prejudices, taboos, and ignorances, and notably the prejudices around the human nature and the reason, which block or at least slow down a lot the reflections, and may easily lead to even negating not only the effective possibility of the ideal, but in addition to this its positivity. The diverse historical, cultural, and artistic examples, which often present more or less problematic pasts and futures, and regularly very negative in some aspects, from which it may be difficult to detach ourselves, to envision more positive possibilities, down to generalizing these problematic examples, and consider that a positive evolution is impossible. The current little amount of reflection on the subject, from which the sentiment of void and loneliness around the ideal. The weight of profound reconsideration, not only for each of us, but in addition to it for every others, from which, at first, often a rejection from the others, including with violence, and a fear thus of advancing alone before the others. The apprehension in front of the global weight of the transition, in addition to the weight of the profound and global consciousness of the current problems, necessary to their resolution, and at first, the weight of our researches, of our reflections, of our notes, of redaction, and of the effective presentation of our results. The apprehension of the idea that the transition will likely not be finished at our death, even though the most urgent problems will be solved quite rapidly, and that we will be able just as much to have a lot of interesting and useful activities, during the transition, and rest a lot already quite tranquilly.

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The best management of this fear, for all and for each one, goes however precisely through the progression of the project of transition to the idealistic society, it being the resolution of all our problems. This fear will diminish progressively, although it is very normal in all major change (by the insecurity, the instability, and the uncertainty associated, even though in this case, it is precisely about finally finding, rapidly, some security, stability, and certainty, in relation to the current society which is so problematic), as our vision of the ideal and of the future becomes more and more clear, structured, and complete, and the practical application of the transition progresses in good conditions. In all our prostration, in all our unconsciousness, in all our apathy, on all our violence, in all our insanity, in all our prejudices, in all our taboos, in all our ignorances, in all our stress, in all our oppression, in all our frustration, in all our repression, in all our tiredness, in all our weariness, in all our problems, repeated, accumulated, perpetuated, from birth to death, at each instant, since at least thousands of years, with no future really visible, in the negation even often of any kind of future, everyone terrified by everything, always, at the edge of the cliff, at the edge of the collapse, at the edge of the breakdown, at the edge of the fall, falling often, often throwing oneself into the void, the humanity, in all its current reality, is not other but a naked body chained in the dark, hanging by the fear, teared apart, disemboweled on all its length, pierced by rusted spears, the flesh in tatters, dripping with blood, urine, liquefied excrements, diverse secretions, vomit, through all his holes, about dead. From birth to death, from the baby to the old man, at each instant. In each smile, in each love, in each slaughter, in each war, in each laugh, in each rape, in every tears, in every cries, in every screams, from hope to suicide, from hate to vengeance, from running away to regression, from today prayer to the newly voted law, from orgasm to the last supplying breath, poor like rich, from the beggar in the city in ruins, to the director of multinationals or to financier, from the assembly line worker or the basic employee, to the bureaucrat, from the scientific or the technocrat, to the religious leader, from the sportsman to the mutilated, in thirst, in hunger, in sickness, from loneliness to popularity, from friendship to discrimination, from the judge to the prisoner, in tobacco, in alcohol, in every drugs, in every self-mutilation, in pollution, in the destruction of nature, in each lie, in each manipulation, in each waste, from the artist or some thinker, to the soldier or the torturer, from the depth of a cavern isolated in the middle of a large forest, to the last levels of glass and steel buildings. The current situation of humanity, in all its everyday reality, since so long, is of the worst mediocrity. We know it, we see it, we hear it, we feel it, always, everyone, from birth to death. In each look, there is all the suffering of the world. And we are doing nothing or so little, so exhausted, so terrorized, so suffering, so hysterical, so fatalist. And we reject often, and we reduce often, and we negate often. We are trying to protect ourselves, and this is very normal and very natural. But the problems are here, and we only created most of them, generation after generation. And the best protection, the best future, for all and for each one, are no other than their rapid, complete, and definitive resolution, by reason, by balance, and by openness, by understanding, by acceptation, and by active construction at last.

