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CHAPTER 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION EMBEDDED SYSTEM: An embedded system is a special-purpose system in which the computer is completely encapsulated by or dedicated to the device or system it controls. Unlike a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer, an embedded system performs one or a few predefined tasks, usually with very specific requirements. Since the system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it, reducing the size and cost of the product. Embedded systems are often mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale. Personal digital assistants (PDAs) or handheld computers are generally considered embedded devices because of the nature of their hardware design, even though they are more expandable in software terms. This line of definition continues to blur as devices expand. With the introduction of the OQO Model 2 with the Windows XP operating system and ports such as a USB port both features usually belong to "general purpose computers", the line of nomenclature blurs even more. Physically, embedded systems ranges from portable devices such as digital watches and MP3 players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, or the systems controlling nuclear power plants. In terms of complexity embedded systems can range from very simple with a single microcontroller chip, to very complex with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted inside a large chassis or enclosure

Fig1:Embedded System

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POWER STATION MONITORING AND CONTROLING 1.2 EXAMPLE OF EMBEDED SYSTEM: Handheld computers Household appliances, including microwave ovens, washing machines, television sets, Avionics, such as inertial guidance systems, flight control hardware/software and other integrated systems in aircraft and missiles Cellular telephones and telephone switches Engine controllers and antilock brake controllers for automobiles Home automation products, such as thermostats, air conditioners, sprinklers, and security monitoring systems Handheld calculatorsDVD players and recorders Medical equipment Personal digital assistant Videogame consoles Computer peripherals such as routers and printers. Industrial controllers for remote machine operation.

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CHAPTER 2
2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fig 2.1 :BLOCK DIAGRAM 2.1.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM DISCRIPTION:

The block diagram shows the project of power station monitoring and controlling. Here in this project we use micro controller, PC, RS 232, LEDS, relays and transformers. Here we consider 3 substations as 3 transformers in the section. if the load at the is high then automatically load can be transferred to the another transformer..Likewise it handles. Thus we monitor and control the power at the station.

2.2 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM:

Fig 2.2:SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

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POWER STATION MONITORING AND CONTROLING 2.2.1 SCHEMATIC DESCRIPTION : Firstly, the required operating voltage for Microcontroller 89C51 is 5V. Hence the 5V D.C. power supply is needed by the same. This regulated 5V is generated by first stepping down the 230V to 9V by the step down transformer. The step downed ac. voltage is being rectified by the Bridge Rectifier. The diodes used are 1N4007. The rectified a.c voltage is now filtered using a C filter. Now the rectified, filtered D.C. voltage is fed to the Voltage Regulator. This voltage regulator allows us to have a Regulated Voltage which is +5V. The rectified; filtered and regulated voltage is again filtered for ripples using an electrolytic capacitor 100F. Now the output from this section is fed to 40th pin of 89c51 microcontroller to supply operating voltage. The microcontroller 89c51 with Pull up resistors at Port0 and crystal oscillator of 11.0592 MHz crystal in conjunction with couple of capacitors of is placed at 18th & 19th pins of 89c51 to make it work (execute) properly.

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CHAPTER 3
3.HARDWARE COMPONENTS: 3.1 MICRO CONTROLLER (AT89S51) 3.1.1 INTRODUCTION A Micro controller consists of a powerful CPU tightly coupled with memory, various I/O interfaces such as serial port, parallel port timer or counter, interrupt controller, data acquisition interfaces-Analog to Digital converter, Digital to Analog converter, integrated on to a single silicon chip. If a system is developed with a microprocessor, the designer has to go for external memory such as RAM, ROM, EPROM and peripherals. But controller is provided all these facilities on a single chip. Development of a Micro controller reduces PCB size and cost of design. One of the major differences between a Microprocessor and a Micro controller is that a controller often deals with bits not bytes as in the real world application. Intel has introduced a family of Micro controllers called the MCS-51.

Fig 3.1: MICRO CONTROLLER 3.1.2 FEATURE: Compatible with MCS-51 Products 4K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
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POWER STATION MONITORING AND CONTROLING Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz Three-level Program Memory Lock 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM 32 Programmable I/O Lines Two 16-bit Timer/Counters Six Interrupt Sources Full Duplex UART Serial Channel Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes
3.1.3 DESCRIPTION:

The AT89S51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 4K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density non-volatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry- standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional non-volatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S51 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. 3.1.4 BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fig 3.2:BLOCK DIAGRAM OF MICROCONTROLLER

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3.1.5 PIN DIAGRAM:

Fig 3.3: PIN DIAGRAM OF MICRO CONTROLLER 3.1.6 PIN DESCRIPTION: VCC - Supply voltage. GND - Ground. Port 0: Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification. Port 1: Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will
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POWER STATION MONITORING AND CONTROLING source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.

Table 3.1:FUNCTIONS OF PORT - 1 Port 2: Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification. Port 3: Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 receives some control signals for Flash

programming and verification. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89S51, as shown in the following table.

Table 3.2:FUNCTIONS OF PORT-2

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POWER STATION MONITORING AND CONTROLING RST: Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. This pin drives High for 98 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled. ALE/PROG: Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode. PSEN: Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89S51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory. EA/VPP: External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming. XTAL1: Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. XTAL2:
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POWER STATION MONITORING AND CONTROLING Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier. Oscillator Characteristics: XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figs 6.2.3. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 6.2.4.There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed.

