Professional Documents
Culture Documents
K67 copy 2
stone
he South
ma Langdon Roche
Class
Book.
OopyrigM
COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT.
Drawn by
Emma
Roche.
Abache.
Historic Sketches of
the South
By
Emma
Langdon Roche
TLbc ftnfcfterbocfter
press
New York
1914
Copyright
by
Ebc
IRnicherbocfeer press,
*Uw
19otft
AUG 15 1914
CI.A3S0000
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
I.
PAGE
II.
III.
49
IV.
.....
"
Clotilde's
"
65
74
V. VI.
Clotilde
"
84
92
VII.
VIII.
The Return
......
in
IX.
Tarkar Life
America
X.
1
'
iii
Fff7
7T6r
ILLUSTRATIONS
Abache
Drawn by
Emma
POLEETE
Drawn by
.... ....
Roche.
Frontispiece
73
Emma
Roche.
.
79
Map Drawn
Kazoola
Drawn by
Emma
Wreck
of the "Clotilde."
Charlee
Olouala
Drawn by
by Kazoola
89
97
103
109
117
Emma
Emma
Roche.
127
Kazoola
....
.
Roche.
131
139
Tarkar Village. (2) Dahomey's Land, (j Wavering line showing stealthy march of Dahomey ans through forest. (4) Route by which captive Tarkars were taken to the sea. (5), (d), (7), (#), Eko, Budigree, Abachg, Whydah, towns through (/o) Beach which Tarkars passed. (p) River.
and
sea.
South
CHAPTER
I
To
tion
fully
incep-
in
last in the
divided and at arms, some knowledge of the history and psychology of the peoples
who
settled
is
under the
fanaticism,
evils
superstition,
oppression, or
and desolation.
The
early settlers
life
who have
left their
impress on
the same
American
of
forces
which began to
sance
a hundred and years before the Reformationforces which our own War seems
of
Civil
In
New World
and a
half
as Mason's
of uninhabited
Virginia
was no Mecca
politically oppressed,
fortune
men impelled by
who
for
or those
a corrupt
settlers
The
first
and
dissensions.
3
self-
became
and
men,
libertines,
and such
like,
ten times
more
fit
to spoyle a
Commonwealth, than
the feare of God, nor the law, nor shame, nor displeasure of their friends could rule
there
is
them
here,
them ever
I
Notwithstanding,
Amid
treacheries
and
deceits,
John
Through
his
thought
vi-
starvation,
itself,
for the
own
The hope
d'etre:
"The worst
1
refiners
with
made
all
men
their slaves
in
hope
of
mad
make
futile; in
was parceled
off to
Tobacco
the habit
rapidity,
and was
the
men
alone; chewing
common
created a
lation
to the older
women, while
snuff
was the
Women
rich
had a natural
widows and
to the
of this
which
is
may
21,
1
of colonial
dames:
"We
Virginia.
especial
had
in the choice of
any one
of
them been
received, but
upon good
recommendations
have wives,
bands.
till
and
men, who taking into consideration that the plantations can never flourish
till
families be planted,
fix
of wives
and children
these
soil,
6
is
man
that marries
them
give
leaf
"Though we
We
pray you,
them
in this business
Labor
was another
King James
should solve
Company
by transporting
old environments
and
hundred was
sent,
for
arrived at
Qualms
times
it
was only
other races.
Roman; and
in early Chris-
by the Venetians
to the
Moors
" Their features are recorded by their ancient enemies, never by themselves. Egyptian kings, who from earliest times of antiquity, came often into collision with the blacks, and had them figured as defeated enemies, as prisoners of war, and as sub1
much
differing
under the
nations of antiquity
tact with
knew little of
and constant conan Assyrian battle scene of the time of Sargon, at Korsabad. He might have been exported from Memphis by Phoenician slave-dealers to
into immediate
We
Asia, where he
.
.
fell
On
tomb
of Darius Hystaspes, at
Pcrsepolis,
we have
The Greeks seldom drew the blacks; still, on beautiful vases of the British Museum, we meet with the well known negro features
in a battle scene.
Another such vase with the representation of Hercules slaying negroes has been published by Mecali. Etrus-
can potters, who liked to draw Oriental types, molded vases in the shape of a negro head and coupled it sometimes with the head of white males or females. The British Museum contains several of these very characteristic utensils. We possess
.
. .
effigies of
Egyptians, Assyrians, Persians, Greeks, Etruscans and Romans, from about the eighteenth century B.C. to the first centuries of our era, which all speak for the unalterable constancy of the negro type such as in our day." Nott and Gliddon's Indigenous
When
the existence of
new
lands became
known
who
had posts
In fact
New
than
all
nations combined.
as about
many
other things
moral awakening of a
later generation.
a sense
ical,
of the
amazing,
difference
If
was
felt
Ham
disrespectfully to his
drunken
and
it
in consequence,
utility of
The
slavery had
become something
of
an institution in
its
Mayflower with
handful of
The
stern,
people in
or
whom
right
powerful organization.
leaven had sifted
fied
Though
suppressed, the
down
of
by centuries
grossest
had
stir-
silently
In the
book that
God
io
The
stolid
traced a
people's struggles
of its characters as
"Jepthah, Gid-
eon,
who would
came
much
in place in a
Norse Saga
and
sec-
when the
day's
To know what To
hear
it,
ical tortures
fiendish perpetrations
which at
of
what Ranke
Europe."
Of
this
Plymouth Rock.
Leyden there
;
when besieged by
the
Duke
of
would devour
their left
Ley den
to act accordingly.
political
and
religious tenets
mon
debate.
Pilgrim
fathers
discussions.
To
While
a hope.
to
James.
for
the
London
Company
to there
worship
God
this
according to their
own
consciences.
it
Though
mitted.
their
was
per-
An
voyage
north than their proposed destination; some historians state they were purposely steered out of
1
Rankc, History
12
their course
by
their
Dutch
pilot,
to land on
Plymouth Rock.
covenant entered into aboard ship,
By a solemn
ideal
state
fascinating as expounded
evolved
since
faith
human
nature as yet
barbarism.
austere
of
life
United by a
common
gloomy,
in a wild, bleak,
and the
by whom they
broken
better
out
among
these
for
savages
possibly
no
opportunity
civilized
in-
man.
The Puritan
13
at last possess
essen-
to zeal,
Roman Church
own
ant
in
tenets
became mooted
ences arose.
in the
as intoler-
the
Old,
manner Rhode
Hampshire were
Island,
settled.
Connecticut, and
New
later
Much
It
of
their
and witch-burnings.
was an outgrowth
of this
same
spirit
resulted in the
War
of Secession.
and rigorously
religious, while
the
the
14
nobleman
class in
man-
of the
tiger."
In
the
New World
the
overshadowing
which
presented
which each
Agri-
section's
culture in austere
New
soil
meant unending
toil
and
New
occupations
value,
in
be
of little
itiative
he
found
To
Nature's
cotton,
bacco,
rice,
man's watchful
through
all
care,
and
inured
directed,
Dean
Farrar.
15
work
many; we have
and indignant
To
16th and
century Europeans
it
apes
was
no
greater
than
between the
debatable
]tyegro
was
monly appeareth
people generally
whether the
may be
1
thought to be
men
in the
and shape
of
man."