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The taboo of the human nature, and the prejudice it would be violent, egoist, egocentric, materialist, and stingy, with notably an abusive generalization to individualism, and the extreme inverse reaction of the infinite love and of the all together. Often linked to the taboo on the human nature, the one of the body and of sexuality, and the prejudice that the body would be dirty, fragile, and materialistic, and that the sexual pleasure and even pleasure in general, would be a vice. Also often linked to the taboo of the human nature, the prejudice of the usefulness and even of the necessity of violence, of punishment, of everyday stress, and of problems in general, for the activity and the development of humankind. The prejudice of the opposition between materialism, logic, and reason, and the sensations, the sentiments, the emotions, and the beliefs. The taboo of the logic, and the prejudice of the opposition between determinism and liberty. The taboo of the verity, and the prejudice of the possibility of multiple and contradictory, personal truths. The taboo around the tranquillity, and the prejudice of the vice of laziness, and the boredom of peace, calm, and tranquillity. The taboo of the peace and of the reason, and the prejudice of the usefulness and of the necessity of governments, political parties, vote, and money. The taboo of the knowledge, and the prejudices linked to the idea of intellectual property, and to the restriction of the access to knowledge, art, culture, and history. The taboo of the diminution of the human population on Earth. The taboo of the importance, the global nature, and the perpetuation since so long, of our current problems, down to their rejection, their reduction, and even their negation. Linked to most of the precedent taboos and prejudices, the taboo of the ideal, and the prejudice of its impossibility, or that is would be the domain of gods, thus the wait for any divine action, with the prejudice that the flawed humankind would not be able to build it. All these prejudices and taboos block or at least slow down a lot, an enormous amount of reflections, of reasonings, and of analyses, of researches, of discoveries, of presentations, of diffusions, and of effective actions, down to completely blocking the ideal, and even leading to its negation. It is thus very fundamental to understand them fully, to be able to exceed them rapidly. The relation between the parents and the children The children, since the conception, are precise individuals, and it is fundamental, for all, and starting with the parents, to respect them as much as possible, notably around individuality itself, independence, and intimacy, in the context of course however of the pregnancy (down to abortion, when much fully reflected, as much for the parents as for the child, depending on the case), and of their first years of life, before their full effective independence, which is the sole and only goal of the reproduction (the global perpetuation of the species and of the idealistic society).

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This quite detached management of the reproduction (with of course however some global warmth, as with anyone in a tranquil and developed society), by the parents, and by the society as a whole, profits just as much to the children, who may thus develop fully freely, and to fully reach fulfillment in their individuality, their independence, and their intimacy, as to the parents (notably as an intimate relationship, in which the child is effectively, in the everyday life, an intrusion, the matter being thus to manage it best, with detachment, tranquilly, in a calm and peaceful society) and any associated persons (the possible other relationships of the parents, and any person in contact with the child), to maintain their own liberty and their own fulfillment, in their own individualism, their own independence, and their own intimacy, which have nothing to do directly with the ones of the child, and so they may fully go back to their normal everyday life, rapidly (but much tranquilly, without pushing the child), when the child will be fully independent, and will leave the parental home. From this detachment, we may notably consider the possibility that the parents who may accept the pregnancy (very notably to avoid a possible diminution of the population), but would like then to limit to a maximum the period of keeping of the child (although it is quite good to wait tranquilly at least for his natural weaning), may ask for the society to keep them and guide them then to their full independence. Pushing this keeping on parents who would like to avoid it, would anyway easily be problematic and negative for all, starting with the children. In all cases, it is fundamental that the society eases to a maximum this period, so it may proceed best for all. RECOMMENDATIONS: Sociology studies societies and human groups: their composition, organization, culture, and development. It combines scientific and humanistic methods to investigate a subject that is both relevant and broadranging from social interaction in everyday life to social changes taking place on a global scale. The Department of Sociology at UC San Diego offers an innovative program that covers the breadth of the discipline while giving students opportunities to specialize in areas of their choice, to conduct independent research, and to participate in an Honors Program. The department also encourages majors to study abroad and to take courses in other humanities and social science departments in order to expand their perspective on sociological topics. Students at UC San Diego can explore a full range of sociological inquiry through courses in such established fields as Third World development, law, culture, social movements, religion, race and ethnic relations, gender roles, medicine, and mental illness. In addition, students have the opportunity to participate in courses found in few other sociology departments, such as the politics of language, ethnographic film, the Holocaust, comparative sex stratification, mass media, and revolutions. The faculty also teach an exceptional array of courses focusing on specific societies or world regions, including Africa, Japan, China, Latin America, eastern Europe, the former Soviet Union, and the United States.