Fig 3.4 Oscillator Connection

Fig 3.5 External Clock Drive Configuration

3.2 POWER SUPPLY: The power supplies are designed to convert high voltage AC mains electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for electronic circuits and other devices. A power supply can by broken down into a series of blocks, each of which performs a particular function. A d.c power supply which maintains the output voltage constant irrespective of a.c mains fluctuations or load variations is known as Regulated D.C Power Supply For example a 5V regulated power supply system as shown below:

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Fig 3.6: REGULATED POWER SUPPLY 3.3 TRANSFORMER: A transformer is an electrical device which is used to convert electrical power from one Electrical circuit to another without change in frequency. Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the reasons why mains electricity is AC. Step-up transformers Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with little loss of power. increase in output voltage, step-down transformers decrease in output voltage. Most power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high mains voltage to a safer low voltage. The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called the secondary. There is no electrical connection between the two coils; instead they are linked by an alternating magnetic field created in the soft-iron core of the transformer. The two lines in the middle of the circuit symbol represent the core. Transformers waste very little power so the power out is (almost)

equal to the power in. Note that as voltage is stepped down current is stepped up. The ratio of the number of turns on each coil, called the turns ratio, determines the ratio of the voltages. A step-down transformer has a large number of turns on its primary (input) coil which is connected to the high voltage mains supply, and a small number of turns on its secondary (output) coil to give a low output voltage.

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Fig 3.7: AN ELECTRICAL TRANSFORMER

3.4 RECTIFIER: A circuit which is used to convert ac to dc is known as RECTIFIER. The process of conversion ac to dc is called rectification 3.4.1 TYPES OF RECTIFIER Half wave Rectifier Full wave rectifier 1. Centre tap full wave rectifier. 2. Bridge type full bridge rectifier. Comparison of rectifier circuits: Table 3.3: COMPARISION OF RECTIFIER CIRCUIT Type of Rectifier Parameter Number of diodes 1 PIV of diodes Vm 2Vm Vm 2 4 Half wave Full wave Bridge

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D.C output voltage

Vm/

2Vm/

2Vm/

Vdc,at no-load

0.318Vm

0.636Vm

0.636Vm

Ripple factor Ripple frequency Rectification efficiency Transformer Utilization Factor(TUF) RMS voltage Vrms

1.21

0.482

0.482

2f

2f

0.406

0.812

0.812

0.287

0.693

0.812

Vm/2

Vm/2

Vm/2

Full-wave Rectifier: From the above comparison we came to know that full wave bridge rectifier as more advantages than the other two rectifiers. So, in our project we are using full wave bridge rectifier circuit.

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POWER STATION MONITORING AND CONTROLING Bridge Rectifier: A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement to achieve full-wave rectification. This is a widely used configuration, both with individual diodes wired as shown and with single component bridges where the diode bridge is wired internally. A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement as shown in fig (3.8) to achieve full-wave rectification. This is a widely used configuration, both with individual diodes wired as shown and with single component bridges where the diode bridge is wired internally.

Fig 3.8:BRIDGE RECTIFIER WITH FOUR DIODES Operation: During positive half cycle of secondary, the diodes D2 and D3 are in forward biased while D1 and D4 are in reverse biased as shown in the fig(3.9). The current flow direction is shown in the fig (3.9) with dotted arrows.

Fig 3.9:CURRENT FLOW DURING POSITIVE HALF CYCLE

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POWER STATION MONITORING AND CONTROLING During negative half cycle of secondary voltage, the diodes D1 and D4 are in forward biased while D2 and D3 are in reverse biased as shown in the fig(3.10). The current flow direction is shown in the fig (3.10) with dotted arrows.

Fig 3.10:CURRENT FLOW DURING NEGATIVE HALF CYCLE 3.5 FILTER: A Filter is a device which removes the a.c component of rectifier output but allows the d.c component to reach the load Capacitor Filter: We have seen that the ripple content in the rectified output of half wave rectifier is 121% or that of full-wave or bridge rectifier or bridge rectifier is 48% such high percentages of ripples is not acceptable for most of the applications. Ripples can be removed by one of the following methods of filtering. (a) A capacitor, in parallel to the load, provides an easier by pass for the ripples voltage though it due to low impedance. At ripple frequency and leave the d.c.to appears the load. (b) An inductor, in series with the load, prevents the passage of the ripple current (due to high impedance at ripple frequency) while allowing the d.c (due to low resistance to d.c) Various combinations of capacitor and inductor, such as L-section filter section filter,

multiple section filter etc. which make use of both the properties mentioned in (a) and (b) above. Two cases of capacitor filter, one applied on half wave rectifier and another with full wave rectifier.
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POWER STATION MONITORING AND CONTROLING Filtering is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor connected across the DC supply to act as a reservoir, supplying current to the output when the varying DC voltage from the rectifier is falling. The capacitor charges quickly near the peak of the varying DC, and then discharges as it supplies current to the output. Filtering significantly increases the average DC voltage to almost the peak value (1.4 RMS value). To calculate the value of capacitor, C = *3*f*r*Rl Where, f = supply frequency, r = ripple factor, Rl = load resistance Note: In our circuit we are using 1000F. Hence large value of capacitor is placed to reduce ripples and to improve the DC component. 3.6 REGULATOR: 3.6.1 INTRODUCTION Voltage regulator ICs is available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable output voltages. The maximum current they can pass also rates them. Negative voltage regulators are available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Most regulators include some automatic protection from excessive current ('overload protection') and overheating ('thermal protection'). Many of the fixed voltage regulators ICs have 3 leads and look like power transistors, such as the 7805 +5V 1A regulator shown on the right. The LM7805 is simple to use. You simply connect the positive lead of your regulated.

Fig 3.11: Three Terminal Voltage Regulator 78XX:

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POWER STATION MONITORING AND CONTROLING The Bay Linear LM78XX is integrated linear positive regulator with three terminals. The LM78XX offer several fixed output voltages making them useful in wide range of applications. When used as a zener diode/resistor combination replacement, the LM78XX usually results in an effective output impedance improvement of two orders of magnitude, lower quiescent current. The LM78XX is available in the TO-252, TO-220 & TO-263packages, 3.6.2 FEATURES Output Current of 1.5A Output Voltage Tolerance of 5% Internal thermal overload protection Internal Short-Circuit Limited No External Component Output Voltage 5.0V, 6V, 8V, 9V, 10V, 12V, 15V, 18V, 24V Offer in plastic TO-252, TO-220 & TO-263 Direct

3.7 RELAY: 3.7.1 INTRODUCTION A relay is used to isolate one electrical circuit from another. It allows a low current control circuit to make or break an electrically isolated high current circuit path. The basic relay consists of a coil and a set of contacts. The most common relay coil is a length of magnet wire wrapped around a metal core. When voltage is applied to the coil, current passes through the wire and creates a magnetic field. This magnetic field pulls the contacts together and holds them there until the current flow in the coil has stopped. The diagram below shows the parts of a simple relay.

