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=
(2.1)
where
c
and
p
are densities of blood cells and blood blood plasma respectively .Usually this mass
ratio is not a constant , even then this may be supposed to constant in present context (1986). The both phase of
blood, i.e. blood cells and plasma move with the common velocity .Campbell and Pitcher has presented a model
for two phase of blood separately (1958) [11]. Hence equation of continuity for two phases according to the
principle of conservation of mass defined by J.N and Gupta R.C. as follow [12]
i c
c ,i
(X )
(X v ) 0
t
c
+ =
c
(2.2)
and
p i
p , i
(1 X)
((1 X) v ) 0
z
c
+ =
c
(2.3)
Where, V is the common velocity of two phase blood cells and plasma. If we define the uniform density of the
blood
m
as follow
m c p
1 r r 1 +
= +
(2.4)
Then equation (2.2) and (2.3) can be combined together as follow,
i m
m ,i
( v ) 0
t
c
+ =
c
(2.5)
(2.2) Equation of Motion for two phase blood flow-
According to Ruch, T.C. and H.D. The hydro dynamical pressure p between the two phases of blood
can be supposed to be uniform because the both phases i.e. blood cells and plasma are always in equilibrium
state in blood (1973)[13]. Taking viscosity coefficient of blood cells to be
c
and applying the principle of
conservation of momentum, we get the equation of motion for the phase of blood cells as follows:
i
j i ij jk i
c c , j , j c ,k , j
v
X (X v )v Xp g X (g v )
t
c
+ = + q
c
(2.6)
Similarly, taking the viscosity coefficient of plasma to be. The equation of motion for plasma will be as follows:
( ) { } ( ) ( ) ( )
i
i i ij jk i
p p , j , j c ,k
, j
v
(1 X) 1 X v v 1 X p g 1 X g v
t
c
+ = + q
c
(2.7)
Now adding equation (2.6) and (2.7) and using relation (2.4), the equation of motion for blood flow
with the both phases will be as follows:
( ) ( )
i
j i j k i
m m , j , j m , k
, j
v
v v p g v
t
c
+ = + q
c
(2.8)
Where
m c p
X (1 X) q = q + q is the viscosity coefficient of blood as a mixture of two phases.
III. MATHEMATICAL MODELING-
As the velocity of Blood flow decreases, the viscosity of blood increases. The velocity of blood
decreases successively. The Herschel Bulkley law holds good on the two phase blood flow through veins
arterioles, veinules and whose constitutive equation is as follows:
( )
n '
m p p
T e T T T
'
= q + > and
'
p
e 0(T T ) = < where,
p
T
is the yield stress.
When strain rate
( )
'
p
e 0 T T = < a core region is formed which flows just like a plug. Let the radius of the
plug be r
p
. The stress acting on the surface of plug will beT
p
. Equating the forces acting on the plug, we get,
2
p p p
P r T 2 r t = t
A Mathematical Model on the Two Phase Renal Systolic Blood Flow
30
p
p
T
r 2
P
=
(3.1)
Fig 2: Herschel Bulkley blood flow
The Constitutive equation for test part of the blood vessel is
' n ' n
m p p m e
T e T or T T e T =q + =q = Where, T
e
= effective Stress
Whose generalized form will be as follows
ij ij ij
e
T Pg T = + Where,
( )
n
ij ij
e m
T e =q While
i j jk i
k
e g V =
Where , the symbols have their usual meanings.
Now we describe the basic equations for Herschel Bulkley blood flow as follows:
(3.1) Equation of Continuity
i
,i
1
0
g (gV )
=
(3.2) Equation of Motion
i
j i i j
m m , j e, j
v
V V T
t
c
+ =
c
(3.2)
Where all the symbols have their usual meanings, since, the blood vessels are cylindrical; the above
governing equations have to be transformed into cylindrical co-ordinates. As we know earlier:
1 2 3
X r, X , X Z = = u =
Matrix of metric tensor in cylindrical co-ordinates is
ij
g (
and matrix of conjugate metric tensor is
ij
g (
whereas the chritoffels symbols of 2
nd
kind are as follows:
1 1 1
1
r,
2 2 2 2 2 2 r
= = =
` ` `
) ) )
remaining others are zero.