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Thus sociology is a valuable major for students who want to enter law, medicine, architecture, business, or politics. It also provides a solid liberal arts education for students who plan careers in such fields as criminal justice, public health, urban planning, social welfare, counseling, public administration, international relations, or market research. For students who wish to pursue graduate study in the social sciences for careers in teaching or scholarly research, an undergraduate degree from the Department of Sociology will provide a thorough grounding in recent theoretical and methodological advances in the discipline. A sociology major offers excellent preparation for teaching in the elementary schools. If you are interested in earning a California teaching credential from UC San Diego, contact the Education Studies Program for information about the prerequisite and professional preparation requirements. It is recommended that you contact the Education Studies Program as early as possible in your academic career. Whatever the career choice, the study of sociology can help the student cultivate a critical awareness of social life. Students interested in majoring or minoring in sociology should stop by the Department of Sociology office, SSB 401, for program information and handouts. These clarify specific procedures and guidelines, and provide recommendations for areas of specialization within the major, as well as for graduate studies and careers in sociology. By allowing women the freedom to control the number and spacing of their births, family planning helps women preserve their health and fertility and also contributes to improving the overall quality of their lives. Family planning also contributes to improving childrens health and ensuring that they have access to adequate food, clothing, housing, and educational opportunities. Family planning achieves these improvements in health and quality of life very cost-effectively compared with investments in most other health and social interventions. Committing human and financial resources to improving family planning services will not only improve the health and wellbeing of women and children, but it will also support efforts to achieve a sustainable global population. The Number one priority for your future child is that their parents are together in love and marriage and shared values so that that ensures the child's welfare and security! It is a wonderful but huge responsibility and not to be underestimated about importance of future mum and future dad's roles in creating family! For the mom, she needs to be in absolute health to increase chances of healthy baby. A good diet including loads of fruit and vegetables and meat with supplements of Vitamins that include Folate is an excellent start. For the Dad he also needs to be in optimum health. Both needed regular exercise. Dads not wearing underwear too tight (actual fact of lowering sperm count if too tight or overheated).

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Reading up on the varying stages is good. I can thoroughly recommend "What to Expect When You're Expecting" and there are other titles that follow with "What to Expect with a Toddler" etc. These books are affordable and excellent sources of information. Seek out a good obstetrician or family doctor you trust. I think it pays to go private for this very reason where you choose who delivers your baby amongst other things like conducting internals on you! You'll need to also check out hospitals and the doctor you choose may have his own preference so you need to be certain that that is your wish also. You'll need to think about all the usual baby gear and whether to buy new or second hand depending on your budget/finances, and usage (as in if you plan to have more than one child, you can then justify purchasing some items brand new.) Ebay and the Classifieds can be good too. There are sometimes Community Swap websites that can also offer baby goods. By all means ask your family and friends who have had babies but keep in mind what suited one family doesn't mean it will suit you and sometimes silly traditions and thoughts are bandied about so you will need to sift through that to make out the truth for yourself! If you are feeling alone or confused or bamboozled though, asking friends who have had children can be quite helpful. Other considerations need to be thought about such as childcare arrangements, your job etc. Ideal family planning includes consideration of the timing of marriage, number and spacing of children, and when the first and last births will occur. It requires that couples discuss sexuality, contraception, and other long-range plans such as schooling or work plans that affect births. North Americans still do little of this planning, and teenagers receive insufficient instruction about these topics. Family planning should be an important part of the modern lifestyle. If individuals do not take on this responsibility, there is always the potential that government, as in the case of China, will see a need to intervene. The extent of unintended pregnancy and its serious consequences are poorly appreciated throughout the United States. Although considerable attention is now focused on teenage pregnancy and non-marital childbearing, along with continuing controversy and even violence over abortion, the common link among all these issues - pregnancy that is unintended at the time of conception - is essentially invisible... Accordingly, the committee urges, first and foremost, that the nation adopt a new social norm: All pregnancies should be intended - that is, they should be consciously and clearly intended at the time of conception." Improve knowledge about contraception, unintended pregnancy, and reproductive health. Family Planning is a preventive measure which supports reproductive health care, as well as the emotional and social health of individuals and families. Family Planning services have had, and will continue to have, a significant impact on maternal and child health and socio-economic status of West Virginians.

