ASSIGNMENT # 3

SUBMITTED TO: ENGR. ABDUL RAUF BHATTI SUBMITTED BY: Hassan Mansoor Roll#2538 3rd Semester SECTION (B)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

GOVERNMENT COLLEGE UNIVERSITY FAISALABAD

Applications of DC Machines

Electrical Machines are the converters that are used to continuously translate electrical input to mechanical output or vice versa. These machines are called DC Machines if the electrical system is dc. DC Machines are of two types DC motors and DC generator. If the conversion of electrical machines is from mechanical to electrical then such a machine is called generator and if the conversion is from electrical to mechanical then such type of a machine is called motor.

Applications of DC Motors:

1.DC Shunt Motors

There are three kind of characteristics for a motor viz. Speed-Torque, Speed-Current and TorqueCurrent characteristics. After analyzing all three characteristics for D. C. Shunt Motor it is observed that it is an approximately constant speed motor. It is therefore, used where

The speed is required to remain almost constant from no-load condition to full load-

condition.

The load has to be driven at a number of prefer and any one of which is required to

remain nearly constant.

Industrial Use: - Lathes, Drills, Boring Mills, Shapers, Spinning and Weaving Machines etc.

2. DC Series motor:
It is a variable speed motor. The speed is low at high torque .At light or no load ,the motor speed attains dangerously high speed. The motor has a high starting torque. Industrial Uses: Electric traction Cranes Elevators Air compressor

 Vacuum cleaner Hair drier Sewing machine

3. DC Compound motor

Differential-compound motors are rarely used because of their poor torque

characteristics.

Cumulative-compound motors are used where a fairly constant speed is required with

irregular loads or suddenly applied heavy load .

Industrial Use: - Presses, Shears, Reciprocating Machines etc.

Application of DC Generator

There are some types of DC Generators , there uses are given below.

1. DC shunt Generator
The terminal voltage of DC shunt generator is more or less constant from no load to full load .Therefore these generators are used where constant voltage is required. Battery charging For excitation of Alternators. For electro plating

2. Series Generators:
The terminal voltage of series generator increases with load current from no load to full load .Therefore these generators are, Used as Boosters Used for supply to arc Lamps

3. Compound Generator
Differential Compound generators are used to supply dc welding machines.

 Level compound generators are used to supply power for offices ,hostels and Lodges etc. Over compound generators are used to compensate the voltage drop in Feeders.

4. Separately Exited Generator

As a supply source to DC Motors ,whose speed is to be controlled for certain applications. Where a wide range of voltage is required for the testing purposes.

AC MACHINES
If the conversion of electrical machines is from mechanical to electrical using Alternating Current then such a machine is called AC Generator if the conversion is from electrical to mechanical then using Alternating Current then and such type of a machine is called AC Motor. There are two main type of AC Machines 1) INDUCTION MACHINES 2) SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

Application of AC Machines Application of Induction machines

Induction machines are of two types induction motor and Induction generator

Induction motors

Three phase induction motors are used wherever the application depends on AC power from the national grid. Because they don't need commutators they are particularly suitable for high power applications.

 As they are available with power handling capacities ranging from a few Watts to more than 10 Mega Watts. So they are mainly used for heavy industrial applications and for machine tools. Induction motors are used widely for DC electrified urban railway traction systems because of lower manufacturing and maintenance costs and weight, better electrical current and torque characteristics and regenerative braking possibility. Induction Motors are used in automotive control (electric vehicles)

INDUCTION GENERATOR
With energy costs so high, energy recovery became an important part of the economics of most industrial processes. The induction generator is ideal for such applications because it requires very little in the way of control system or maintenance. Induction generator are used for heating the pipes before welding. Induction generator plays a solid role in severe overloads and short circuits.

High speed Induction generator are used in air craft power system.

Induction Generator are used in some micro hydro installations due to their ability to produce useful power at variable rotor speed. Induction Generators are used as a portable source of power supply for

Decorative lighting Lightings for projects and constructional site

Induction generators are often used in wind turbines and some micro hydro installations due to their ability to produce useful power at varying rotor speeds.