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Fig 3.12: RELAY OPERATION: When a current flows through the coil, the resulting magnetic field attracts an armature that is mechanically linked to a moving contact. The movement either makes or breaks a connection with a fixed contact. When the current is switched off, the armature is usually returned by a spring to its resting position shown in figure 6.6(b). Latching relays exist that require operation of a second coil to reset the contact position. By analogy with the functions of the original electromagnetic device, a solid-state relay operates a thyristor or other solid-state switching device with a transformer or light-emitting diode to trigger it. POLE AND THROW SPST SPST relay stands for Single Pole Single Throw relay. Current will only flow through the contacts when the relay coil is energized.

Fig 3.13: SPST RELAY

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POWER STATION MONITORING AND CONTROLING SPDT Relay SPDT Relay stands for Single Pole Double Throw relay. Current will flow between the movable contact and one fixed contact when the coil is De-energized and between the movable contact and the alternate fixed contact when the relay coil is energized. The most commonly used relay in car audio, the Bosch relay, is a SPDT relay.

Fig3.14: SPDT RELAY DPST Relay DPST relay stands for Double Pole Single Throw relay. When the relay coil is energized, two separate and electrically isolated sets of contacts are pulled down to make contact with their stationary counterparts. There is no complete circuit path when the relay is De-energized.

Fig 3.15: DPST RELAY DPDT Relay DPDT relay stands for Double Pole Double Throw relay. It operates like the SPDT relay but has twice as many contacts. There are two completely isolated sets of contacts. Figure: DPDT Relay
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POWER STATION MONITORING AND CONTROLING This is a 4 Pole Double Throw relay. It operates like the SPDT relay but it has 4 sets of isolated contacts.

Fig 3.16: 4 POLE DOUBLE THROW RELAY 3.7.2 TYPES OF RELAY 1. Latching Relay 2. Reed Relay 3. Mercury Wetted Relay 4. Machine Tool Relay 5. Solid State Relay (SSR) Latching relay Latching relay, dust cover removed, showing pawl and ratchet mechanism. The ratchet operates a cam, which raises and lowers the moving contact arm, seen edge-on just below it. The moving and fixed contacts are visible at the left side of the image. A latching relay has two relaxed states (bi-stable). These are also called "impulse", "keep", or "stay" relays. When the current is switched off, the relay remains in its last state. This is achieved with a solenoid operating a ratchet and cam mechanism, or by having two opposing coils with an over-center spring or permanent magnet to hold the armature and contacts in position while the coil is relaxed, or with a remanent core. In the ratchet and cam example, the first pulse to the coil turns the relay on and the second pulse turns it off. In the two coil example, a pulse to one coil turns the relay on and a pulse to the opposite coil turns the relay off. This type of relay has the advantage that it consumes power only
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POWER STATION MONITORING AND CONTROLING for an instant, while it is being switched, and it retains its last setting across a power outage. A remnant core latching relay requires a current pulse of opposite polarity to make it change state.

Fig3.17: LATCHING RELAY REED RELAY: A reed relay has a set of contacts inside a vacuum or inert gas filled glass tube, which protects the contacts against atmospheric corrosion. The contacts are closed by a magnetic field generated when current passes through a coil around the glass tube. Reed relays are capable of faster switching speeds than larger types of relays, but have low switch current and voltage ratings. MERCURY-WETTED RELAY: A mercury-wetted reed relay is a form of reed relay in which the contacts are wetted with mercury. Such relays are used to switch low-voltage signals (one volt or less) because of their low contact resistance, or for high-speed counting and timing applications where the mercury eliminates contact bounce. Mercury wetted relays are position-sensitive and must be mounted vertically to work properly. Because of the toxicity and expense of liquid mercury, these relays are rarely specified for new equipment. See also mercury switch. MACHINE TOOL RELAY: A machine tool relay is a type standardized for industrial control of machine tools, transfer machines, and other sequential control. They are characterized by a large number of contacts (sometimes extendable in the field) which are easily converted from normally-open to normally21

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POWER STATION MONITORING AND CONTROLING closed status, easily replaceable coils, and a form factor that allows compactly installing many relays in a control panel. Although such relays once were the backbone of automation in such industries as automobile assembly, the programmable logic controller (PLC) mostly displaced the machine tool relay from sequential control applications. SOLID-STATE RELAY A solid state relay (SSR) is a solid state electronic component that provides a similar function to an electromechanical relay but does not have any moving components, increasing long-term reliability. With early SSR's, the tradeoff came from the fact that every transistor has a small voltage drop across it. This voltage drop limited the amount of current a given SSR could handle. As transistors improved, higher current SSR's, able to handle 100 to 1,200 Amperes, have become commercially available. Compared to electromagnetic relays, they may be falsely triggered by transients.

Fig3.18: SOLID RELAY, WHICH HAS NO MOVING PARTS SPECIFICATION

Number and type of contacts normally open, normally closed, (double-throw) Contact sequence "Make before Break" or "Break before Make". For example, the old style telephone exchanges required Make-before-break so that the connection didn't get dropped while dialing the number.

