Geometry The length of a line segment can be measured using a ruler and a pencil.

To do so, we are required to follow these steps. Place the scale in such a manner that the left end-point of the line segment coincides with the zero mark of the ruler and the line segment coincides with the edge of the ruler. Read the position of the other end-point of the line segment with respect to the scale. This reading is the measure of the line segment. For example, the given figure shows the position of a scale while measuring a line segment XY.

It can be observed in the given figure that the length of the given line segment XY is 5.6 cm. Angles can be measured in degree units. An angle is said to be acute if its measure is less than 90.

An angle is said to be a right angle if its measure is 90.

An angle is said to be obtuse if its measure is between 90 and180.

An angle is said to be straight if its measure is 180.

An angle is said to be reflex if its measure is between 180 and 360.

An angle is measured and drawn by using a protractor. A protractor is divided into 180 small divisions. Each small division of a protractor measures 1. There are two scales in a protractor an outer scale and an inner scale. In each scale, 0, 10, 20, 180 are marked and there are 10 equal divisions between these marks. To measure an angle using a protractor, we are required to follow these steps. Place the protractor on the given angle so that the vertex of the angle coincides with the centre point of the protractor and one arm of the angle coincides with the zero mark of the protractor. Start counting 0 from this arm and see the reading of the remaining arm of the angle in the protractor. This reading gives the measure of the given angle in degree unit. For example, the given figure shows the position of a protractor while measuring an angle PQR.

It can be observed in the given figure that the measure of PQR is 118. To draw an angle of the given measure, we are required to follow these steps. Draw a line segment. Place the protractor on this line segment such that the centre of the

protractor coincides with one end-point of the line segment and the zero mark of the protractor coincides with this line segment. Mark a point on the outer edge of the protractor that represents the given angle. Join this point and the point at which the centre of the protractor was placed. In this way, an angle of given measure can be drawn. For example, by using a protractor, an angle ABC of measure 63can be drawn as follows:

A line is said to be perpendicular to another line if the measure of the angle between the lines is 90.

If a line l is perpendicular to another line m then it is represented as l m . To draw a perpendicular m to a given line l through a point P on l using a setsquare, we are required to follow these steps. Place a ruler with one of its edges along line l . Take a point P on it. Hold this firmly. Place a set-square with one of its edges along the already aligned edge of the ruler such that the right-angled corner is in contact with the ruler at P. Hold the set-square firmly and draw a line m through P. l is perpendicular to m through point P.

If a curve does not intersect itself then it is called a simple curve. If a curve has two end points then it is called an open curve. If a curve does not have any end point then it is called a closed curve.

If a simple closed curve is made of line segments only then it is called a polygon. Name of a polygon depends upon the number of sides of the polygon. For example, a polygon having three sides is called triangle and a polygon having five sides is called pentagon. A polygon of three sides is called a triangle. A triangle can be classified as an equilateral triangle or an isosceles triangle or a scalene triangle on the basis of the length of its sides. Equilateral triangle: All the sides are of equal length. Isosceles triangle: Two sides are of equal length. Scalene triangle: All the sides are of different length. A triangle can be classified as acute-angled or obtuse-angled or right-angled on the basis of the measures of the angles. Acute-angled triangle: If all the angles are acute. Obtuse-angled triangle: If one of the angles is obtuse. Right-angled triangle: If an angle is right. A quadrilateral is a polygon with four sides. It may be a parallelogram or a rhombus or a rectangle or a square or a trapezium or simply a general quadrilateral. Parallelogram: It is a quadrilateral opposite sides of which are of equal length and opposite angles are of equal measure.

Rhombus: It is a parallelogram all sides of which are of equal length.

Rectangle: It is a parallelogram the measure of all interior angles of which is 90.

In a rectangle, the diagonals are equal in length. Square: It is a rectangle sides of which are of equal length.

In a square, the diagonals are equal in length. Trapezium: It is a quadrilateral in which one pair of opposite sides is parallel.

Polygons of 5 and 6 sides are called pentagon and hexagon respectively. Sides and diagonals of a quadrilateral

Adjacent sides: The sides of a quadrilateral having a common vertex are called adjacent sides. For example, (AB and BC), (BC and CD), (CD and DA), (DA and AB) are pairs of adjacent sides in the given quadrilateral. Opposite Sides: The sides which are opposite to each other are known as opposite sides of quadrilateral. For example, (AB and CD) and (BC and AD) are pairs of opposite sides in the given quadrilateral. Diagonals: The line segment joining the opposite vertices of a quadrilateral are called its diagonals. For example, AC and BD are the diagonals in the given quadrilateral.

A circle is a collection of points that are at a fixed distance from a fixed point. The fixed distance is the radius and the fixed point is the called centre of the circle.

The line segment joining any two points on the circle is called a chord. The chord through the centre of the circle is called the diameter of the circle. The relation between the diameter and radius of a circle is given by diameter = 2 radius.

In this circle, point O is the centre, OA is the radius, PQ is the chord and XY is the diameter. To draw a circle of given radius, we are required to follow these steps. Insert a pencil in a compass. Take the distance between the tip of the pencil and the tip of the compass equal to the radius of the circle. By keeping the tip of the compass at a fixed point, rotate the pencil smoothly. By doing so, a circle of the given radius is obtained.

Line A line does not have a fixed length and fixed end points. It can be extended indefinitely in any direction.

Line segment A line segment has a fixed length and fixed end points.

Ray A ray is a part of a line which has only one fixed end point. It is of infinite length.

Intersecting lines Two lines are said to be intersecting if they have a common point.

Point O is the point of intersection of lines AB and CD. Parallel lines If two lines never intersect, even if they are extended, then the two lines are said to be parallel to each other.

We write them as:

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Collinear and non-collinear points The points lying on the same line are called collinear points, while the points which do not lie on the same line are called non-collinear points.

Here, points A, B and C are collinear and points P, Q and R are non-collinear points.