Workbench - Mechanical Introduction 12.

Chapter 7 Li Linear Buckling B kli Analysis A l i

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Chapter Overview

Training Manual

In this chapter, performing linear buckling analyses in Mechanical will be covered. Contents:
A. Background On Buckling B. Buckling g Analysis y Procedure C. Workshop 7-1

The capabilities described in this section are generally applicable to ANSYS DesignSpace Entra licenses and above.
Some options discussed in this chapter may require more advanced licenses, but these are noted accordingly.

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A. Background on Buckling

Training Manual

Many structures require an evaluation of their structural stability. Thin columns, compression members, and vacuum tanks are all examples of structures where stability considerations are important. At the onset of instability (buckling) a structure will have a very large change in displacement {x} under essentially no change in the load (beyond a small load perturbation).

F
Stable Unstable

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Background on Buckling

Training Manual

Eigenvalue or linear buckling analysis predicts the theoretical buckling strength of an ideal linear elastic structure. Thi This method th d corresponds d to t the th textbook t tb k approach h of f linear li elastic l ti buckling analysis.
The eigenvalue buckling solution of a Euler column will match the classical Euler solution.

Imperfections and nonlinear behavior prevent most real world structures from achieving their theoretical elastic buckling strength strength. Linear buckling generally yields unconservative results. Linear buckling will not account for:
Material response that is inelastic inelastic. Nonlinear effects. Imperfections in the structure which are not modeled (dents etc.).

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Background on Buckling

Training Manual

Although unconservative, linear buckling has various advantages:

It is computationally cheaper than a nonlinear buckling analysis, and should be run as a first step p to estimate the critical load ( (load at the onset of buckling).
Relative comparisons can be made of the effect of differences in design to buckling

Li Linear buckling b kli can be b used d as a design d i tool t l to t determine d t i what h t the th possible buckling mode shapes may be.
The way in which a structure may buckle can be used as a possible guide in design g

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Basics of Linear Buckling

Training Manual

For a linear buckling analysis, the eigenvalue problem below is solved to get the buckling load multiplier i and buckling modes i:

([K ] + i [S ]){ i } = 0

Assumptions:
[K] and [S] are constant:
Linear elastic material behavior is assumed Small deflection theory is used, and no nonlinearities included

It is important to remember these assumptions related to performing linear buckling analyses in Simulation.

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B. Buckling Analysis Procedure

Training Manual

A Static Structural analysis will need to be performed prior to (or in conjunction with) a buckling analysis. The steps in italics are specific to buckling analyses. analyses
Attach Geometry Assign Material Properties D fi C Define Contact t tR Regions i (if applicable) li bl ) Define Mesh Controls (optional) Include Loads and Supports S l Static Solve St ti Structural St t l Analysis A l i Link a Linear Buckling Analysis Set Initial Conditions R Request tR Results lt Solve the Model Review Results

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Geometry and Material Properties

Training Manual

Any type of geometry supported by Simulation may be used in buckling analyses:

Solid bodies Surface bodies (with appropriate thickness defined) Line bodies (with appropriate cross-sections defined)
Only buckling modes and displacement results are available for line bodies.

Although Point Masses may be included in the model, only inertial loads affect point masses, so the applicability of this feature may be limited in buckling analyses

For material properties, Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio are required q as a minimum

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Contact Regions

Training Manual

Contact regions are available in free vibration analyses, however, , contact behavior will differ for the nonlinear contact types exactly as with modal analyses. Discussed earlier (see chapter 5).
Contact Type Bonded No Separation Rough Frictionless Linear Buckling Analysis Inside Pinball Region Outside Pinball Region Bonded Free No Separation Free Free Free Free Free

Initially Touching Bonded No Separation Bonded No Separation

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Loads and Supports

Training Manual

At least one structural load, which causes buckling, should be applied to the model:
All structural loads will be multiplied by the load multiplier () to determine the buckling load (see below). Compression-only supports are not recommended. The structure should be fully constrained to prevent rigid-body motion.

F x = Buckling Load In a buckling analysis all applied loads (F) are scaled by a multiplication factor () until the critical (buckling) load is reached
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Loads and Supports

Training Manual

Special considerations must be given if constant and proportional loads are present.
The user may iterate on the buckling solution solution, adjusting the variable loads until the load multiplier becomes 1.0 or nearly 1.0. Consider the example of a column with self weight WO and an externally applied force A. A solution can be reached by iterating while adjusting the value of A until = 1.0. This insures the self weight = actual weight or WO * = WO .

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Buckling Setup

Training Manual

Buckling analyses are always coupled to a structural analysis within the project schematic.
The Pre-Stress object in the tree contains the results from a structural analysis. The Details view of the Analysis Settings under the Linear Buckling branch allows the user to specify the number of buckling modes to find.

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Solving the Model

Training Manual

After setting up the model the buckling analysis can be solved along with the static structural analysis.
A linear buckling analysis is more computationally expensive than a static analysis on the same model. The Solution Information branch provides detailed solution output.

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Reviewing Results

Training Manual

After the solution is complete, the buckling modes can be reviewed:

The Load Multiplier for each buckling mode is shown in the Details view as well as the graph and chart areas. The load multiplier times the applied li d loads l d represent t the th predicted di t d buckling b kli load l d.

Fbuckle = (Fapplied x )

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Reviewing Results
Interpreting the Load Multiplier ():

Training Manual

The tower model below has been solved twice. In the first case a unit load is applied. In the second an expected load applied (see next page)

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Reviewing Results
Interpreting the Load Multiplier ():

Training Manual

BucklingLo ad = *Unit _ Load BucklingLoad =

BucklingLo ad = * Actual _ Load

BuclingLoad = = Safety _ Factor Actual _ Load
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Linear Buckling

Reviewing Results

Training Manual

The buckling load multipliers can be reviewed in the Timeline section of the results under the Linear Buckling analysis branch
It is g good practice p to request q more than one buckling g mode to see if the structure may be able to buckle in more than one way under a given applied load.

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C. Workshop 7.1 Linear Buckling

Workshop 7.1 Linear Buckling Goal:

Training Manual

Verify linear buckling results in Simulation for the pipe model shown below. Results will be compared to closed form calculations from a handbook.

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