Rating of contacts small relays switch a few amperes, large contactors are rated for up to 3000 amperes, alternating or direct current Voltage rating of contacts typical control relays rated 300 VAC or 600 VAC, automotive types to 50 VDC, special high-voltage relays to about 15 000 V
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Coil voltage machine-tool relays usually 24 VAC, 120 or 250 VAC, relays for switchgear may have 125 V or 250 VDC coils, "sensitive" relays operate on a few milliamperes

3.7.3 APPLICATIONS: RELAYS ARE USED: To control a high-voltage circuit with a low-voltage signal, as in some types of modems, To control a high-current circuit with a low-current signal, as in the starter solenoid of an automobile, To detect and isolate faults on transmission and distribution lines by opening and closing circuit breakers (protection relays), To isolate the controlling circuit from the controlled circuit when the two are at different potentials, for example when controlling a mains-powered device from a low-voltage switch. The latter is often applied to control office lighting as the low voltage wires are easily installed in partitions, which may be often moved as needs change. They may also be controlled by room occupancy detectors in an effort to conserve energy, To perform logic functions. For example, the 23oolean AND function is realized by connecting relay contacts in series, the OR function by connecting contacts in parallel. Due to the failure modes of a relay compared with a semiconductor, they are widely used in safety critical logic, such as the control panels of radioactive waste handling machinery. As oscillators, also called vibrators. The coil is wired in series with the normally closed contacts. When a current is passed through the relay coil, the relay operates and opens the contacts that carry the supply current. This stops the current and causes the contacts to close again. The cycle repeats continuously, causing the relay to open and close rapidly. Vibrators are used to generate pulsed current. To generate sound. A vibrator, described above, creates a buzzing sound because of the rapid oscillation of the armature. This is the basis of the electric bell, which consists of a vibrator with a hammer attached to the armature so it can repeatedly strike a bell.

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POWER STATION MONITORING AND CONTROLING To perform time delay functions. Relays can be used to act as an mechanical time delay device by controlling the release time by using the effect of residual magnetism by means of a inserting copper disk between the armature and moving blade assembly. 3.8 LED: 3.8.1 INTRODUCTION A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices, and are increasingly used for lighting. Introduced as a practical electronic component in 1962, early LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but modern versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness. The LED is based on the semiconductor diode. When a diode is forward biased, electrons are able to recombine with holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. An LED is usually small in area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated optical components are used to shape its radiation pattern and assist in reflection. LEDs present many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size, faster switching, and greater durability and reliability. However, they are relatively expensive and require more precise current and heat management than traditional light sources. Current LED products for general lighting are more expensive to buy than fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output. 3.8.2 WORKING : Charge carrier junction from electrodes with different voltages. When an electron meets a hole, it falls into a lower energy level, and releases energy in the form of a photon. The wavelength of the light emitted, and therefore its color, depends on the band gap energy of the materials forming the p-n junction. In silicon or germanium diodes, the electrons and holes recombine by a non-radioactive

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POWER STATION MONITORING AND CONTROLING transitions which produces no optical emission, because these are indirect band gap materials. The materials used for the LED have a direct band gap with energies corresponding to nearinfrared, visible or near-ultraviolet light.

Fig 3.20: INNER WORKING OF AN LED Table 3.4:COLOURS AND MATERIALS OF LED COLORS AND MATERIALS Color Wavelength (nm) Voltage (V) Semiconductor Material

Infrared

> 760

V < 1.9

Gallium

arsenide (GaAs)

Aluminum gallium arsenide (AlGaAs)

Aluminum Red 610 < < 760 1.63 < V < Gallium 2.03

gallium arsenide

arsenide (AlGaAs) phosphide (GaAsP)

Aluminium gallium indium phosphide (AlGaInP) Gallium(III) phosphide (GaP)

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Orange

590 < < 610

2.03 < V < 2.10

Gallium

arsenide

phosphide (GaAsP)

Aluminum gallium indium phosphide (AlGaInP) Gallium(III) phosphide (GaP)

Yellow

570 < < 590

2.10 < V < 2.18

Gallium

arsenide

phosphide (GaAsP)

Aluminium gallium indium phosphide (AlGaInP) Gallium(III) phosphide (GaP)

Indium gallium nitride (InGaN) / Gallium(III) 500 < < 570 1.9[42] < V < 4.0 nitride (GaN) Gallium(III) phosphide (GaP)

Green

Aluminium gallium indium phosphide (AlGaInP) Aluminium gallium phosphide (AlGaP)

Zinc Blue 450 < < 500 2.48 < V < Indium 3.7 Silicon gallium carbide (SiC)

selenide (ZnSe) nitride (InGaN) as substrate

Silicon (Si) as substrate (under development)

Violet

400 < < 450

2.76 < V < 4.0

Indium gallium nitride (InGaN)

Purple

multiple types

2.48 < V < 3.7

Dual blue with

blue/red red

LEDs, phosphor,

or white with purple plastic

Ultraviolet < 400

3.1 < V < Diamond (235 nm) 4.4 Boron

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POWER STATION MONITORING AND CONTROLING Aluminium Aluminium nitride (AlN) gallium (210 nm) nitride (AlGaN)

Aluminium gallium indium nitride (AlGaInN) (down to 210 nm)

White

Broad spectrum

V = 3.5

Blue/UV diode with yellow phosphor

3.9: 16 * 2 Alphanumeric LCD: 3.9.1 DESCRIPTION Liquid crystal display is very important device in embedded system. It offers high flexibility to user as he can display the required data on it. A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat electronic visual display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals (LCs). LCs do not emit light directly. LCDs therefore need a light source and are classified as "passive" displays. Here the LCD has different memories to display data, those are discussed below. BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig 3.21:BLOCK DIAGRAM OF LCD

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POWER STATION MONITORING AND CONTROLING DISPLAY DATA RAM Display data RAM (DDRAM) stores display data represented in 8-bit character codes. Its extended capacity is 80 X 8 bits, or 80 characters. The area in display data RAM (DDRAM) that is not used for display can be used as general data RAM. So whatever you send on the DDRAM is actually displayed on the LCD. For LCDs like 1x16, only 16 characters are visible, so whatever you write after 16 chars is written in DDRAM but is not visible to the user. Figure below will show you the DDRAM addresses of 2 Line LCD.

