Human rights in the Philippines Human rights in the Philippines had its humble beginings when, on 10 December 1948

it was one of the first countries that voted in favor of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), which was adopted on the very same day in Paris, France. The Philippines' bold position to vote in favor of the UDHR took place merely two years after the Philippines gained independence from American rule on 4 July 1948. Also, the country was still then recovering from the devastating damages brought about by the Second World War in the Pacific which was concluded with the Japanese surrender on 15 August 1945. The Philippines is also signatory to a number of United Nations human rights treaties, including the following: Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), ratified on 23 October 1986; United Nations Convention Against Torture, acceded to on 18 June 1986; Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, ratified on 15 September 1967; International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, ratified on 7 June 1974; United Nations Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, ratified on 5 July 1995; Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, ratified on 5 August 1981; Convention on the Rights of the Child, ratified on 21 August 1990; and, Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, ratified on 15 April 2008

Compliance and strict adherence of the government to obligations under international human rights instruments, including the timely submission of treaty implementation reports to the United Nations is one of the functions or duties of the Presidential Human Rights Committee (PHRC) under Administrative Order No. 29 dated January 27, 2002 and No. 163 dated December 8, 2006.
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The Philippines is one of two countries in South East Asia, together with Thailand that has abolished the death penalty. Prior to the establishment of the Republic of the Philippines and the signing of the UDHR, the inhabitants have been victim to numerous historically documented human rights violations during the more the 300 years of Spanish colonization, 40 years of American colonization and three years of Japanese admistration. It should be noted that most of its celebrated national heroes and martyrs have themselves been victims of the culture of impunity imposed by oppressive Spanish, American and Japanese rule.

In 2006, the Philippines been a subject of concern and controversy. U.S. State Department reported in a Country Profile on the Philippines dated March of the same year, that Philippine security forces have been responsible for serious human rights abuses despite the efforts of civilian authorities to control them. The report found that although the government generally respected human rights, some security forces elementsparticularly the Philippine National Policepracticedextrajudicial killings, vigilantism, disappearances, torture, and arbitrary arrest and detention in their battle against criminals and terrorists.
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Prison conditions were harsh, and the slow judicial process as well as corrupt police, judges,
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and prosecutors impaired due process and the rule of law.

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Besides criminals and terrorists, human

rights activists, left-wing political activists, and Muslims were sometimes the victims of improper police conduct. Violence against women and abuse of children remained serious problems, and some children
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were pressed into slave labor and prostitution.

On December 7, 2006 International Labor Rights Fund's Brian Campbell tried to enter the Philippines to continue investigations of recent human rights violations and murders in the Philippines. Mr. Campbell had previously visited the Philippines in early 2006 to investigate various deaths of trade unionists including Diosdado Fortuna.
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On Dec 7, Mr. Campbell was informed he was on a blacklist by the Filipino

immigration authorities and was barred from entering the country. Mr. Campbell then was immediately forced to leave the country.
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On 22 November 2012, President Benigno S. C. Aquino signed Adminstrative Order No. 35 creating the Inter-Agency Committee on Extra-Legal Killings, Enforced Disappearances, Torture and other Grave Violations of the Right to Life, Liberty and Property without due process of law. At its helm as Chairperson is no less than the Secretary of Justice, Leila M. De Lima, herself a well-known respected staunch human rights advocate who was formerly the Chairperson of the country's independent human rights institution (IHRI), the Commission on Human Rights (CHR). Other members of this committee are the heads of the following offices, the Chairman of the Presidential Human Rights Committee (PHRC), the Secretary of the Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG), the Secretary of the Department of National Defense (DND), the Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process (PAPP), Presidential Adviser for Political Affairs (PAPA), the Director General of Philippine National Police (PNP) and the Diector of the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI).

United Nations investigation

Since 2001 when President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo began her term in office over 800 people have been victims of extra - judicial killings.
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In 2007 Philip Alston, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on

Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary executions, spent 10 days in the Philippines investigating these killings. He spoke to witnesses and victims, as well as senior members of the military and the government, finding that witnesses have been systematically intimidated and harassed. He says the military is implicated directly or indirectly in a significant number of deaths. Victims included trade
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unionists, farmers' rights activists, people from indigenous communities, lawyers, journalists, human rights campaigners and people of religion.
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The European Commission (EC) sent a six-man team of

experts from the European Union (EU) to the Philippines on a 10-day mission to evaluate needs and identify technical assistance that the EU might provide to help its government prosecute those behind the killings.
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Press freedom
The fifth annual Worldwide Press Freedom Index released by the international press freedom watchdog Reporters Without Borders (RSF) has ranked the Philippines among the worst-ranked countries for 2006 at 142nd place. It indicates the continuing murders of journalists and increased legal harassment in the form of libel suits as part of the problem in the Philippines. been murdered.
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Between 1986 to 2005, 52 journalists have