The
sentimentality which
which
native land
1
is
considered
his gross
and
pitiable
16
him
adopted
it
from the
made
of
it
who
uplift in value
\]Jegro?
and
sagacity,
Among
the
And
that they
these
Dainties,
they
have shambles
man's
flesh, as in
So
sold
sell
them upon
quali-
the shambles.
ties
they have
of so great fidelity
to their masters
abuse the
trust,
For
17
his natural
later
possible,
of American^ftegro is to-day.
was
this quality,
filled
fostered
When
to the
men
to arms,
it
was
Southerner trusted
this trust
wife, children,
and home.
That
was
sel-
master and
in
many
the
places,
emancipation had
converted
man "
lion
(Huxley),
when he was
incited to
open
rebel-
and nameless
atrocities, to
18
different?
Had
much
^
who
during
crime."
the
Commune "drank
in the
blood to vomit
San Domingo
in-
CHAPTER
II
The
purged of
purpose
who
will
be held
and manhood.
colonial slavery
Those
of
Virginia,
with
whom
first
was most
to
first
to at1770,
of
tempt to
Virginia
slaves,
legislate against
In
protested
against
importation
itself
was
finan-
cially interested in
At the meeting
of the delegates
20
at
to
consider
British
and
indignities,
the
second
traffic:
"We
any
slave, or slaves,
first
day
of
November
Indies, or
full one,
next,
either
signers
prominent
in Virginia life
and annals
Lee, George
Henry
Thomas
Jefferson,
Thomas
Marshall,
Thomas
The
in-
Thomas
Jefferson, with
whom
the
abolition of slavery
Congress (August,
most
thoughtful
trifling reason,
and sometimes
no reason at
all,
His Majesty
The
is
the great
it
was,
state.
But
21
we
necessary to exclude
all
further importa-
from Africa.
to effect this,
by
and by imposing
have
amount
to a prohibition
American
States,
and to the
rights of
human nature
effort of the
Southern colo-
agents were
Many
lured
by the prom-
standard;
Nova
Scotia.
by the
1
" You may observe, by my proclamation, that I offer freedom to the blacks of all rebels that join me, in consequence of which there are between two and three hundred already come in, and
those
officers
form into corps as fast as they come in, giving them white and non-commissions in proportion." Letter from Lord Dunmore to General Howe, dated Williamsburg, Va., Nov. 30,
I
1775-
22
which
During
of
mercy
it
and humanitarianism.
his
good people
may
induce a
upon these unhappy people already deluded by his base and insiduous arts, and whereas, by an
act of the general assembly
now
in force in this
colony,
it is
enacted, that
all
conspiring to rebel or
fer death,
make
and be excluded
it
benefit of
all
clergy
we
think
slaves
who
have been, or
23
by the convention.
And
to the
end that
all
such,
this
may
return in safety,
to them, sur-
and not
And we do
further earnestly
recommend
it
to
all
mercy
About
this time,
some
feeling against
American
slavery, but
of Virginia
"aristocratic spirit
colonists," stirred
was proposed.
of
Edmund
22, 1775,
Burke,
in
his
famous speech
ciliation
March
on the "Con-
of such a
coming from
and
dull as all
men
must they
24
not a
any more
in
inhuman
traffic?
An
offer of
freedom from
them
in
an African
vessel,
which
is
refused entry
It
would be
same instant
and
of slavery
was
still
paramount
men
of Virginia,
and
had
clause,
who had
still
wished to
also, I be-
continue
lieve, felt
25
they
carriers
them
The
disposition to emancipate
was strongest
in
Virginia.
bill
into the
by land or sea
fine of
one
it
was repealed by a
later
Assembly.
Many
who
at
of the
Wythe, and
it
was
to these
that
many
wrong.
Adumbrations
a future catastrophe
in that period of patri-
this
came
race
1
against
race:
"Indeed
tremble for
my
26
country when
justice
that
God
is
just; that
His
bers, nature,
an
exchange
of
among
possible events."
it
The hope
took a too
institutions of his
spiritual
zeal;
land
stirred
patriotic
life
and
throughout a long
against
its
growth.
In 1784,
when
Virginia gave
was
Jefferson, assisted
by Chase and
Howell,
who
any
than in punish-
ment
of crime."
the Ordinance of
in Phila-
the ultimate
abolition
of
27
be extended
of
Massachusetts.
The motion
carried in
all
the
New England
sey,
States, in
and Maryland;
Virginia, Pennsylvania,
it.
New
Jer-
This exigency
of extending
for
grave apprehension to
otic
many
slave owners,
among them
Jefferson,
about
fully
many
on
questions, he
this clause of
the Constitution in
Federalist: "It
until
had been
But
it is
suffered
to
have immediate
account either
operation.
not
difficult to
manner
It
in
ex-
pressed.
twenty years
may
and so
28
loudly
barbarism
of
modern
polity."
It
may
of those
end,
and
it
the
a part
traffic
of the
in the
of the South,
but were
an
alien race.
all
That the
disposition to discon-
tinue
slavery
to Jefferson,
harmony with
"What
sible
machine
toil,
famine,
vindica-
stripes,
itself in
tion of his
own
liberty,
deaf to
all
him through
and
inflict
on
his fellow-men
29
patience,
is
When
the measure
when
itself in
darkness, doubtless,
God
of justice will
awaken
to their distress,
and
by
diffusing light
and
liberality
among
their op-
pressors, or at length,
by
This
constitutional
postponement
did
not
even
settle the
question temporarily.
The Quakers
trade
to
the very
first
Congress (1790).
re-
of
such
persons, as
1
now
existing shall
30
remaining
may
require."
critical
time
a time
of
the
new Constitution
alert,
watchful and
were jealous
as
Washington
of
and
was contained
an
it
was]
will scarcely
However,
the
New
Englander.
Their petition
convictions which
31
had expressed
their
repugnance to the
in slavery
matum upon
This
it
extension
of
the
slave
being settled
amicably.
Short-sightedness
can
cultivation of cotton
fore another
was
still
in its infancy.
Be-
tionized.
To make way
and a
tide of
of
centers
Virginia
flowed into
Alabama and
was
men's veins.
lies,
2,2
started overland.
ings,
By
across
mountain,
and
swamp
sometimes
frontier,
encountering
hostile
Indians
the
new
of
New
Orleans,
The
homes frequently
built of brick
made upon
the
became
all
things nec-
were produced.
On
not
only
field
laborer
and
faithful
domestic,
In this
influ-
life
and
33
it
was necessary
of
grow and
;
it
farthest
removed
from the
later
and strenuous
in their
all
oppo-
but rare
came
know
know
himself,
directed
him along
useful lines,
and humanizing
removed.
In later years
who
was
beneficial,
and
it
was an argument
European events
extension of slavery.
also
conspired
towards an
at
34
To
cir-
this
to the United
settlers
diffi-
American
constituterritory,
new
Jefferson,
President,
little criticism
The divergence
of this civilization
from that
but
of
its
racial,
spirit in
which the
made and
35
possessed nothing of
New
England's
austerity, or of Virginia's
liness,
somewhat
stolid state-
The
black-robed
blazed the
ally the
priest
if
not
the
pathfinder
who
way
for
who
in
did.
Religion
hand.
None
of
enslaving methods
stern religion,
Christian sects, or
by the Spanish
Mexico and
by the French.
Where-
The
mystic ceremony, performed in the dewy freshness of early morning within the forest's depths,
or on a strip of
wounded.
From
many
years the
36
chief
and
Bienville
inde-
conciliating
allies.
They
own method
of punish-
ment.
From
of
custom
making
hostile
captives.