CHARACTER GENERATOR ROM Now you might be thinking that when you send an ascii value to DDRAM, how the character is displayed on LCD? so the answer is CGROM. The character generator ROM generates 5 x 8 dot or 5 x 10 dot character patterns from 8-bit character codes. It can generate 208 5 x 8 dot character patterns and 32 5 x 10 dot character patterns. Userdefined character patterns are also available by mask-programmed ROM. BUSY FLAG Busy Flag is an status indicator flag for LCD. When we send a command or data to the LCD for processing, this flag is set (i.e BF =1) and as soon as the instruction is executed successfully this flag is cleared (BF = 0). This is helpful in producing and exact ammount of delay for the LCD processing. To read Busy Flag, the condition RS = 0 and R/W = 1 must be met and The MSB of the LCD data bus (D7) act as busy flag. When BF = 1 means LCD is busy and will not accept next command or data and BF = 0 means LCD is ready for the next command or data to process. INSTRUCTION REGISTER (IR) AND DATA REGISTER (DR) There are two 8-bit registers in HD44780 controller Instruction and Data register. Instruction register corresponds to the register where you send commands to LCD e.g LCD shift command, LCD clear, LCD address etc. and Data register is used for storing data which is to be displayed
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POWER STATION MONITORING AND CONTROLING on LCD. When send the enable signal of the LCD is asserted, the data on the pins is latched in to the data register and data is then moved automatically to the DDRAM and hence is displayed on the LCD. Data Register is not only used for sending data to DDRAM but also for CGRAM, the address where you want to send the data, is decided by the instruction you send to LCD. 16 x 2 Alphanumeric LCD Module Features

Intelligent, with built-in Hitachi HD44780 compatible LCD controller and RAM providing simple interfacing

61 x 15.8 mm viewing area 5 x 7 dot matrix format for 2.96 x 5.56 mm characters, plus cursor line Can display 224 different symbols Low power consumption (1 mA typical) Powerful command set and user-produced characters TTL and CMOS compatible Connector for standard 0.1-pitch pin headers

SCHEMATIC

Fig 3.22: SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF LCD

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Fig 3.23:SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM SPECIFICATION

3.9.2 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION: Above is the quite simple schematic. The LCD panel's Enable and Register Select is connected to the Control Port. The Control Port is an open collector / open drain output. While most Parallel Ports have internal pull-up resistors, there are a few which don't. Therefore by incorporating the two 10K external pull up resistors, the circuit is more portable for a wider range of computers, some of which may have no internal pull up resistors. We make no effort to place the Data bus into reverse direction. Therefore we hard wire the R/W line of the LCD panel, into write mode. This will cause no bus conflicts on the data lines. As a result we cannot read back the LCD's internal Busy Flag which tells us if the LCD has accepted and finished processing the last instruction. This problem is overcome by inserting known delays into our program. VOLTAGE LEVELS: It is helpful to understand what occurs to the voltage levels. When a MAX232 IC receives a TTL level to convert, it changes a TTL Logic 0 to between +3 and +15V, and changes
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POWER STATION MONITORING AND CONTROLING TTL Logic 1 to between -3 to -15V, and vice versa for converting from RS232 to TTL. This can be confusing when you realize that the RS232 Data Transmission voltages at a certain logic state are opposite from the RS232 Control Line voltages at the same logic state. To clarify the matter, see the table below. For more information see RS-232 Voltage Levels. Table 3.5:RS232 LINE TYPE AND VOLTAGE RS232 Voltage TTL Voltage to/from

RS232 Line Type & Logic Level

MAX232

Data Transmission (Rx/Tx) Logic 0

+3V to +15V

0V

Data Transmission (Rx/Tx) Logic 1

-3V to -15V

5V

Control Logic 0

Signals

(RTS/CTS/DTR/DSR)

-3V to -15V

5V

Control Logic 1

Signals

(RTS/CTS/DTR/DSR)

+3V to +15V

0V

DB9 CONNECTOR DB9 ALL-LINE DIRECT EXTENSION This shows a 9-pin DTE-to-DCE serial cable that would result if the EIA232 standard were strictly followed. All 9 pins plus shield are directly extended from DB9 Female to DB9 Male. There are no crossovers or self-connects present. Use this cable to connect modems, printers, or any device that uses a DB9 connector to a PC's serial port. This cable may also serve as an extension cable to increase the distance between a computer and serial device. Caution: do not
exceed 25 feet separation between devices without a signal booster.

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FIG DB9 ALL LINE DIRECT EXTENSION DB9LOOPBACKCONNECTOR A loopback connector usually consists of a connector without a cable and includes internal wiring to reroute signals back to the sender. This DB9 female connector would attach to a DTE device such as a personal computer. When the computer receives data, it will not know whether the signals it receives come from a remote DCE device set to echo characters, or from a loopback connector. Use loopback connectors to confirm proper operation of the computer's serial port. Once confirmed, insert the serial cable you plan to use and attach the loopback to the end of the serial cable to verify the cable.

FIG DB9 LOOK CONNECTER DB9 NULL MODEM CABLE

Use this female-to-female cable in any application where you wish to connect two DTE devices (for example, two computers). A male-to-male equivalent of this cable would be used to connect two 32

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DCE devices. The cable shown below is intended for RS232 asynchronous communications (most PCbased systems). If you are using synchronous communications, the null modem will have additional connections for timing signals, and a DB25 connector would be necessary. NOTE: Not all null modem cables connect handshaking lines the same way. In this cable, Request-to-Send (RTS, pin 7) asserts the Carrier Detect (pin 1) on the same side and the Clear-to-Send (CTS, pin 8) on the other side of the cable.