Induction generators are particularly suitable and usually used for wind generating stations as in this case speed is always a variable factor, and the generator is easy on the gearbox

Synchronous motor

 Synchronous motors find applications in all industrial applications where constant speed is necessary. Improving the power factor as synchronous condensers. Low power applications include positioning machines, where high precision is required, and robot actuators. Mains synchronous motors are used for electric clocks. Record player turntables

TRANSFORMER APPLICATIONS
A Transformer is device that changes ac electric power of one voltage level to ac electric power of another voltage level through the action of magnetic field.

Fig. ELECTRICAL TRANSFORMER

Transformer plays a major rule in the field of electricity. There are a lot of applications of transformer. some of them are given below. Major application of transformers is to increase voltage before transmitting electrical energy over long distances through wires. Wires have resistance and so dissipate electrical energy at a rate proportional to the square of the current through the wire. By transforming electrical power to a high-voltage (and therefore low-current) form for transmission and back again afterward, transformers enable economical transmission of power over long distances. Transformers are also used extensively in electronic products to step down the supply voltage to a level suitable for the low voltage circuits they contain. The transformer also electrically isolates the end user from contact with the supply voltage. Some of the types of Transformer and their uses are given below.

Ferrite core

Ferrite core power transformers are widely used in switched-mode power supplies (SMPSs). The powder core enables high-frequency operation, and hence much smaller size-to-power ratio than laminated-iron transformers.

Auto Transformer

Autotransformers are frequently used in power applications to interconnect systems operating at different voltage classes, for example 138 kV to 66 kV for transmission. They are also often used for providing conversions between the two common domestic mains voltage bands in the world (100-130 and 200250). On long rural power distribution lines, special autotransformers with automatic tap-changing equipment are inserted as voltage regulators In audio applications, tapped autotransformers are used to adapt speakers to constant-voltage audio distribution systems, and for impedance matching such as between a low-impedance microphone and a high-impedance amplifier input

Zig Zag Transformer

A a zig zag is used to provide grounding (earthing) on three-phase systems that otherwise have no connection to ground (earth)

Laminated Core Transformer

This is the most common type of transformer, widely used in appliances to convert mains voltage to low voltage in power electronics.

Toroidal Transformer

Doughnut shaped toroidal transformers are used to save space compared to EI cores, and sometimes to reduce external magnetic field

Resonant transformers

These devices are used to generate high alternating voltages, and the current available can be much larger than that from electrostatic machines such as the Van de Graaff generator or Wimshurst machine.

Stray field transformer

Stray field transformers are used for arc welding and high voltage discharge lamps (cold cathode fluorescent lamps, series connected up to 7.5 kV AC working voltage). It acts both as voltage transformer and magnetic ballast.

Current Transformer
A current transformer is a transformer designed to provide a current in its secondary coil proportional to the current flowing in its primary coil

Potential Transformer
Potential Transformer is used to sample high voltage to produce a low secondary voltage directly proportional to it.

Audio transformers
Audio transformers are those specifically designed for use in audio circuits. They can be used to block radio frequency interference or the DC component of an audio signal, to split or combine audio signals, or to provide impedance matching between high and low impedance circuits, such as between a high impedance tube (valve) amplifier output and a low impedance loudspeaker, or between a high impedance instrument output and the low impedance input of a mixing console.

Pulse Transformer
Pulse Transformer are of three versions small ,medium ,large .Small versions called signal types are used in digital logic and telecommunications circuits, often for matching logic drivers to transmission lines. Medium-sized power versions are used in power-control circuits such as camera fashcontrollers. Larger power versions are used in the electrical power distribution industry to interface low-voltage control circuitry to the high-voltage gates of power semiconductors. Special high voltage pulse transformers are also used to generate high power pulses for radar, particle accelerators, or other high energy pulsed power applications.