Negro slavery
of
of
the
is
recorded the baptism of two negro children belonging to Bienville in 1707, and in the same year
a negro
woman
first
settle-
in the
wake
of the treasure-
and the
forests afforded
an
abundance
ville
of food,
and
friendly natives.
1
There was
ameni-
37
life
and the
priest
and ambition
in the
spiritual advisers
and educators
young
of
New
Their
insti-
became asylums
race,
and desolate
be traced
any
and to
their influence
of
may
the
negro slave
among
in the
temperament
of these
An
related
by Gayarre
in his Louisiana.
After the
New
hangman
against a
arm
it
Frenchman.
In March, 1724, Bienville issued a code, one
clause of which forbade marriages between whites
and
blacks.
place,
many
places
38
among
these so-called
who have
and bays,
patois
spoken.
The
result of this
distinctive,
and
in their local
covering
two
hundred
years,
during
five different
Deeply
religious,
they
frugality,
and industry.
in
slaves,
but were
many
Societe des
in Paris, in 1788.
especially
San Domingo
little later,
France in establishing
man
passed through
in
among
When
39
carried with
it its insti-
it
was
in
difficulties
and peaceful
ter-
mination.
Outside import-
798 could be
by
ment
into Louisiana.
would
To
prepare
the
seafaring
to lead
interests
for
the
statute of 1808,
to
its
and
American sentiment
any persons
of color, or
such importation.
40
this prohibition.
The penalty
tion
was a
fine of
For the
and
such
"person or persons
on
whose
be made."
When New
Northern States.
This
in
relatively
Though
there were threatening party differences, as yet there seems no general feeling against slavery in
it
was
peculiar,
and such
than those
1
common
in the
South
itself.
Many
United States Statutes at Large. "The Reverend Mr. Coffin of New England who is now here soliciting donations for a college in Green County, in Tennessee, tells me that when he first determined to engage in this enterprise,
2
41
own
States,
numbers were
still
actively en-
gaged in the
traffic
and
the
Southern States
countries
had become a
The South
it
itself
was a degrada-
stoop; a "nigger-trade"
slave vessels plied to
were
usually a part of
Jefferson, to
Yankee
enterprise.
whom
He saw no
possibility
must
recommending
to
New
was
who were
1803.
to be their enemies;
it."
nothing to do with
Thomas Jefferson,
42
1806, rejoiced
of the period at
which you
may
draw the
citizens of the
all
human
interests of
With the
lawful for
first
of January,
1808,
it
became un-
any person
of color to
be imported into
of the
United
equipping, loading
away any
ship
or vessel,
shall
be employed
sand
dollars,
who
shall prose-
Every
vessel
found engaged
was to be
any
"seized, prosecuted,
and
condemned
in
may
be found
43
The
They were
and bring to
commander
to be prosecuted
juris-
before
any court
of the
diction thereof;
and
if
and to be subject
years.
x
a like nature
traffic
in
the
Many New
;
there
was no legitimate
who hoped by
to
methods
loose
slavery's
their institutions,
its
institution of slavery,
and to
44
was
stirring
England forgetting
;
of
which England
and
New
chief perpetrators.
seized
upon by
politicians
It
for
party purposes.
sion that they
interests
Louisiana had
necessitated,
interests
For a decade
this jeal-
checkmated
of a Free State.
spreading to
of slavery, or
as a domestic policy
to be settled
exclusively.
individually
of the
and
Mis-
really dead,
45
a subsequent enthusiasm
definitely defined as
for Union,
was
still
not large
enough or the
of interests:
may
occurs as a matter of
by
geographical
. .
endeavor to excite a
a real
and views.
One
of
and aims
of other districts.
You cannot
shield
yourselves too
much
heart-burnings which spring from these misrepresentations; they tend to render alien to each
46
other those
who ought
to be
bound together
by-
fraternal affection."
To
Jefferson,
and
adjustment,
in
and
in a letter to
22, 1820,
sir,
me
of the letter to
It is
had
for a long
time ceased to read newspapers, or pay any attention to public affairs, confident they were in good
But
momentous
night,
awakened and
it
terror.
considered
Union.
It
is
is
But
this
geographical
coinciding with a
political,
marked
principle,
moral and
irritation will
mark
47
not a
I
man on
any
earth
who would
from
more than
would to
relieve us
this
heavy reproach,
in
practical way.
it is
The
mis-
named)
is
me
second thought,
tion
ally,
in that
way
a general emancipaeffected;
sacrifices, I
think
it
But, as
we have
we
him
go.
Justice
in
in the other.
Of one thing
slaves
am
and
proportionately
the
accomplish-
ment
of their emancipation,
An abstinence,
of
from
this act of
jealousy excited
by the undertaking
Congress
men
comprising a State.
This certainly
48
to the
General
Government.
Could Congress,
non-freemen of Connecshall
not
am now to
and happiness
to their country,
is
to be
my
only consolation
it.
is
live to
weep over
If
away
be
more
likely to
by union than by
scission,
they would
on themselves, and
To
I
my
CHAPTER
III
is
men
are
For a
century and a
half,
immense source
citizens.
nor was
it
carried
surreptitiousness.
probably the
Algerian
and
their
49
50
Lafitte
many
in
kingdom
at Barataria, an island
from which
sailed
slaves
force
seemed inadequate
ful
had been
outside
singularly success-
against
these
adversaries.
sufficient
These
excuse
preoccupations
seem
scarcely
in slaves.
Money,
politics,
and
indifference ap-
pear to have been a trinity that glossed over rottenness then as now.
With
scarcely an exception
New
Englanders and
New
Yorkers
and
manned
by down-east seamen;
New York as
close seconds.
The West
Indies
their
and Brazil
offered a market,
way
51
the unfortunate,
sold.
enough to make
impossible.
Cyrus
in
King
1
in a speech
be
extinguished;
that
virtuous
men
march
would by
potent
is
far
We
is
still
carried
on
with
all
and
insatiable
rapacity
of
former times.
more
seizes its
than suppressed by
citizens are steeped
guilty vigils.
to their very
American
up
mouths
(I
52
iniquity?
and
sometimes bringing them into some of our Southern ports, and there, under the forms of law, defeating the purpose of the law
their
itself,
and
legalizing
inhuman but
profitable adventures."
any
of
Constitution
not
the
several
states
or terrifor dis-
or person
for
As
some
let it
extenuation
those
to
Southern States,
be asked,
What was
type
Bar-
often
of
the
lowest
and
sometimes cannibals
could
of
dom?
The
attention
men was
early directed
how
to place
him
own
his position as
example or de-
Illegal Traffic in
Slaves
53
and
In 1803, a coloni-
Out
of this
was born
in 1816,
what
the
soon
organization,
After negotia-
Africa at
Cape Mesurada.
also
slavers,
or
by
traders.
During
all
by
their
bondage
this
was due
ones
to the
powerful abettors
traffic.
often
legalized
of
the
lack
of
intelligent
forethought
was
But the
society's efforts
at
successful
by
fostering a spirit
in
and
it
was instrumental
54
some
may
and
deem expedient
as
may
jurisdiction.
And
persons,
residing
of
Africa,
as
etc., deliv-
by commanders
of the
United States
armed
vessels."
with death.
more
stringent
to
and
President was
empowered
send
armed
vessels
1
One hundred
55
for
this
thousand
purpose.
dollars
was
appropriated
evil.