DB9 NULL MODEM CABEL

FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION The DB9-USB-RS232 modules are designed to directly replace an existing DB9, the industry accepted name for a DE9 connector, (male or female) RS232 connection with a drop-in USB replacement connection. The modules will replace (pin-for-pin) a male or female DB9 RS232 connector with a USB mini-B connector. The application PCB containing the existing DB9 RS232 connector does not require any modification, only the replacement of the D-type connector with the appropriate DB9-USB-RS232 module. A male DB9 should be replaced by a male DB9-USB-RS232-M and a female DB9 should be replaced by a female DB9-USB-RS232F. The modules contain all necessary electronics to convert between USB and RS232. The purposes of the modules is to provide a simple method of adapting legacy serial devices with RS232 interfaces to modern USB ports by replacing the DB9 connector with this miniaturized module which closely resembles a DB9 connector. This is accomplished by incorporating the industry standard FTDI FT232R USB-Serial Bridge IC plus the required level shifters inside the module.
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POWER STATION MONITORING AND CONTROLING The module uses a standard USB-MINI-B connector for connection to an upstream host or hub port. RS232-level signals, including modem handshake signals, can transmit data at rates up to 1 Mega Baud. DESCRIPTION USB MINI B CLIENT CONNECTOR This connector provides the interface for connection to a USB Host or Hub port.
FTDI FT232R

The FTDI FT232R provides the USB-to-Serial conversion. Operating system device drivers are required in order to operate with the FT232R to provide the Virtual COM Port serial functionality. RS232 LEVEL SHIFTER
The RS232 level shifter converts the signals provided by the FT232R into the voltage levels required by application RS232 interface.

DB9 PCB FOOTPRINT

The DB9 pin-out configured in an industry standard (TIA/EIA-574) pin-out to provide connection to RS232 peripherals through a standard DB9 footprint .

FEATURES B.TECH Adds one USB serial port by connecting to the RS232 DB9 footprint of a device Easy placement for an standard Male and Female RS232 DB9 footprint of a device Works with USB 1.1 & 2.0 Host and Hub ports Industry Standard FTDI chip set & device drivers for maximum compatibility Installs as a standard Windows COM port Supports Windows Server 2008, 2003, Vista, XP 2000, Linux, Mac OS X 128 byte transmit buffer, 256 byte receive buffer RS-232 data signals: TxD, RxD, RTS, CTS, DSR, DTR, DCD, RI, GND Powered by USB port. No external power adapter required. Serial port speed up to 1Mbps Serial Communication Parameters
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REPLACING AN RS232 DB9 MALE (DTE DEFINED) CONNECTOR The DB9-USB-RS232-M can be used to replace a male DB9 connector used for transmitting RS232 protocol. With the DB9-USB-RS232-M in place instead of the standard USB connector a USB bridge is created, this allow the application to communicate with other devices via USB. Installing the DB9-USB-RS232-M is simple. Simply replace the male DB9 connector with the DB9-USB-RS232-M connector (same PCB footprint), install drivers and the device is ready to use.

TABLE3.6: PIN OUT DESCRIPTION OF EACH PAD OF AN RS232 FOOTPRINT.

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All IBM PC and compatible computers are typically equipped with two serial ports and one parallel port. Although these two types of ports are used for communicating with devices, they work in different ways. A parallel port sends and receives data eight bits at a time over 8 separate wires. This allows data to be transferred very quickly; however, the cable required is more bulky because of the number of individual wires it must contain. Parallel ports are typically used to connect a PC to a printer and are rarely used for much else. A serial port sends and receives data one bit at a time over one wire. While it takes eight times as long to transfer each byte of data this way, only a few wires are required. In fact, two-way (full duplex) communications is possible with only three separate wires - one to send, one to receive, and a common signal ground wire. BI-DIRECTIONAL COMMUNICATIONS The serial port on your PC is a full-duplex device meaning that it can send and receive data at the same time. In order to be able to do this, it uses separate lines for transmitting and receiving data. Some types of serial devices support only one-way communications and therefore use only two wires in the cable - the transmit line and the signal ground COMMUNICATING BY BITS Once the start bit has been sent, the transmitter sends the actual data bits. There may either be 5, 6, 7, or 8 data bits, depending on the number you have selected. Both receiver and the transmitter must agree on the number of data bits, as well as the baud rate. Almost all devices transmit data using either 7 or 8 data bits. Notice that when only 7 data bits are employed, you cannot send ASCII values greater than 127. Likewise, using 5 bits limits the highest possible value to 31. After the data has been transmitted, a stop bit is sent. A stop bit has a value of 1 - or a mark state and it can be detected correctly even if the previous data bit also had a value of 1. This is accomplished by the stop bit's duration. Stop bits can be 1, 1.5, or 2 bit periods in length. THE PARITY BIT Beside the synchronization provided by the use of start and stop bits, an additional bit called a parity bit may optionally be transmitted along with the data. A parity bit affords a small amount of error checking, to help detect data corruption that might occur during transmission. You can choose either even parity, odd parity, mark parity, space
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POWER STATION MONITORING AND CONTROLING parity or none at all. When even or odd parity is being used, the number of marks (logical 1 bits) in each data byte are counted, and a single bit is transmitted following the data bits to indicate whether The number of one bits just sent is even or odd for example, when even parity is chosen, the parity bit is transmitted with a value of 0 if the number of preceding marks is an even number. For the binary value of 0110 0011 the parity bit would be 0. If even parity were in effect and the binary number 1101 0110 were sent, then the parity bit would be 1. Odd parity is just the opposite, and the parity bit is 0 when the number of mark bits in the preceding word is an odd number. Parity error checking is very rudimentary. While it will tell you if there is a single bit error in the character, it doesn't show which bit was received in error. Also, if an even number of bits is in error then the parity bit would not reflect any error at all. Mark parity means that the parity bit is always set to the mark signal condition and likewise space parity always sends the parity bit in the space signal condition. Since these two parity options serve no useful purpose whatsoever, they are almost never used.