Freedom of expression
In 2012, acting on a complaint by an imprisoned broadcaster who dramatised a newspaper account reporting that a particular politician was seen running naked in a hotel when caught in bed by the husband of the woman with whom he was said to have spent the night, the United Nations Commission on Human Rights ruled that the criminalization of libel violates freedom of expressionand is inconsistent with Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, commenting that "Defamations laws should not ... stifle freedom of expression" and that "Penal defamation laws should include defense of truth."
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In 2012, the Philippines enacted Republic Act 10175, titled The Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 . Essentially, this Act provides that libel is criminally punishable and describes it as: "Libel the unlawful or prohibited act as defined in Article 355 of the Revised Penal Code, as amended, committed through a computer system or any other similar means which may be devised in the future." Professor Harry Roque of the University of the Philippines has written that under this law, electronic libel is punished with imprisonment from 6 years and one day to up to 12 years.
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Freedom to travel
Article 13 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights says, in part, "Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country. Philippines.
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" The Covenant was adopted on December 10,

1948 and, as of 30 September 1995, had been ratified or acceded to by 132 States, including the Article III Section 2 of the Philippine constitution provides, in part, that the right to travel
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shall not impaired except in the interest of national security, public safety, or public health, as may be provided by law.

The Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA), the main government agency assigned to monitor and supervise recruitment agencies in the Philippines, enforces a system of exit clearances for overseas Filipino workers (OFWs). allowed to leave the country.
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OFWs are required to obtain a POEA exit clearance in order to be

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The process of obtaining a POEA exit clearances has been described in In a Philippine Daily Inquirer piece dated July 14, 2011,
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the Philippine press as a "nightmare".

Rigoberto Tiglao, Philippine ambassador to Greece and Cyprus, questioned the POEA exit clearances, opining that they may be unconstitutional.

Other allegations
As of December, 2003, the human rights watchdog KARAPATAN had documented human rights violations against 169,530 individuals, 18,515 families, 71 communities, and 196 households. One person, it said, was being killed every three days under the Macapagal-Arroyo government or a total of 271 persons as of December 2003.
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A spate of extrajudicial killings, estimated in 2007 by human rights groups at over 800 between 2002 and 2007, has put the Philippines on the human rights watch list of the United Nations and the US Congress. A UN special rapporteur criticized the Arroyo administration for not doing enough to stop the killings, many of which had been linked to government anti-insurgency operations. Interior Assistant Secretary Danilo Valero said the sharp decline, 83%, in the number of political killings last year, as well as the filing of cases against the suspects, underline the Arroyo governments strong commitment to human rights and its firm resolve to put an end to these unexplained killings and put their perpetrators behind bars. Task Force Usig was created in 2006 as the governments response to the extrajudicial killings. Valero said the yearend statistics showed the creation of the task force has been a deterrent to such crimes. According to Cher S Jimenez writing in Asia Times Online, as of 2007 there was an increasing international awareness of the extrajudicial harassment, torture, disappearances and murder of Filipino civilian non-combatants by the Philippine's military and police. Since the advent of the "War on Terrorism" in 2001, the people of the Philippines have witnessed the assassinations of more than 850 mainstream journalists and other public figures and the harassment, detention, or torture of untold more.
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E. San Juan, Jr. writes that estimates of killings vary on the precise number, with Task Force Usig estimating only 114. It has failed to gain any convictions, and as of February 2007 had only arrested 3 suspects in the over 100 cases of assassination.
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The online publication Bulatlat states that "[A]ccording

to a recent international fact-finding mission of Dutch and Belgian judges and lawyers, Task Force Usig 'has not proven to be an independent bodythe PNP has a poor record as far as the effective investigation of the killings is concerned and is mistrusted by the Philippine people." dismissed nearly half of the 114 cases of assassination as "cold" were brought, has secured only convictions only twice.
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Task Force Usig

and, of the 58 cases where charges

Amnesty International stated in 2006 that the more than 860 confirmed murders were clearly political in nature because of "the methodology of the attacks, including prior death threats and patterns of surveillance by persons reportedly linked to the security forces, the leftist profile of the victims and climate of impunity which, in practice, shields the perpetrators from prosecution." The AI report continued: the arrest and threatened arrest of leftist Congress Representatives and others on charges of rebellion, and intensifying counter-insurgency operations in the context of a declaration by officials in June of 'allout-war' against the New People's Army . . . [and] the parallel public labeling by officials of a broad range of legal leftist groups as communist 'front organizations'...has created an environment in which there is heightened concern that further political killings of civilians are likely to take place. Amnesty International, [30] Human Rights Watch reported in 2008

