Sub Networking Details by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

In 1985, RFC 950 defined a standard procedure for subnetting, means a single IP class A, B, or C network is further divided into a smaller group of hosts to form an IP sub-network. This technique is used to allow a single IP network address to span multiple physical networks. IP hosts should support subnetting. Subnetworks are created for security, manageability and performance of hosts and networks and to reduce network congestion.
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Method Some of the bits of the host ID portion of an IP address is further divided into a physical sub-network ID part and a host ID part. The sub-network ID is used to uniquely identify the different sub-networks within a network.
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When is subnetting necessary? Subnetting is required when one network number needs to be distributed across multiple LAN segments. This may be the case in instances when: A company uses two or more types of LAN technology (for example, Ethernet, Token Ring) on their network. Two network segments are restricted by distance limitations (for example, remote offices linked via point-to-point circuit). Segments need to be localized for network management reasons (accounting segment, sales segment, etc.). Hosts which dominate most of the LAN bandwidth need to be isolated.
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Subnetting is essentially the modification of a single IP network to create two or more logically visible sub-sections. It entails changing the subnet mask of the local network number to produce an even number of smaller network numbers, each with a corresponding range of IP addresses. e.g. 255.255.255.0, 255.255.127.0, 255.255.0.0. When a host "A" needs to communicate with another host "B", it must know whether host "B" is in the same network or in a different network.
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If the host "B" is in the same network then host "A" can send the datagram directly to host "B". But if the host B is in a different network, then host "A" must send the datagram to a proper router. By determining the network class of the IP address of host "B", host "A" can determine whether host "B" is in the same network or in a different network. By using the subnet mask host "A" can find out whether host "B" is in the same subnet or in a different subnet.
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Every Network Starts from its Network ID and ends with its Broadcast ID. Start : 192.168.1.0 (Network ID) End : 192.168.1.255 (Broadcast ID) A classful network is subnetted by dividing its host ID portion, leaving some of the bits for the host ID while allocating others to a new subnet ID. These bits are then used to identify individual subnets within the network, into which hosts are assigned.
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Advantages and Disadvantages Subnetting is happened before workstations were assigned IP addresses. This will allow more flexibility in segment layout. Subnetting can provide easier network management capabilities and also lends itself to faster troubleshooting. The routing announcement of a network to the outside world will still be based on single network number. That subnetting will decrease the total amount of IP addresses available but may require purchasing additional hardware such as a router.
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Subnet Mask Subnet mask is a 4 byte (32 bit) number used to identify the sub-network ID and the host ID from an IP address. All the hosts in a sub-network will have the same subnet mask. The subnet mask is used to determine the bits of the network identifier. All hosts on the same network should have the same subnet mask.
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In a subnetting environment, the additional information about which bits are for the subnet ID and which for the host ID must be communicated to devices that interpret IP addresses. This information is given in the form of a 32-bit binary number called a subnet mask. The term mask comes from the binary mathematics concept called bit masking. This is a technique where a special pattern of ones and zeroes can be used in combination with boolean functions such as AND and OR to select or clear certain bits in a number.
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The subnet mask is a 32-bit binary number that accompanies an IP address. It is has a one bit for each corresponding bit of the IP address that is part of its network ID or subnet ID, and a zero for each bit of the IP addresss host ID. The mask thus tells TCP/IP devices which bits in that IP address belong to the network ID and subnet ID, and which are part of the host ID.
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How It Works An IP address is a 32 bit number divided into 4 sections of 8 bits called octets. Each octet is converted from binary to decimal form and separated with a dot. The address is split into network and host portion. The network portion always remains fixed for a particular network, remaining bits make up the host portion can be altered to give the range of addresses to assign to hosts.
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To determine where the network portion ends and the host portion begins, a subnet mask (or netmask, or just mask) is used to fix the network portion and allow the host portion to be changed. For example, the IP number 38.9.211.0 with a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0. Changing to binary, we get:

So, the netmask as 24 bits, or /24 or 38.9.211.0/24

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The fixed bits become the network portion and the remaining bits become the host portion, so there are 8 host bits which account for a range from 0-255. IP protocol standards dictate that we use addresses of all 0's to refer to the network as a whole, and addresses of all 1's to refer to the broadcast of all hosts on the network, so these host addresses may not be used. This limits our host range from 1 - 254.
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38.9.211.0/24 38.9.211.1 38.9.211.254 38.9.211.255

The entire /24 network Range of valid hosts Broadcast address of all hosts on the network

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After getting network number(/24, /25, or /27), we have the ability to extend the network portion further into the host-number field by lengthening the netmask. The number of bits that you extend into the original host portion determines how many segments, or subnets, will be produced. Lengthening the mask by n bits will produce 2^n subnets. If we used 2 subnet bits. The host portion would be reduced to six bits. There are 4 different combinations of arranging the 2 subnet bits, so we arrive at 4 unique subnets.
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Subnet 1 Subnet 2 Subnet 3 Subnet 4

00000000 - 00111111 01000000 - 01111111 10000000 - 10111111 11000000 - 11111111

(.0 - .63) (.64 - .127) (.128 - .191) (.192 - .255)

Each has 64 Elements.