With death
as the
when
there
was danger
for the
of apprehension,
whole cargo to be
This,
To
death
was highly
cargoes were
By
and
the trade.
sheltering
Yet
whom
make
maritime
rights, the
often protected
American brig
(1830), as
malefactors.
from
the
British
the
the
Bahamas
56
in
by the English.
Americans raised a
loud cry.
colonies
on the
and
all
so-called efforts
proved
Eng-
it
was her
especial
and inaugurated a
right of search, or
it
was
In
many
became unavoidably
As the
flags
the
traffic,
England
Russia,
coast,
America was
though Lord
13,
Illegal Traffic in
1
Slaves
57
841).
deen (Oct.
European Powers.
not be tolerated
too
America
had already
suffered
much from
British assumption
and President
for
mere
will
and pleasure
of
of other governments.
We
any one, or
consent. lawful
.
American
citizens
prosecuting
seas,
under the
by
others; nor
and
if
way
58
Mr.
Stephenson (Oct.
it
13,
1841)
would be an infringement
vessels
during
times
of
by
treaty.
"But no such
asserted.
We
sincerely
United States,
it is
but we
may
reasonably expect to
know what
is
we
respect.
prima
if
facie
this
irre-
ought to preclude
further inquiry.
But
it is
who have
no
Mr. Stephenson
himself
American
of covering this
joins with
Mr. Stephenson
him
in thinking the
abuse of their
flag.
But
if all
inquiry
be
resisted,
and impu-
Illegal Traffic in
Slaves
59
and desperate
mankind,
in the
may be
of
regarded
that
re-
something
like
an assumption
sponsibility
Stephenson.
"The
add, that
such
visit lead to
American
avowedly engaged
acles,
fetters,
manof
torture, or
of those unfortu-
power to
of the undertaking."
The question
ence.
In
1842,
The
60
States
known
of
and as the
Treaty
Washington.
By
all
not
less
than
by the ninth
"unite in
all
article
will
urge upon
all
such powers
Americans,
among
it
was
carried on with
The
Abolitionists' thoughts
were
Illegal Traffic in
Slaves
61
New
these
England and
places
New
proof,
York.
Inhabitants
of
were
some
technicality, they
were
seldom convicted.
Officials,
who were
either con-
them
in their lucrative
As
was carried
and
sailed
from
New York
Some-
into
slavery
thousand Africans.
The schooner
landed
Wanderer
taken
sold.
In
discharged.
New
was
sold at auction,
and bought
62
Salem
In
when
captured.
by Captain Townsend
Rhode
Island
the queen
They were
The
Africans were
men
though
this
them
by
their captors.
Some
Among
all
these
a
and
glove
and
this
distinction
by a
handsome
negress.
woman
Endelight,
it
ladies
in
full regalia.
stick
63
Sometimes
Many
vessels
a gruesome tragedy.
An
article in the
New York
The reason
condemn
them
for piracy.
The
vessels
may
be condemned
whose
was committed.
No
flag,
with
manacles,
gewgaws,
and
fire-water,
but
carried
money.
The bargain
made
charged, and a
new one
of
adventurous
spirit
for
innumerable
64
Emperor
the
real
was
"if
Great
Britain
would
find
of
culprits, she
Boston and
New York
1
to find them."
May
26, 1856.
CHAPTER
IV
and a
many
waters.
shaded by
trees, she
wore an
air that
was
Survivors
and pioneer
life
file
and
sassafras
about the
streets,
while
white-
down Spring
and
St.
65
66
The
was
large.
Life
about
the
wharves
drew upon
itself
United
States
Government,
special
officials.
chronic revolutions,
invited
by the democrats
Leon
to unite with
aristocrats of Granada.
this expedition
Many
and shed
him
In
as
President
him
as such.
Voyage
67
rag
was
abolitionism of
its
fanaticism
and jealous hatred, backed by Northern commercialism caused a rapid reversion of feeling.
Walker,
of attempting to
make good
his
The
New
first
Washing-
and receiving
still
sailed
Mobile
and
New
Orleans
felt
In a
the
message,
the
President
denounced
"leaders of former
illegal
expeditions
who had
"who
is
68
now
He enjoined all
and
the Government
offi-
and
This
message
indignation
Mobil-
the the
new
post-office steps,
President's
proclamation.
They were
in
contri-
Espousal
became an
issue
in
the mayoral
of the President's
to be "vigilant, active,
as
and faith-
espionage and
The
dis-
from Ohio
and
who was
warehouses of the
Voyage
69
provoked the
next step
"As a
we
shall
The temperament
daring
of
Southern
and
risk
of this excitement,
out.
Harry Maury,
socially
and
financially prominent,
was
in
command.
When
ready to
sail
down
the bay,
The revenue
and
Maury
until
them
he
reached the
fleet.
The captain
of the
McClelland
70
as prize.
Maury nonchalantly
but the captain, under orders from the customhouse at Mobile, warned
Maury
that
if
he at-
tempted
to sail
About eleven
o'clock,
heavy mist
arose, the
tenant White.
The Mobile
Gulf, Lieutenant
New
Orleans, where
He
men, Minie
balls,
and Mississippi
The
men is a thrilling
by the governor
They were
received
Bay
Island,
who upon
Voyage
71
them back
to Mobile in
Her Majesty's
steam-sloop Basilisk.
With the
birth
and
About
this time a
group of
the Government was finally making to suppress the slave trade, the vigilance which was being exerted,
for a vessel
officials.
equipped
for such a
There was
some betting
favorite
of
Mobile a cargo of
stakes
were
large.
is
given
It
may
and
palliation to
but
it
is
of the
still
72
trustful,
hoped
in the
Gipsy
a slaver
dollars.
ment
officials
of the
Meaner brothers
Tim,
They were
natives of Maine,
of the water
New
England love
Captain Foster
was born
Nova
all
sailors,
captains,
and builders
of boats
and possibly
at the
his proclivities
and a ship-yard
mouth
of ChickasaClotilde,
The
engaged
and as blockade-runners
were built there.
during the
Clotilde,
Civil
War
The
make
She was
Drawn by
Poleete.
Emma
Roche.
Voyage
73
it
policy to
in this
and
News
of the
The
more enlightening
an
1858:
"From
we have
The
quarreling of
The King
Dahomey was
Whydah.
Immense numbers
of negroes
CHAPTER V
THE CAPTURE OF THE TARKARS
The
slaves
who
by being the
last
of their
tribe of
tribes
interior
coast
Cruel, stealthy
of surprise
war was
their occupa-
tion
war
The
Sometimes
led
into
no hope
The King
of
The Capture
Dahomey's house was
of the Tarkars
built
of
75
skulls
and
his
In
Dahomey
warriors
kings
organized
a battalion
of
women
Early cos:
It is
Ama-
women who
inhabit about
compared by some
and prowess to
Amare-
zons those of
cruited
by
incursions
village
The Tarkar
inland.
was
the
water,"
meaning
thereby
They were a
peace-loving,
and cows,
Their chief
oil.
Nature
the
lands
were wonderfully
fertilizer;
requiring
little
work and no
the
76
the forests.
The
of superior quality
fire.
and had
They were
mud
described
by two
Poleete
and
Kazoola.
wall of
mud
until
thoroughly dry.
this,
Another four
feet
was
laid
upon
which was
Then a
was
laid
making
their dwellings
high.
When
laws,
and had a
Each
of
upon honesty as a
characteristic.
Stealing
all
an individual's
of the tribe
it
it
was not
left
theirs
so disturbed
it
not."
had
The Capture
square.
of the Tarkars
for
I
it
77
To-day
nor to-morrow
am
worried?