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Governments are invited to note the growing evidence that all individuals and couples, regardless of their socio-economic status, value the opportunity to space and limit their families, and that family planning can be promoted successfully where levels of socio-economic development are low, provided that the design of services takes into account the socio-cultural setting. Family planning programmes should be regarded as a cost-effective component of a broader development strategy, one that has significant independent effects on family well-being and individual and social welfare, particularly of women. Governments should strive to develop social and political institutions and norms that are oriented towards providing women opportunities, through formal and informal education, for personal development and greater autonomy both within the family and the society as a whole. Governments should support the involvement of women at all levels of the public policy process and especially in the design, management, implementation and evaluation of social welfare, health and family planning programmes. Governments and donors are urged to increase their support to the social sectors, foremost among them health and education, to a level where basic human rights in these areas can be satisfied. Governments and intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations are urged to recognize that abortion is a major public health concern and one of the most neglected problems affecting women's lives. Women everywhere should have access to sensitive counselling and safe abortion services. Given the high prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases and the AIDS pandemic, which threatens the well-being of men, women and children, family planning programmes need to widen their scope to include reproductive health care, including STD/HIV education and prevention. Political leaders at all levels should play a strong, sustained and highly visible role in promoting and legitimizing voluntary adoption of family planning, and in ensuring a legal and regulatory climate that is favourable for the expansion of family planning services of high quality. National and local leaders should translate their commitment to family planning into the allocation of substantially increased budgetary, human and administrative resources required to meet the increasing demand for services. Family planning programmes at both the national and the local level should seek to increase awareness of the importance of family planning and commitment to the expansion of good quality family planning services on the part of key influence groups, including the media, women's and voluntary organizations, local and religious leaders, and the private business community. The involvement of non-governmental groups in these advocacy efforts, wherever feasible, may greatly facilitate the process of consensus and coalition-building in support of family planning efforts.

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TABULAR INTERPRETATION

QUESTIONS 1.) What is your status marital status? 2.) If the answer to the above question is married, how long have you been married? 3.) Do you have children or planning to have children? 4.) If the answer to the above children is no, when do you plan to have children?

A 42

B 60

C 2

9 72 Answers: -If I have work -now -no need -2015 -if Gods will -5 years from now

16 24

42

5.) If you have children then, how many? 6.) Are you planning a family? 7.) Have you consulted a doctor for having a discussion about family planning? 8.) What preventive measures are you and your partner taking for avoiding unplanned pregnancy?

28

31

14

96 55

5 47

18

26

24

16

14

QUESTIONS 9.) Are you and your partner taking any preventive measures for refraining from getting pregnant? 10.) Do you have steady source of income? 11.) Do you feel that your income is enough to feed all the members of the family? 12.) Do you use protection while having sex with your partner? 13.) If you have already have children do you wish to plan more? 14.) If the answer to the above question is yes, mention the reason.