RS-232 RS-232 stands for Recommend Standard number 232 and C is the latest revision of the standard. The serial ports on most computers use a subset of the RS-232C standard. The full RS232C standard specifies a 25-pin "D" connector of which 22 pins are used. Most of these pins are not needed for normal PC communications, and indeed, most new PCs are equipped with male D type connectors having only 9 pins. DCE AND DTE DEVICES Two terms you should be familiar with are DTE and DCE. DTE stands for Data Terminal Equipment, and DCE stands for Data Communications Equipment. These terms are used to indicate the pin-out for the connectors on a device and the direction of the signals on the pins. Your computer is a DTE device, while most other devices are usually DCE devices. If you have

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POWER STATION MONITORING AND CONTROLING trouble keeping the two straight then replace the term "DTE device" with "your PC" and the term "DCE device" with "remote device" in the following discussion. RS-232 standard states that DTE devices use a 25-pin male connector, and DCE devices use a 25-pin female connector. You can therefore connect a DTE device to a DCE using a straight pin-for-pin connection. However, to connect two like devices, you must instead use a null modem cable. Null modem cables cross the transmit and receive lines in the cable, and are discussed later in this chapter. The listing below shows the connections and signal directions for both 25 and 9-pin connectors. TABLE3.7: 25 PIN CONNECTOR ON A DTE DEVICE

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TABLE 3.8:9 PIN CONNECTOR ON DTE DEVICE

The TD (transmit data) wire is the one through which data from a DTE device is transmitted to a DCE device. This name can be deceiving, because this wire is used by a DCE device to receive its data. The TD line is kept in a mark condition by the DTE device when it is idle. The RD (receive data) wire is the one on which data is received by a DTE device, and the DCE device keeps this line in a mark condition when idle. RTS stands for Request To Send. This line and the CTS line are used when "hardware flow control" is enabled in both the DTE and DCE devices. The DTE device puts this line in a mark condition to tell the remote device that it is ready and able to receive data. If the DTE device is not able to receive data (typically because its receive buffer is almost full), it will put this line in the space condition as a signal to the DCE to stop sending data. When the DTE device
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POWER STATION MONITORING AND CONTROLING is ready to receive more data (i.e. after data has been removed from its receive buffer), it will place this line back in the mark condition. The complement of the RTS wire is CTS, which stands for Clear To Send. The DCE device puts this line in a mark condition to tell the DTE device that it is ready to receive the data. Likewise, if the DCE device is unable to receive data, it will place this line in the space condition. Together, these two lines make up what is called RTS/CTS or "hardware" flow control. The Software Wedge supports this type of flow control, as well as On/Off or "software" flow control. Software flow control uses special control characters transmitted from one device to another to tell the other device to stop or start sending data. With software flow control the RTS and CTS lines are not used. DTR stands for Data Terminal Ready. Its intended function is very similar to the RTS line. DSR (Data Set Ready) is the companion to DTR in the same way that CTS is to RTS. Some serial devices use DTR and DSR as signals to simply confirm that a device is connected and is turned on. The Software Wedge sets DTR to the mark state when the serial port is opened and leaves it in that state until the port is closed. The DTR and DSR lines were originally designed to provide an alternate method of hardware handshaking. It would be pointless to use both RTS/CTS and DTR/DSR for flow control signals at same time. Because of this, DTR and DSR are rarely used for flow control. CD stands for Carrier Detect. Carrier Detect is used by a modem to signal that it has a made a connection with another modem, or has detected a carrier tone. The last remaining line is RI or Ring Indicator. A modem toggles the state of this line when an incoming call rings your phone. The Carrier Detect (CD) and the Ring Indicator (RI) lines are only available in connections to a modem. Because most modems transmit status information to a PC when either a carrier signal is detected (i.e. when a connection is made to another modem) or when the line is ringing, these two lines are rarely used. BAUD VS. BITS PER SECOND The baud unit is named after Jean Maurice Emile Bardot, who was an officer in the French Telegraph Service. He is credited with devising the first uniform-length 5-bit code for characters of the alphabet in the late 19th century. What baud really refers to is modulation rate or the number of times per second that a line changes state. This is not always the same as bits per second (BPS). If you connect two serial devices together using direct cables then baud and BPS are in fact the same. Thus, if you are running at 19200 BPS, then the line is also changing states . Cables, Null Modems, and Gender Changers In a perfect world, all serial ports on every computer would be DTE devices with 25-pin male "D" connectors. All other devices
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POWER STATION MONITORING AND CONTROLING would be DCE devices with 25-pin female connectors. This would allow you to use a cable in which each pin on one end of the cable is connected to the same pin on the other end. Unfortunately, we don't live in a perfect world. Serial ports use both 9 and 25 pins, many devices can be configured as either DTE or DCE, and - as in the case of many data collection devices may use completely non-standard or proprietary pin-outs. Because of this lack of standardization, special cables called null modem cables, gender changers and custom made cables are often required. CABLES LENGTHS The RS-232C standard imposes a cable length limit of 50 feet. You can usually ignore this "standard", since a cable can be as long as 10000 feet at baud rates up to 19200 if you use a high quality, well shielded cable. The external environment has a large effect on lengths for unshielded cables. In electrically noisy environments, even very short cables can pick up stray signals. The following chart offers some reasonable guidelines for 24 gauge wire under typical conditions. You can greatly extend the cable length by using additional devices like optical isolators and signal boosters. Optical isolators use LEDs and Photo Diodes to isolate each line in a serial cable including the signal ground. Any electrical noise affects all lines in the optically isolated cable equally - including the signal ground line. This causes the voltages on the signal lines relative to the signal ground line to reflect the true voltage of the signal and thus canceling out the effect of any noise signals. A problem you may encounter is having two connectors of the same gender that must be connected. You can purchase gender changers at any computer or office

supply store for under $5. Note: The parallel port on a PC uses a 25 pin female connector which sometimes causes confusion because it looks just like a serial port except that it has the wrong gender. Both 9 and 25 pin serial ports on a PC will always have a male connector. NULL MODEM CABLES AND NULL MODEM ADAPTERS If you connect two DTE devices (or two DCE devices) using a straight RS232 cable, then the transmit line on each device will be connected to the transmit line on the other device and the receive lines will likewise be connected to each other. A Null Modem cable or Null Modem
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POWER STATION MONITORING AND CONTROLING adapter simply crosses the receive and transmit lines so that transmit on one end is connected to receive on the other end and vice versa. In addition to transmit and receive, DTR & DSR, as well as RTS &CTS are also crossed in a Null Modem connection Null Modem adapters are available at most computer and office supply stores for under $5. SYNCHRONOUS AND ASYNCHRONOUS COMMUNICATIONS There are two basic types of serial communications, synchronous and asynchronous. With synchronous communications, the two devices initially synchronize themselves to each other, and then continually send characters to stay in sync. Even when data is not really being sent, a constant flow of bits allows each device to know where the other is at any given time. That is, each character that is sent is either actual data or an idle character. Synchronous communications allows faster data transfer rates than asynchronous methods, because additional bits to mark the beginning and end of each data byte are not required. The serial ports on IBM-style PCs are asynchronous devices and therefore only support asynchronous serial communications. Asynchronous means "no