No, for
know
when
go
in
I will find it
where
I left it.
Could you
do that
America?" (Kazoola).
for stealing,
theft, it
As there was
no reason or excuse
them committed a
spirit
of
braggadocio.
The
would be
who would
say,
"You
are
you have two arms to workyou nothing why have you stolen?" The
if
suffer
de-
rank
justice.
Poleete explained
would
to
him
as to the
commoner.
"Money
of
don't plea
you
was
The manner
implement
execution
decapitation
the
a
of
sword.
To
illustrate
"
The Law
in Tarkar.
I
If it
my son.
He
kills
a man.
I
have money
want to buy
'
son.
my my
son has
but
have money.'
The King
78
would
Here
is
'
read and
Law
says Death.'
is
And
the
am
money cannot
many
any more.
The
conditions of
women had
men and
the same
amount
of
property as the
Jealousy
among
Kazoola,
am
am
I will
in
mind
some
maid who
attracts her
and who
wife goes
The
and
'
asks,
'I
'You know
have heard
is
The
wife
maid answers,
then says,
of him.'
is
The
Kazoola
good
he
kind
would
The Capture
like
of the Tarkars
'
79
'
with
me
to
my
parents.'
together;
keeping
she
The
is
ours no more
be good to her."
maid
to Kazoola,
down
and works
no more.
The
husband to the
Once married, a
other than his
great.
man
women
was very
of
To
the
their
native
custom
polygamy,
Christianized Tarkars
now
cite
the example of
relatives
"day was
as night
the day."
To
known.
The Tarkars
life.
possessed
dualistic
of
ideas of a future
Good
Ahla-ahra, to
daily
life
whom by
would be something
Spirit of Evil
Ahla-bady-oleelay.
80
"Do
and you
will
go to
Ahla-ahra; do
While not
Natureor
Nature-worshipers,
they were
by prayer
any
Before
these
filled
last
Tarkars trembled,
they would
cross
and
their
were
with
their
arms over
breasts
and cowering,
cry
out,
"We
will
be
good!"
"In Africa
gomery,
Mont-
New
Orleans
New
says,
'You have
cattle
you
'No,
must give me
half.'
You
at Mobile say,
And
corn,
they say,
'If
cattle
and
we
will
make war on
They go back
themselves.
to their
talk
among
tribe at Mobile.
cattle
We
demanded
will
they refused; we
The Capture
make war upon them.
diers.
of the Tarkars
81
sol-
We
will
Dahomeyans plan
One morning just
their attack
Dahomey
cruel
broke
of the
unsuspecting
Tarkars.
Some
men were
These were
all killed;
few
killed
The Tarkars
that in their
soldiers
Dahomey's women
The
The
Narrative of Kazoola.
82
hung on the
no
Dahomey
huts.
Human
Tarkars when
One
of the
and tragedies
of their
march
to the coast
was
When
heads.
these
grew
offensive
the
Dahomeyans
of
Dahomey's vil-
lages, at a
there
of other tribes
names are
Tarkars.)
spelled as
map
of the route
taken by
Dahomey and
of the
march
to the sea,
of his tribe
would recognize.
their
march
and Whydah.
call Grefe.
The Capture
of the Tarkars
this
83
was a stockade
came.
CHAPTER
VI
THE VOYAGE
Captain Foster boarded
at
the Vanderslice
home
in the
Meaher
settlement.
mouth
he
of Chickasabogue.
left
When
starting
for Africa,
home by
bag
He
and con-
He
When
on
He knew no
ing.
cause,
drift.
and wonder-
He
The Voyage
arose,
85
moved
position.
Cape Verde
repairs.
Islands,
The crew
mutinied.
They threatened
that
if
inform the
it
unnecesinci-
made
to be
broken."
officials
He made
emergencies.
No
The
He
arrived
When
On
hammock
86
and conveyed by
stalwart
blacks
to
the
presence of a prince of
black,
Dahomey
three
great, stout
weighing
over
hundred
pounds.
Whydah.
relish
was a
large square
of
snakes.
and
disgusting.
for
religious
ceremonials.
him
one
Gumpa
was
making
whom
Gumpa was
African
nearly related.
near
Mobile.
He became He
used to
people
known
was a conspicuous
"My
sold
me and your people bought me." After many hospitalities, Foster was
taken to
The Voyage
87
in circles
composed
in
of ten
men
the middle.
Kazoola
says, in language
Then
he point to one."
taken out of the
The one
indicated would be
side
;
circle
then
who would be
Foster
placed with
the
across
They
had
coming up to
first
their necks.
sea,
On
view of the
and the
it
had
to go out into
was another
horror.
They wore
clothes
made
of cotton
Dahomeyans,
alike
were
88
left entirely
a humilia-
accusations
Clotilde,
away much
even room to
up.
The
of the
men
of lesser stature
The top
of the hole
left in
was shut
down and
grieve
darkness to
and wonder.
a hundred and sixteen had been brought
When
He saw
that
flags.
all
Dahomey's
He
hurried
orders to leave
slaves
The
treacher-
Dahomey ans
and were
Map Drawn
by Kazoola.
(3) Wavering line (2) Dahomey's Land. (i) Tarkar Village. showing stealthy march of Dahomeyans through forest. taken to (4) Route by which captive Tarkars were
the
sea.
(5),
(6),
(7),
(<?),
Beach and
sea.
The Voyage
making ready to bear down upon the
89
Clotilde,
The
Clotilde
made
her escape.
When
craft,
The
slaver
was a small
tactic
an elusive
in the
Once
wake
the trade-winds
Clotilde
sailed
towards
At the end
close,
numbed they
by some
of the
around them:
"We
looka, an'
looka
nothin'
Whar we com'
go,
from,
we do not know
(Kazoola).
whar we
we do not know"
islands.
saw
had
90
the anchors, and ordered the Tarkars back into the hole.
Thus the
colors of
the sea
how at
eat
was
and
how
they
passed
Foster
the
seemed
blood-red.
was
kind
to
them.
They
could
food
hunger
makes
anything
palatable.
great,
Though
their
mental
anguish
was
About a
evening,
at
and
tasted
of
vinegar.
During
such voyages,
conserved.
Their only
When
there
to
remain until
landing.
relief
came
in capture or a successful
the
Clotilde
Mississippi
The Voyage
to
91
them
to
end.
To make
boat, rowed
was dismasted.
Then Foster
sailors to
by four
go to the western
Clotildc
had
arrived.
His ap-
men
and he was
fired
upon.
Waving a white
CHAPTER
VII
THE RETURN
The
The Meahers
had become
rife
throughout the
had
at last undertaken to do
at
The
and purpose
of the Clotilde
had been
Meaher
he had
little
had so long
of the
drifted
so far apart as to be
large
had gone
so
be no reconciliation.
Garrison's
The Return
voice
93
calling loudly,
"how
The
plunders cradles
will I
to
women
with
say
the lash
to him,
'
till
the
soil is
will I
Give
me your hand
let
us form a glorious
union?' "
many began
to
The question
of papers
was agitated
advocating
it,
in Congress
number
not
all
of
which were
of the South.
17, 1859,
came out
we doubt
if
simply a question of
They
From
the point
94
of
fallacious.
retro-
and
their revival
ethical
harmony with
and
Mobilians, like
all of
the South,
if
little
to fear
from them.