The governing tensorial equations can be transformed into cylindrical forms which are follows: the equation of
Continuity-:
v
0
z
c
=
c
The equation of Motion-
r-component:
p
0
z
c
=
c
, -component: 0=0
z-component:
n
m z
v p
0 r
z r r
(
q c c | |
= +
(
|
c c
\ .
(
Here, this fact has been taken in view that the blood flow is axially symmetric in arteries concerned, i.e.
v
= 0 and v
r
, v
z
and p do not depend upon .
We get v
z
= vr and p=p(z) and
n
m
dp dv
0 r
dz r dz
(
q | |
= +
(
|
\ .
(
(3.3)
Since, pressure gradient -
dp
dz
= P
A Mathematical Model on the Two Phase Renal Systolic Blood Flow
31
n
2
m
dv pr
r A
dz 2
| |
= +
|
q
\ .
, we apply boundary condition: at r=0. V=V
0
then A=0
1
n
m
dv pr
dr 2
| |
=
|
q
\ .
Replace r from r-r
p
1
n
p
m
1 1
pr pr
dv
2 2
dr
| |
|
=
|
q
|
\ .
( )
1
1
n
n
p
m
dv P
r r
dr 2
| |
=
|
q
\ .
(3.4)
Integrating above equation (3.4) under the no slip boundary condition: v=0 at r=R so as to get:
( ) ( )
1
1 1
n
1 1
n n
p p
m
P n
V R r r r
2 n 1
+ + | | (
=
| (
q +
\ .
(3.5)
This is the formula for velocity of blood flow in arterioles, veinules and veins.
Putting r=r
p
to get the velocity V
p
of plug flow as follows:
( )
1
1
n
1
n
p p
m
n P
V R r
n 1 2
+ | |
=
|
+ q
\ .
(3.6)
Where the value of r
p
is taken from (2.7)
IV. RESULT (BIO-PHYSICAL INTERPRETATION)
Observations: Hematocrit Vs. Blood pressure from an authorized Jabalpur Hospital & Research Centre
by Dr. Anil Jain
Patient Name: - Mr. Dinesh Singh
Diagnosis: - Diabetic/HT
The flow flux of two
phased blood flow in arterioles, veinules and veins is
p
p
r
R
p
0 r
Q 2 rV dr 2 rVdr = t + t
} }
( ) ( ) ( )
p p
1 1
r r
1 1 1
n n
1 1 1
n n n
p p p
m m 0 0
n P n P
2 r R r dr 2 r R r r r dr
n 1 2 n 1 2
+ + + | | | | (
= t + t
| | (
+ q + q
\ . \ .
} }
Using (3.4) and (3.6)
( )
1 1
2 3
n n
p p 1
1 1
1
2
2 2 1 n
n n
3
p p p p
n
2
m
r r
2 1 2 1
r r r r R R n P
R 1 1 1
1 1 1 n 1 2 R R R R
2 2 3
n n n
+ +
+
+
+
(
| | | |
(
| |
( | |
| | | || | t
\ . \ .
= + + + ( |
| | |
|
+ q | | | || |
\ .\ . \ . (
\ .
+ + +
| | |
(
\ . \ .\ .
(
(4.1)
Q=900 ml. /min = .015 litr /sec. R =1, r
p
=
1
3
H = 12.6According to Gustafson, Daniel R. (1980)[14]
Date HB(Hemoglobin) B.P.(blood Pressure) Hematocrit
31/7/11 4.2 1.200904/0.675508 p.s 12.6
2/8/11 7.6 0.975734/0.6755038 p.s 22.8
3/8/11 8.7 1.050790/0.67550 38p.s 26.1
4/8/11 9.8 0.900677/0.6004518
p.s.