synchronization", and thus does not require sending and receiving idle characters. However, the beginning and end of each byte of data must be identified by start and stop bits. The start bit indicates when the data byte is about to begin and the stop bit signals when it ends. The requirement to send these additional two bits causes asynchronous communication to be slightly slower than synchronous however it has the advantage that the processor does not have to deal with the additional idle characters. An asynchronous line that is idle is identified with a value of 1 (also called a mark state). By using this value to indicate that no data is currently being sent, the devices are able to distinguish between an idle state and a disconnected line. When a character is about to be transmitted, a start bit is sent. A start bit has a value of 0 (also called a space state). Thus, when the line switches from a value of 1 to a value of 0, the receiver is alerted that a data .

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CHAPTER 4
4.1 ABOUT KEIL SOFTWARE: Softwares used are: *Keil software for c programming *Express PCB for lay out design *Express SCH for schematic design What's New in Vision4? Vision3 adds many new features to the Editor like Text Templates, Quick Function Navigation, and Syntax Coloring with brace high lighting Configuration Wizard for dialog based startup and debugger setup. Vision3 is fully compatible to Vision4 and can be used in parallel with Vision4. What is Vision4? Vision3 is an IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that helps you write, compile, and debug embedded programs. It encapsulates the following components: A project manager. A make facility. Tool configuration. Editor. A powerful debugger.

To help you get started, several example programs (located in the \C51\Examples, \C251\Examples, \C166\Examples, and \ARM\...\Examples) are provided. HELLO is a simple program that prints the string "Hello World" using the Serial Interface. MEASURE is a data acquisition system for analog and digital systems. TRAFFIC is a traffic light controller with the RTX Tiny operating system.
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POWER STATION MONITORING AND CONTROLING SIEVE is the SIEVE Benchmark. DHRY is the Dhrystone Benchmark. WHETS is the Single-Precision Whetstone Benchmark.

Additional example programs not listed here are provided for each device architecture. Building an Application in Vision4 To build (compile, assemble, and link) an application in Vision4, you must: 1. Select Project - (forexample, 166\EXAMPLES\HELLO\HELLO.UV4). 2. Select Project - Rebuild all target files or Build target. KEIL SOFTWARE TOOL (STEPS) Click on the Keil vision Icon on Desktop

1.

The following fig will appear

2. 3.

Click on the Project menu from the title bar Then Click on New Project

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4.

Save the Project by typing suitable project name with no extension in u r own folder sited in either C:\ or D:\

5. 6. 7.

Then Click on save button above. Select the component for u r project. I.e. Atmel Click on the + Symbol beside of Atmel

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8.

Select AT89C52 as shown below

9. 10.

Then Click on OK The Following fig will appear

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11. 12. 13.

Then Click either YES or NOmostly NO Now your project is ready to USE Now double click on the Target1, you would get another option Source group 1 as shown in next page.

14.

Click on the file option from menu bar and select new

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15.

The next screen will be as shown in next page, and just maximize it by double clicking on its blue boarder.

16. 17.

now start writing program in either in C or ASM For a program written in Assembly, then save it with extension . asm and for C based program save it with extension .C
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18.

Now right click on Source group 1 and click on Add files to Group Source

19.

Now you will get another window, on which by default C files will appear.

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20. 21. 22.

Now select as per your file extension given while saving the file Click only one time on option ADD Now Press function key F7 to compile. Any error will appear if so happen.

23. 24.

If the file contains no error, then press Control+F5 simultaneously. The new window is as follows

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25. 26.

Then Click OK Now Click on the Peripherals from menu bar, and check your required port as shown in fig below

27.

Drag the port a side and click in the program file.

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28.Now keep Pressing function key F11 slowly and observe. 29. You are running your program successfully

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CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION: With the integration of process control and electrical control in power plants, cost savings can be achieved in engineering, operation and

maintenance. By strategically approaching plant upgrades and automation projects, operators can extend the serviceable life of their equipment while improving the efficiency, reliability, and safety of their systems The presented work has two main purposes: to investigate the control mechanism and principles for small hydro-power plants and to investigate the possibilities for implementation of wireless communication. The general idea is to develop a flexible and innovative solution to control and monitor hydro-power plants. The solution presented could be used for small-sized hydroelectric stations. In the paper, a complete solution is described, but each of the presented modules could be used independently.

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CHAPTER 6 BIBLIOGRAPHY: The 8051 Micro controller and Embedded Systems -Muhammad Ali Mazidi -Janice Gillispie Mazidi The 8051 Micro controller Architecture, Programming & Applications -Kenneth J.Ayala Fundamentals Of Micro processors and Micro computers -B.Ram REFERENCE OF THE WEB: www.national.com www.atmel.com

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STUDENT DATA
1.NAME:MD.Naushad alam PHONE NO: 7416649688 EMAIL ID: naushadalam216@gmail.com ROLE IN THE PROJECT: PROJECT LEADER PERMANENT ADDRESS: SHERPUR ,BIHAR

2. NAME: M.Naresh vardhan

PHONE NO: 72067179886 EMAIL ID: naresh.vardhan06@gmail.com ROLE IN THE PROJECT: INFORMATION GATHERER ABOUT EMBEDDED SYSTEM CIRCUIT VERIFIER PERMANENT ADDRESS:ECIL

3. NAME: Glory Raja Manikam PHONE NO: 8096431575 EMAIL ID: manikamglory@gmail.com ROLE IN THE PROJECT: CIRCUIT DESIGNER AND COMPONENT GATHERER PERMANENT ADDERESS:ECIL

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