Captain Foster reached Mobile on a Sunday
morning
in
Clotilde lay
in readiness to go at a
moment's notice
Clotilde
to
tow the
and her
When
was attending
call
hurried
to the church.
Dennison
The
three hastened
down
to the wharf,
down
the bay.
The Return
them nearing the
the darkness.
Clotilde,
95
adventure was
ahead
the
trip
up Mobile
desolate stretches of
marsh,
its
Her won-
August sunset
for the
was
lost
light to fade
and
enshrouding darkness.
At
last as
if
loath to die,
They ceased
and
fell
made
fast,
and the
trip
up the
many
many
those
its
from the
finish
the
voyage nearing
of the tug's
machinery
filled
96
concluded that
it
of bees.
Time was
so
;
much was
to be
its
life
light should
come.
trip
or death.
The
safely
made.
Mobile
River
channel,
its circuitous
long.
As the
passed
and
all 's
well."
directly to
The
Island
Clotilde
was taken
Twelve-Mile
by
night.
There
and
1
in
in advertisements of that time as a " new, elegant, and light-weight summer packet; Captain Jim Meaher. Side-wheeler, drawing
eight inches of water with elegant and spacious staterooms and large well-ventilated cabins, carrying one hundred and fifty
passengers."
She had been named for Chief Justice Tainey the famous Dred Scott decision.
Drawn by
Kazoola.
Emma
Roche.
The Return
Clotilde's
97
Alabama River
to
John
Dabney's plantation
of the
next day.
of
Northern
among them,
disgrit
They
were
placed
aboard
the
tug.
Meaner
North.
The
Clotilde
of light
wood upon
her.
of
Her
hull
still lies
in the
marsh
at the
mouth
CHAPTER
VIII
the
cane brake
a part
from
was a wilderness,
which even those
lost.
alike, in
it
could be easily
Here,
married Kanko
one
of their
number
and of the
swamp
to
of the
another.
to speak only in
At the end
to
of the eleventh
day
Commodore and
to
The Bend
in
Clark
The Tarkars
Count}*,
rivers
at
Dabney's Plantation
Alabama and
99
whore
the
Tombigbee
tation.
know
such
by a shooing sound
or
geese.
would
drive
chickens
In
among
unknown
secretly to those
disposed
They were
The
Africans were
side
women on one
the
buyers standing
even
put to one
side,
to depart, he
would make
ownership known to
to his breast.
ioo
Day
their
kinsmen or
Some were
sold
As they
tired,
de-
they were
circus,
To
As
it
one
of
the
elephants
trumpeted; joy
their limbs.
To them
the
tears streaming
from their
Argenacou, Ar-
genacou "
(" Home,
Home
Of
this small
band
two
still
receive
then.
The Tarkars
at
Dabncy's Plantation
101
first
happy episode
in the
new
land.
first
When
"We
The
con-
own
There
soil
and whatever
The Tarkar
Once an over-
would stand
seer
for
no mistreatment.
women
con-
pumpkins,
etc.
thrown upon
their
own
resources.
Their homes
102
many
danger
to
settlement, at
what
is
known to-day
as
Magazine
by
their
respective owners.
Those
great
left at
Burns Meaher's
plantation
first
tell
of
hardship.
When
they
and
at
it
until
torchlight.
Magazine Point.
Wreck
of the "Clotilde."
CHAPTER IX
TARKAR LIFE
IN
AMERICA
of
Magazine Point
and
ship-yard
the
site
Meaher's mill
miles
though
but
three
from
some miles by
land.
Between
swamp and
Red
known as Meaher's
wooded by a suburb
These had
peoples.
and comings
many
lingered
called the
their
it
pine-bark tepees.
in
known
103
104
Alabama that
it
known
of Chickasabogue, over-
a prehistoric shell-mound,
of
first
Much
"Africa-Town"
the
by
little
cluster
of
huts
none of
apprecitold of
substantiated
of those
fact or
by the actual
knowledge
became
bearing seventeenth, eighteenth, and early nineteenth century dates and curious signs which
substantiated the belief of the credulous and imaginative that through this district there was
much
hidden treasure
Tarkar Life
turers,
in
America
105
by the
pirates,
and
in later times
by mem-
who had
Though
now
largely cleared
stories
and
settled, these
traditions
and ghost
are
still
told
and
believed
whites.
by the negroes,
Creoles,
and ignorant
a repository of interesting
of
his
with a sort of
belief.
known
Sales,
to
him and
companions (Nelson,
Moody, Ebernezar
Fisher,
below Turner
thickly
&
Oats's
mill.
The
spot was
wooded
high
trees
yet
visible as it flew
They went
Almost as soon as
child
voices
and
they won-
106
As the excavation
came nearer
hissing
there
were
until
finally the
Then the
voices passed
heard.
feet
By
this
some ten
deep.
Nelson
spirits
who had
the voices.
apparition
He was
confronted by a
fearful
fire
and a
tail
as large as a hogshead.
dashed
it
all
the excavation.
They were
all
thoroughly
who
of
them.
for three
days
set
and nights
She
Tarkar Life
table,
in
America
107
and honey
inveigling
At the end
of the third
day her
made known
to the spot
the place.
should dig.
They
fell
to
They
rapidly
which measured
feet wide,
two and a
half
It con-
with an auger.
woman warned
stubborn
spirits
who was
of her warning.
sunlight
in
strong
The
other men,
108
glinting
on the
Again the
woman warned
Fisher,
and as
the auger.
if
they would
Then
spirit
all
was
clear
It
was a
storm
purely
after treasure.
like sick cats
"Then
all of
us had to come
away
hearts, because
we
's
It
it
somewhere to-day
and
wherever
is,
is still
sticking in it."
trees bearing
an
many
feet in a certain
On
old
Adam
Boone, a negro
to
treasures.
They found
it
had been
Charlee.
Tarkar Life
built
in
America
109
by man.
They had
talking.
tall,
Both
Old
Adam
They say
As the
Fisher's
last
gun went
it
and he was
so startled that
sitting
he threw
it
and as he did so
no
hope
of
'
varmints
'
'
and especially
fears.
do they
affect the
no
Some
were repeated to
them out
and learning
just
what they
believed.
They
had been
To make
"Suppose
promise must be
life
of the body.
He may
dollars?'
who he
Perhaps he asks,
Do you
have a
I
But
it
have
away
will
until I
come back?'
as
You
you are
you do
so
may guard
it
dog or horse
may
be
sacrificed.
is
This,
however,
is
com-
mon
to our negro
and
Creole population.
The
Tarkar Life
in
America
any intimation
of
their
presence.
Kazoola,
located, as he might
places,
and
if
he did
know where
The
life
of the
characterized
by the
ascribed
of
to
hard
from white
influence
and
came
in
yet
much more
success
and honor to
ii2
who were
carried
by
and whose
interests
fur-
thered by philanthropists.
When
all
the Tarkars
first
came
to
Magazine Point
Some American
them and
interested in
who were
to
them not
all their
women
God who
must
live.
dogma of
to
God and
it
a Devil
to the
made
the
same appeal
negro
them that
had
American
of the primi-
In them
own minds
soothed their
Tarkar Life
in
America
trust.
113
Po-
has said:
us,
"We know
not
why
these troubles
came upon
but we are
all
God's children
we not always
hands guide us
it 's
to us to
do us good.
Though
home, he
goodness of
God and
enjoys telling
how
after
Whydah, he was
stolen
by one
of
white house.