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15 SOCIOLOGY AND FAMILY PLANNING In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement of the Course of the Degree BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN OFFICE ADMINISTRATION

MR. ANTONIO G. BATAD Adviser: Submitted by: CU2BSOAA21 FEBRUARY 2013

TABLE OF CONTENTS Title page ............ 1 Table of contents ........... 2 Acknowledgement ......... 3-4 Dedication .......... 4 Chapter I: Study of Sociology .......... 5 Chapter II: Groups & Organizations ......... 6 Chapter III: Culture ......... 7 Chapter IV: Social Process as a means of Social Interaction ........ 8 Chapter V: Collective Behavior ........... 9 Chapter VI: The Family ........... 10 Chapter VII: Population .......... 11 Chapter VIII: Family Planning ....... 12 Definition of Terms........... 13 Tabular Interpretation ........ 14-15 Summary ....... 17-19 Conclusion ......... 20-23 Recommendation .......... 23-26

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SUMMARY

Sociology, in the broadest sense, is the study of society. Sociology is a very broad discipline that examines how humans interact with each other and human behavior is shaped by social structures (groups, communities, organizations), social categories (age, sex, class, race, etc.), and social institutions (politics, religion, education, etc.). the basic foundation of sociology is the belief that a persons attitudes, actions, and opportunities are shaped by all of these aspects of society. The sociological perspective is fourfold; individual belong to groups influence our behaviour; groups take on characteristics that are independent of their members (i.e. the whole is greater than the sum of its parts); and sociologists focus on behavior patterns of groups, such as differences based on sex, race, age, class, etc. Sociology originated from and was influenced by the industrial revolution during the early nineteenth century. There are five major founders of sociology; August Comte, Herbert spencer, Karl Max, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber. August Comte is thought of as the father of sociology as he coined the term sociology in 1838. He believed that society should be understood and studied as it was, rather than what it ought to be. He was the first to recognize that the path to understanding the world and society was based in science. Marx, Spencer, Durkheim, and Weber further helped define and develop sociology as a science and discipline, each contributing important theories and concepts still used and understood in the field today. Today there are two main approaches to studying sociology. The first is micro-sociology, or the study of society as a whole. This approach emphasizes the analysis of social systems and populations on a large scale and at high level of theoretical abstraction. Macro-sociology does concern individuals, families, and other aspects of society, but it always does so in relation to the larger social system to which they belong. The second approach is micro-sociology, or the study of small group behaviour. This approach focuses on the nature of everyday human social interactions on a small scale. At the micro level, social status and social roles are the most important components of social structure and micro-sociology is based on the ongoing interactions between these social roles. Sociology is a very broad and diverse field. There are many different topics and scopes in the field of sociology, some of which are relatively new. The following are some of the major areas of research and application within the field of sociology. For a full list of sociology disciplines and areas of research. Family - the sociology of family examines things such as marriage, divorce, child rearing, and domestic abuse. Specifically, sociologists study how these aspects of the family are defined in different cultures and times and how they affect individuals and institutions. Sociology of the family examines the family as an institution and a unit of socialization through various sociological perspectives. The sociology of the family is a common component on

introductory and pre-university academic curricular, as it is perhaps the simplest institution to which one may apply many fundamental sociological approaches. 17 Within the study of the family one area that sociologists examine is the cultural factors that shape family structures and family processes. For example, how gender, age, sex, race, and ethnicity influence different family structures and the practices within each family. They also look at the demographic characteristics of family members across and within cultures and they have changed over time. Another area studied under the sociology of the family is relationships. This includes the stages of coupling (courtship, cohabilitation, engagement, and marriage), relationships between husbands and wives through time, and parenting. The topic of parenting is a large one and includes things such as the socialization of children, the father role, the mother role, single parenting, adoption and foster parenting, and the son/daughter role. Alternative family forms and singlehood are other topics examined under the sociology of the family. for example, many sociologists study the roles and influence of family members beyond the nuclear family, such as grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, godparents, and surrogate kin. Marital disunions are also studied, particularly as divorce rates have risen over the past several decades. Sociology who study the family also look at how other institutions affect and are affected by family systems. For instance, how is the affected by religion and how is religion influence by the family? Likewise, how is the family affected by work, education, politics, mass media, etc. and how are each of these institutions affected by the family?