29.4
6/8/11 12.0 0.9757342/0.6004518p.s 36.0
A Mathematical Model on the Two Phase Renal Systolic Blood Flow
32
p
= 0.0015 (Pascal-sec.) According to Glenn Elert (2010) [15]
m
= 0.035 (pascal-sec.)
( )
m c p
X 1 X q = q +q where,
H
X
100
=
( )
3 2
1
n
3 2
26n 33n 9n
0.0644904 11.4371
6n 11n 6n 1
( + +
=
(
+ + +
Solved by Numerical method,
We get, n = -.854838
From equation (5.1)
( )( )
n
3 2
.854838
3 2
6n 11n 6n 1
p .002658H .0015 .0644904
26n 33n 9n
( + + +
= +
(
+ +
V. CONCLUSION
A simple survey of the graph between blood pressure and hematocrit in Diabetic patient shows that
when hematocrit increased then Blood pressure also increased. That is Hematocrit proportional to blood
pressure.
Acknowledgement
I owe my sincere thanks to Dr. Anil Jain, nephrologists of Jabalpur Hospital & Research Centre and
thanks are due to Dr. Aashish V. Sharma , Administrator of Jabalpur Hospital & Research Centre.
Remark:
If this would have been possible to get blood Pressure on the particular tissue (Kidney) then the relation
between blood pressure and hemoglobin has been measured more accurately.
REFERENCES
[1]. V. Upadhyay ; some phenomena in two phase blood flow ; 2000
[2]. Maria Luisa S. Sequeira Lopez and R. Ariel Gomez, Development of the Renal Arterioles ; JASN Nov
3, 2011 ASN.2011080818; published ahead of print November 3, 2011, doi:10.1681/ASN.2011080818,
2011
[3]. IDF Diabetes Atlas, 4th edition. International Diabetes Federation,2009.
[4]. Novartis. Kidneys in situ: Anterior view. Columbia University Department of Surgery.
www.columbiasuregery.org /programs/tx_renal/dis_function.html, 2003.
H (Hematocrit) 12.6 22.6 26.1 29.4 36.0
P(Blood Pressure) 1.19988 2.1295 2.4303 2.7311 3.332
A Mathematical Model on the Two Phase Renal Systolic Blood Flow
33
[5]. Lesley A. Stevens, M.D., Josef Coresh, M.D., Ph.D., Tom Greene, Ph.D., and Andrew S. Levey,
M.D.N Engl J Med Assessing Kidney Function Measured and Estimated Glomerular Filtration
Rate2006; 354:2473-2483June 8, 2006DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra054415
[6]. Anton, The national kidney and urologic Diseases information clearinghouse (NKUDIC); 2005
[7]. A.C.Guyton and John E. Hall, Medical physiology, 10
th
edition, Saunders.
[8]. Mishra R.S. Tensors and Riemannian Geometry, Pothishala Pvt. Ltd. Allahabad, 1990.
[9]. Sherman, I.W. & Shernman V.G., Biology A Human Approach Oxford Univ. press, New York,
Oxford, 278-79 1989.
[10]. Singh P. and Upadhyay K.S., a new approach for the shock propogation in the two phase system; NAT.
acad. Sc. ; Letters, vol 8, No 2, 1986.
[11]. Compbell, I.J. and picher A,S. , shock waves in a liquid containing gas bubbles, proc. Roy Soc;
A243,1958
[12]. Kapur J.N. and Gupta, R.C; Power law fluid flow in the inlet length of a circular pipe ; the math,
seminar 3, ,55-67, 1963.
[13]. Ruch, T.C and H.D , physiology and bio-physics, vols (ii) and (iii) W.B.S, 1973
[14]. Gustafson, Daniel R., Physics: Health and the Human Body, Wadsworth, 1980
[15]. Glenn Elert. "Viscosity. The Physics Hypertext book. ". 09-14, 2010.
[16]. Berkow, Robert, ed. Merck Manual of Medical Information. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck Research
Laboratories, 1997.