Urged by an innate
of things,
curiosity
he
stole
from his
wanta
noise, an'
worka
I
how
it fell
holler
to them.
say,
'Oh hee!
Oh
me down.
An'
ii4
I
was the
Supposy
Or supposy de ship
Oh
Lor'
God
good!"
Mrs. Foster,
said they
and
honest and
negro that
;
was
their perseverance
and
religious
zeal
now
Magazine Point.
old Zooma
tribe,
who
the
still
lives
Tarkbar,
different
make a
cross
and
spit in the
The
back to
their
They concluded
They worked
in the
"Now we want
You
you
to go
home and
it
must help us
save.
You
Tarkar Life
must not crave them."
replied: "
in
America
115
You
now
tothis
them
either.
We
will
work
Of
They made
six dollars
a week.
would take a
lot of
money
to
get
home.
Among
themselves they
how
who seems
Soon
to
back
of
where the
schoolhouse
now
stands),
Kazoola recognized
this
to be his
Meaher,
all
his
expressive face.
the stick
"I grieve
for
my
home."
n6
"But you
good home."
is
Mobile?"
all
of
them
home."
tells this his
When
away
the old
man
face reflects
overwhelming
vision of
Lor'!
grief
"Oh
Oh
Then he
regains himself
his narrative.
You made
us
or
Now we are free, without country, land, home. Why don't you give us a piece of this
let
land and
Town?"
Kazoola relates Meaher's reply very dramatically.
"Thou
fool!
Thinkest thou
will
give
you
You do
not belong to
me now!"
The Tarkars concluded
to buy.
When
one
Drawn by
Olouala.
Emma
Roche.
Tarkar Life
are going to buy,
in
America
117
we
will too."
They bought
con-
going half
clad
and
upon
half rations.
Though
ac-
customed
uries,
in their
own country
to Nature's lux-
they
now
lived on molasses
and corn-bread
in
or
mush
(boiled corn-meal).
by planting
and vegetables.
day
Their Tarkar
after
home began
ties
to be a chimera;
it
day new
pushed
farther away.
Having no head
of the tribe,
and understanding
would
be
incongruous,
they selected
Charlee
(Orsey, in Tarkar),
Gumpa
(African Peter),
and
and
When
sent each
member
their
only leisure
time
'
These meetings probably account for the reports which have recurrent that the Tarkars met secretly and practiced
barbaric
n8
The
whole colony
each
If
it,
or renewed
were punished
Jaybee,
is
l
lives
to-day only
Charlee,
the century
mark and
and
ten, look
upon him
as the
him.
His face
is
is
known among
having disputed
if
or disagreed with
any one.
As
desire,
reproach.
The judges were not considered above If any of the colony saw one of them
It is
if
not right.
How
Tarkar Life
About ten years
in
America
119
War,
outcome
of vital
command
to obtain votes.
Democratic
Republicans
ticket.
He was
followed by some
great rewards.
They talked
On
election
Don't
let
them vote
refused
They were
forestalled
them
they were
and
St.
their determination,
Stephen's
Road
to
120
Arriving there,
horse.
Meaner was
let
"Don't
those
Africans
vote
they
have no right
they
them
to the sky,
on
St.
Francis Street
that
by paying one
This they
treasure.
it
still
was
their
one experience in
politics,
and
was
materialized.
Turner),
Monabee
(Kitty
Shamber,
men,
Poleete,
Kazoola
(Cudjoe
Lewis),
Their Tarkar
narrative
at
names
their request.
They
Tarkar Life
in
America
121
way
these
names might
drift
home
of Poleete, Kazoola, or
Abache and
discuss
to
among themselves
welfare,
their
home and
telling
some
Kazoola says he
fly
if
he has
lies
in
American
land,
soil
his native
who was
some
helpmate
and companion
children.
It
through the
many
years,
and
all his
was
at
of these
that he
(Celie),
made
sorrow
and
loneliness.
The Sunday
He
sat with
grief -stricken,
and
speaking no word.
head,
They
said,
"Lift up your
Kazoola, and
Kazoola Kazoola
lifted his
head; "I
will
make
a parable.
They
122
home and
sit
side
by
side.
to Kazoola,
and Kazoola
'Mount Vernon.'
get off?'
and she
replies
'Plateau.'
Kazoola surprised,
'Why, Albine!
How
The
Why do
to get off
at Plateau?'
She answers,
gets
must
get
off.'
train stops
and Albine
off.
Kazoola stays on
he
On
is
alone.
Mount Vernon
the next
he
;
is still
journeying on."
at Kazoola's house
bowed head,
head and
up
his
make another
parable.
He
he leaves in
my
care.
When
I
must
to
him or
must
keep it?"
listening
The
You
1
cannot keep
is
it is
not yours!"
Mount Vernon
in
America
I
123
keep
my
care."
Everything
re-
minds him
of her.
in his
He
came
to
the
root of one
He
started to pull
especial care,
in
The
old
man
is
cheerful
even
and a
fully
possessing a keen
imagination.
sense of
humor
him
To
appreciate
There
he
will
'
When
Albine" first
came
in
to
fat
and
she
When
Mrs.
when she
come
to
America, because
Albin6
know
she fat an' did not want white people to eat her."
124
barefooted, trousers
his
up above
his knees;
of patch-
much
an accomplishment in which he
when
his
Albine was
lay
alive,
them
aside for
him
when
from
light to a
very
All bear
upon
Tarkar
marks
two
and
lines
While quite
disfiguring.
of family
of kinship
and vary
in each
The
was by pecking
corners of
The lower
pecked
off,
an inverted V.
When
is
on one
side there
formed by cutting
off
trimmed to
differ in
make a convex
opening.
The Tarkars
Tarkar Life
in
America
it is
125
a subtle
Their
fore-
heads
differ structurally
is
the
is
line
from the
nearer straight.
They have
a fullness indicating
they have
intelligence
possession
homes and
thrifty lives.
;
Some
of
this
was
who have
profited
by the public
panion
Their
is
schools.
Poleete's constant
com-
a small,
temperaments.
open as a book
of
expressing
deep
feeling.
None have
When
these
are
referred
to
there
comes into
like
a mask,
eyes,
unchanging,
unscrutable,
except
for
the
and these
uncanny.
small, deep-set,
is
watchful
are almost
is
Among
guage.
Their English
not
126
always
among them
sound
for
many
years.
It
of the dialect
con-
"a" sound
looka,
"My
whole
worka,
etc.
vivid.
old
Gumpa,
people sold
me and your
accompanied by
history.
They
are
un-
and combs
because
neatly back.
it is
refreshing
The
other
women
feeble, except
works as a man.
Her
The Tarkars
and
their intercourse is
marked by kindness,
charity,
and harmony.
is
old
Zooma,
who
is
possibly
the
last
Tarkbar.
Rendered
Drawn by
Charlee,
Emma
Roche.
Head
of the Tarkars.
Tarkar Life
in
America
127
her
an
ugliness, accentuated
by
marks
three
deep gashes
away
to
as
if it
some kind
is
Her
hair
almost
Brooding, she
of
is
is
and speaking
home
she
She has
in
common
same
pitiful history
their resignation.
all,
Heaven could
home.
together,
128
silent fingers
upon
their lips,
and speaks to
their
fertile lands,
abundance
their
of fruit
of
of youth, plenty,
and peace
Land
Long Ago.
CHAPTER X
IMPRESSIONS OF ALABAMA IN 1846 1
The
trip of Lafayette
more or
and the
name
will
is
is
reminded
of the fact.