Family Planning is the planning of when to have children, and the use of birthcontrol and other techniques to implement such plans. Other techniques commonly used include sexuality education, prevention and management, and infertility management. Family planning is choosing the number of children in a family and the length of time between their births. Family planning is something used as synonym for the use of birth control, however, it often includes a wide variety of methods, and practices that are not birth control. It is most usually applied to a female-male couple who wish to limit the number of children they have and/or to control the timing of pregnancy (also known as spacing children). Family planning may encompass sterilization, as well as abortion. Family planning services are defined as educational, comprehensive medical or social activities which enable individuals, including minors, to determine freely the number and spacing of their children and to select the means by which this may be achieved. Raising a child requires significant amounts of resources; time, social, financial, and environmental. Planning can help assure that resources are available.

18 The purpose of family planning is to make sure that any couple, man , or woman who has the desire to have a child has the resources a couple that are needed in order to complete this goal. With these resources a couple, an or women can explore the options of natural birth, surrogacy, artificial insemination or adoption. In the other case, if the person does not wish to have a child at the specific time, they can investigate the resources that are needed to prevent pregnancy, such as birth control, contraceptives, or physical protection and prevention. The problem of population is considered as a major problem nowadays. It threatens the comfort and lives of man. Demand for basic necessities and different needs arise and as a result, imbalance distribution of resources become prominent. In the world as a whole, starvation, poverty, unmet needs and congestion are become usual as a result of over population. The government is making an effort to resolve this problem and one way is by promoting the use of contraceptives as part of family planning. Contraceptives become popular among every individual, especially for those who are planning their family well. But many people have no clear understanding about this. Some view this as a good tool in family planning while others afraid it has a bad effect in their life. Whatever their opinion, issue of contraceptives is not yet fully accepted by a lot of people.

19 DEFINITION OF TERMS: 1. Sociology - means scientific study of human society, its origin, structure, function and direction. 2. Culture - is that complex social heritage or general design or recipe for living w/in a society w/c has been transmitted by human beings. 3. Ethnocentrism - the feeling that one's culture is the best is also developing among the numbers of a group in the process of socialization. 4. Mores - are important and special folkways necessary for the welfare of the people. 5. Social norms - is defined as rules that specify appropriate & inappropriate behavior. 6. Folkways - are the habits of the individual and customs of the society w/carries from the efforts to satisfy needs. 7. Values - are absolute standards of what society considers proper and good. 8. Universal - they are the culture traits, complexer and patterns shared among all members of a given population. 9. Specialites - the behavior expectations confined to certain subgroups w/c often require unusual skill or training. 10. Social interaction - is the process of definding and responding to various action & reactions of an individual in a social situation. 11. Social process - are those ways of interacting w/c are observable when individuals and groups meet and establish. 12. Accomodation - it is the term to describe the adjustment of hostile individuals or groups. 13. Assimilation - it takes place when an individual entirely loses any awareness of his previous group identity and takes in the culture & the attitudes of another group. 14. Collective behavior - as relatively constructed social situations not fully controlled by the cultural norms of the groups. 15. Public opinion - is dependent upon some effective media of communications to accessible, information about the issue. 16. Endogamy - it requires one to many someone who is also a member of that group. 17. Monogamy - it is the marriage of one man to one woman. 18. Polygamy - marriage to one person to more than one person of the opposite sex. 19. Population - is defined as the total number of individuals consisting a group, such as the number of persons living in the nation, state, country or community. 20. Fertility - means that a woman has actually given birth to a living child. 21. Mortality - pertains to death. it is the negative component of population. 22. Migration - spatial movements of persons or group of group of persons from one place to another more or less for permanent residency. 23. Family planning - is define as the process by w/c responsible couples , it they wish can , can determine by themselves the timing, spacing and number of children born to them. 24. Contraception - means prevention of unwanted pregnancy.

25. Responsible Parenthood - means responsible and socialization of children.

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