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SedimentaryBasinAnalysis
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Fromdivergenttoconvergentmargins
Forearc
Backarc
Retroarc
AfterDickinson(1974):
Oceanicbasins Riftedcontinentalmargins Arctrench hsystem Suturebelts Intracontinental basins
TOFORMASEDIMENTARYBASINYOU NEEDACCOMODATIONSPACE
Subsidenceofthecrustiscausedby:
1) Attenuationofthecrustduetostretchingand erosion(divergentmargins); 2) Contractionoflithosphereduetocooling (divergentmargins); 3) Depression D i of fb both hcrustand dlithosphere li h h by b sedimentaryortectonicloading(convergent margins). i )
Primarymechanismsofbasin subsidence b d
Isostasy (changesinlithospheric thicknessand/ordensity) Flexure(loading) Thermaleffects
Isostasy
BasedonArchemides Archemidesprinciple: Abodyimmersedinafluidisbuoyedupbya forceequaltotheweight(volume)ofthe displacedfluid. Isostasy assumeslocalcompensation:i.e.the earthiscomposedoffreefloatingpistons
Depthofcompensation
Followingthetheoryofisostasy, isostasy amassabove sealevelissupportedbelowsealevel,and thereisthusacertaindepthatwhichthetotal weightperunitareaisequalallaroundthe Earth:depthofcompensation (ca. (ca 113km). km)
Modelsforlocalisostasy
Airy:wheredifferentin topographichighsare accommodatedbychangesin thickness Pratt:.bychangesindensity
Adjacentblockswithdifferentdensitiesorthicknesswillhave differentrelativerelief
AfterAngevine etal.,1990
AfterAngevine etal.,1990
Thermaleffects
Thermaleffectschangethedensityofthe lithospheresothattheisostatic balanceis changed Initialcoolingofthelithosphereby conduction:t1/2 After10sthelithospherewillcool exponentially i ll ( (subsidence: b id because b colder ld rocksaredenser.)
A.Ifeverythingelseis equalthetotal amountofuplift duringheating(e.g. intrusiondoming)is equal ltothe h amount ofsubsidenceduring cooling. B.Subsidencecanoccur incaseoferosion; thickeningofthe mantlelidduring coolingorstretching.
AfterAngevine etal.,1990
FollowingMcKenzie(
Intime2the li h h will lithosphere ill subsidebecause ofisostatic compensation (youreplace densermantlelid withlessdense asthenosphere. Intime3the lithosphere p cools andthickensas warm asthenosphere converts t i incool l lithosphere (thermal subsidence)
Examplesofdivergentmargins
Examplesofconvergentmargins
Peripheralforelands Retroarcforelands
Foreland
TheAlpine p orogeny g y
Foreland
Prowedge
Alps
Retrowedge
AfterStampflietal.(2002)
TheHimalayanorogeny
TheHimalayan orogenyisthe resultofthe collision lli i betweenIndia andAsia~50My ago,following closureofthe NeoTethys.
Exampleofoceancontinentcollisionandretroarcforeland:
TheAndes
TheAndesaretheresultof Tertiarycrustalthickeningand magmaticprocessesrelated tothesubductionofthe N Nazca plate l t under d th theSouth S th AmericanPlate.
Foreland
CourtesyIsabelleCoutand
Mechanismsofforelandbasinformation
Peripheralbasins:
ModifiedafterDeCellesandGiles(1996)
Mechanismsofforelandbasinformation
Retroarcbasins:
ModifiedafterDeCellesandGiles(1996)
Slide 28 c1 dynamic slab load is caused by viscous coupling between the subducting slab, overlying mantle-wedge materil and the base of the overidding continental plate
carrapa, 1/5/2006
GEODYNAMICSOFFORELANDS
TheshapeofaFB andthe magnitudeof subsidencelargely dependonthe age g andthickness oftheunderlying crust(i.e.closing youngrift=lowD; oldcontinental margin=highD).
D=flexuralstrength
Exampleofflatslabandbrokenforeland:Sierra Pampeanas(Andes) ( d )
Exampleofbrokenforeland:
theRockyMountains andtheLaramideforelandsystem
LaramideandSierraPampeanas comparison i
AfterRamosetal.(2002)