Alabama,
be-
came
that
I
interested,
and
it
delight
awe
and
was
was that
in his
129
130
kin"
even
squatter,
when on
Lyell
first in
made two
United States
the
is
He came
as far south
as Savannah.
when
Georgia,
of
American manners,
largely
They were
animosity
kindlier underof
At the time
their
a circulation only
books.
that
among
now
rare
made
On January
15, 1846,
we
find Lyell
train.
and
his wife
by
Kazoola.
Impressions of Alabama
in
1846
131
edifice of
structure
hills."
was
when
this
it
frontier
knew not
habitat,
feeling of
amusement
was a "female
where
all
young
From Macon
first
to
his
jolts
caused
reckless driving.
in the
Leaving
undulating pineof
monotony
which was
by swamps
of palmetto
and
magnolia.
The
spirit of
"sound
wind
in the
boughs
of the long-leaved
him
it
of the "
and
132
Near
woods
not look
roasted,
many
pines,
he
how
The
long
it
forest.
feet in
He
also
common
throughout
as destructible as
now"
with
beginning
covered
dense
Where
the trees have been cut, the sun's heat on the clay
often causes cracks, and
semi-tropical
torrents
when the
rains
come
in
these
Impressions of Alabama
Hill are the result
in
1846 133
only
growth.
for
Montgomery.
Even
and
in
a region "where
much
abroad,"
we meet
Lyell's
picture
off
on and
moving
the "butcher-boy"
we
all
know.
of a pine-barren,
all
the go
more popular
having bought
Lyell,
many
way on an
serious subjects."
was
his intention to
by
him that
134
by taking an
hundred mile
to Mobile,
trip
down
the
and up again
down on
time,
It
was
Southern river
boats."
He and
it
to look on
as "their inn
He
and
rapidly.
When
was damp."
in detail of all
At each
landing, however,
so concluded
bluff
he collected
many
cretaceous
fossils,
whose
had
long been
known
Impressions of Alabama
in
1846 135
He
don
in the
same
cliff
by Mr. Hale
of
Mobile.
"The morning
the
balmy
as an English
summer
day.
Pride-of-India
ladened
with
bunches
told
of
yellow berries.
by the
of
witnessing
we saw some
it
after
it
had eaten
freely
My
was
in
no small danger
of perishing,
bought
it
it
of
soon
In the evening
we enjoyed a
glorious sunsets,
latitudes
is
so striking,
when
are lighted
up with
136
faithfully,
autumn
He
Woodlawn.
fossil
zeuglodons had
been found.
"The
district
we passed through
Alabama and Tomforest
was situated
beckbee
rivers,
was
At Macon
my
my
me
fight
how
The
vivor of those
the battle."
Indian paths,
On
he and
pleasure at finding
it,
the Amaranth,
commanded
by
Captain Bragdon."
so
lake."
"flourishing college" he
who
at once conducted
him
coal,
to the outlying
coal-fields.
He found
the
Here there
is
beyond the
he notes with
fossil
same
as
is
no foreshadowing
astronomy, that even as late as the early carboniferous era, there were no seasons, the earth being
wrapped
in
a uniform, vaporous
warmth
greater
One proof
tude, the
lies in
their
138
carboniferous
Lyell
tree-life.
their
wanderings,
and lime-
stone bid
fair,
by
He was
for
much
who showed
stars
England,"
from London.
many
ladies
friends in Tuscaloosa,
who were
From Tuscaloosa
to Mobile Lyell
had splendid
with the
hunter inspires in
Impressions of Alabama
in
1846 139
He was
at
St.
it,
bluff
Stephen's.
Night
fell
before they
reached
bearing
pine
torches,
thus
making
it
possible for
cliff
him
and
find
many
and
by touches
of
on the rubra.
and
for
time,
we saw
yellow-jessamine, in
Anxious
for his
away by
North, and
of Mobile, fourteen
miles across."
lay
He
"smooth and
140
down everywhere
immense amount
shelled
He
noted the
gnathodons that
and that
of our rivers.
He found Mobile
shells,
to be built
upon
a deposit of these
the stratification of
it
Our
delta,
the soft
mud
of
which
carcasses
and thrown
up by the
formation of such
regions as the
ancestral
Fayum
of
Egypt
the
elephant's
home
is
now
but which
to the paleontologist.
On February
23d, the
for
New
Lyell
of
Mobile
aboard Charles
and
his wife.
At the time
of Lyell' s visit,
Alabama
lay strug-
from
Aryan
race, calling
Impressions of Alabama
"movers"
in
1846
141
we remain
we
money
so improvi-
money was
received in hard
and
by the State
to
Besides,
in reality
Government were
money
of the debt
thrown on
posterity.
The
in
1
facility
astonishing.
The
planters,
it,
who
of
have nearly
of
them
moved
But
and
settled
Lyell
had
felt
faith in
which he
142
amount
sur-
mount
all
on every hand.
Lyell
"we have
whipped them
twice,
he says, "never once were any speeches, uncourteous in their tone towards
in
my
country, uttered
my
hearing."
geologizing trips, which would have often-
On his
own
hobby, he was forced to stop where night over" took him, so that even the habits of the " crackers
became
familiar
to him.
giving offense
nor could
of
venture to ask
the family,
who had no
luxuries themselves.
I felt
as a
bed to myself."
In
Impressions of Alabama
his
in
1846
l
143
a peo-
is
now supposed
to
in the
The type
is still
a most familiar
one
west of Mobile.
When
Lyell
South
this class
And
There
is
very
little
literature
about this
which
is
found
fullest
in
many
references to
them by
I
travelers
and
is
ethnologists.
The
am
familiar
an
article
by
my
uncle, the
Frank
L. James,
Ph.D., M.D.,
"The Geophagi,
or
Dirt
Microscopic examinations made by him of the "dirt" 1900. used by our Alabama, Georgia, and Carolina geophagians showed it to be a ferruginous argilla about ten per cent, diatomaceous. The "dirt eaters" of the various countries do not eat any kind
of clay, but uniformly affect
more
3
Since the
hookworm
in
all
investi-
common
infected
144
Lyell
at the
all
classes
He
home
the
was
down
them.
equality
was more or
less fictitious
may have
been
rich
and
country
down, cattle
Many
The
made with
flounces according
home wore
was
to a ball.
At the next
defeated,
Impressions of Alabama
cause received the reply,
in
1846
145
"Do you
think they
would vote
heard
it
many
general
among
the
He
states that
it
was
visit to
would
a chapter
fairness
stories told
many
and
from farm-
hand
to mechanic; in
regions;
suspect
When
speaking
to
146
Northern
man
he
was
that
he had been
Lyell
"propitiated
by hospitable
experience
attentions."
found
his
s
own
corroborated in a Tradesman
Journal, written
done
of
what seemed
to
him
and
politically.
is
is
a bit
are
disarming, but
"We
mind and
and
equal number of
state,
laborers
lately
in
savage
natives
many
them
one
off
taskmasters
have
less
taught
accuracy,
to
speak,
with
more
of
or
the
noblest
languages,
shake
many
of morality,
ness,
and habits
of neatness
and
of
cleanli-
them
to Christianity.
Many
and the
rest
are
Europe half
bondage died
a century or more
out.
before
their
and money
all
the Christian
Even
visited
have already
since
crossed
the
thousand whites of
ages,
among whom
the
148
by no means the
least
ef-
THE END