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Network 38.9.211.0/26

Host Ranges

Broadcast 38.9.211.63 38.9.211.127 38.9.211.191 38.9.211.255

38.9.211.1 38.9.211.62 38.9.211.65 38.9.211.64/26 38.9.211.126 38.9.211.129 38.9.211.128/26 38.9.211.190 38.9.211.193 38.9.211.192/26 38.9.211.254

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We have a Network ID of Class C: 192.168.1.0 and want to make 6 subnets. Class C IP address has pattern: Net.Net.Net.Host To break-up host portion into subnets, We will use 2n-2 formula by putting values {n=0, 1, 2, 3, } to get =6 or >=6.
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2n-2 For n=0 20-2=1-2=-1 For n=1 21-2=2-2=0 For n=2 22-2=4-2=2 For n=3 23-2=8-2=6 <6 <6 <6 =6

Value of n for required subnets is 3, so we will act upon 3 left most bits of host portion.
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NETORK ID Net.Net.Net SUBNET (3 Bits) 128 0 0 0 192.168.1. 0 1 1 1 1 64 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 32 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

HOST ID HOST (5 Remaining Bits) 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 64 96 128 160 192 224 BID

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NID

Valid Range

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NETORK ID Net.Net.Net SUBNET (3 Bits) 128 0 Subnet-1 0 64 0 0 32 1 1

HOST ID HOST (5 Remaining Bits) 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 62 63 BID

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8 0 0

4 0 0

2 0 0

1 0 1 32 33 NID

Valid Range

192.168.1.

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NETORK ID Net.Net.Net SUBNET (3 Bits) 128 0 Subnet-2 0 64 1 1 32 0 0

HOST ID HOST (5 Remaining Bits) 16 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 94 95 BID

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8 0 0

4 0 0

2 0 0

1 0 1 64 65 NID

Valid Range

192.168.1.

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6-Subnets of 192.168.1.0 have following details

No 1 2 3 4 5 6 Subnet Starts 192.168.1.32 192.168.1.64 192.168.1.96 192.168.1.128 192.168.1.160 192.168.1.192 NID 192.168.1.32 192.168.1.64 192.168.1.96 192.168.1.128 192.168.1.160 192.168.1.192 BID 192.168.1.63 192.168.1.95 192.168.1.127 192.168.1.159 192.168.1.191 192.168.1.223 Valid Range 33 to 62 65 to 94 97 to 126 129 to 158 161 to 190 193 to 222
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1. STATIC LENGTH (FLSM-Fixed Length Subnet Mask) 2. VARIABLE LENGTH (VLSM-Variable Length Subnet Mask)

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Static Length Subnetting If all the subnetworks in a single network use the same subnet mask, it is called as 'Static Length' subnetting. Advantage It is easy to configure a network using 'Static Length' subnetting. In addition, native IP routing understands only static subnetting. Disadvantage A large number of IP addresses will be wasted because of Irrespective number of hosts in the subnetwork and single subnet mask is used for all the subnetworks.
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Some Examples of FLSM values

255.128.0.0 255.192.0.0 255.224.0.0 255.240.0.0 255.248.0.0 255.252.0.0 255.254.0.0 255.255.0.0 255.255.128.0 255.255.192.0 255.255.224.0 255.255.240.0 255.255.248.0 255.255.252.0 255.255.254.0 255.255.255.0
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255.255.255.128 255.255.255.192 255.255.255.224 255.255.255.240 255.255.255.248 255.255.255.252

Sub Networking Details by MAZHAR IQBAL BUTT.

Variable Length Subnetting If the different subnetworks in a single network use different subnet masks, it is called as 'Variable Length' subnetting. Advantage IP addresses are allocated depending on the number of hosts present in the subnetwork. So available host IP addresses are efficiently used and are not wasted. Disadvantage All the routers in a 'Variable Length' subnetted network must understand this type of subnetting.
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Summary The subnet addresses in which all the bits are zero or one, are special subnet IP addresses. The subnet address in which all the bits are zero, represents the local subnetwork in which the datagram originated. The subnet address in which all the bits are one represents a subnet broadcast address. In the broadcast address, all the other bits including the network and host ID must be one.
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Assignments

Class C Network ID 202.125.147.200 Default Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0 Find the Default Network ID, Broadcast ID Divide Default Network ID into 10 Subnets

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