2006 saw a sharp increase in the number of extrajudicial killings, which coincided with President Gloria Macapagal Arroyos June 2006 declaration of an all-out war against communist insurgents called the National Peoples Army (NPA)...the Philippine government is consistently failing in its obligations under international human rights law to hold accountable perpetrators of politically motivated killings....With inconclusive investigations, implausible suspects, and no convictions, impunity prevails....Out of hundreds of killings and disappearances over the past five years, there have been only two successfully prosecuted cases resulting in the conviction of four defendants....The number of senior military officers convicted either for direct involvement or under command responsibility remains zero. The doctrine of command responsibility in international law means that superior officers can be held criminally liable for the actions of their subordinates, and also if a superior had reason to know that subordinates under his command committed an offence and failed to use all feasible means under his command to prevent and punish it, he too may be found guilty for the offence. Human Rights Watch, [29] Human Rights Watch wrote that the murders and kidnappings were rarely investigated by the police or other government agencies and often go unreported because of fears of reprisal against the victims or their families. The Philippine National Police blame investigative failures on this reluctance, but as Human Rights Watch writes: [W]itnesses are indeed reluctant to cooperate with police investigations, because of fear that they would be targeted by doing so. An extremely weak witness protection program exacerbates this problem....[P]olice are often unwilling to vigorously investigate cases implicating members of the AFP. Families of some victims told Human Rights Watch that when they reported relevant cases to the police, police often demanded that the families themselves produce evidence and witnesses. Even when police filed cases with a court, they often identified the perpetrators either as long-wanted members of the NPA or simply as John Doe. Some families told Human Rights Watch that police gave up investigating after only a few days. Human Rights Watch, [29] The Asian Human Rights Commission reported in 2006, Most of those killed or "disappeared" were peasant or worker activists belonging to progressive groups such as Bayan Muna, Anakpawis, GABRIELA, Anakbayan, Karapatan, KMU, and others (Petras and Abaya 2006). They were protesting Arroyo's repressive taxation, collusion with foreign capital tied to oil and mining companies that destroy people's livelihood and environment, fraudulent use of public funds, and other anti-people measures. Such groups and individuals have been tagged as "communist fronts" by Arroyo's National Security Advisers, the military, and police; the latter agencies have been implicated in perpetrating or tolerating those ruthless atrocities. Dr. E. San Juan, Jr., [31] Right from the beginning, Arroyo's ascendancy was characterized by rampant human rights violations. Based on the reports of numerous fact-finding missions, Arroyo has presided over an unprecedented series of harassments, warrantless arrests, and assassinations of journalists, lawyers, church people,

peasant leaders, legislators, doctors, women activists, youthful students, indigenous leaders, and workers. Dr. E. San Juan, Jr., [31] According to commentators James Petras and Robin Eastman-Abaya, "Human rights groups provide evidence that death squads operate under the protective umbrella of regional military commands, especially the U.S.-trained Special Forces.
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2006 is also the year President Arroyo issued Presidential Proclamation 1017. According to Cher S Jimenez writing in Asia Times Online, this proclamation "grants exceptional unchecked powers to the executive branch", placing the country in a state of emergency and permitting the police and security forces to "conduct warrantless arrests against enemies of the state, including...members of the political opposition and journalists from critical media outlets." With 185 dead, 2006 is so far (2007) the highest annual mark for extrajudicial government murders. Of the 2006 killings, the dead were "mostly left-leaning activists, murdered without trial or punishment for the perpetrators." The issuance of the proclamation conspicuously coincided with a dramatic increase in political violence and extrajudicial killings.
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E. San Juan, Jr. alleges that the Arroyo government initially made no response to the dramatic increase in violence and killings. He writes, "Arroyo has been tellingly silent over the killing and abduction of countless members of opposition parties and popular organizations."
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An independent commission was

assembled in August 2006 to investigate the killings. Headed by former Supreme Court Justice Jose Melo, the group known as the Melo Commission concluded that most of the killings were instigated by the Armed Forces of the Philippines, but found no proof linking the murder of activists to a "national policy" as claimed by the left-wing groups. On the other hand the report "linked state security forces to the murder of militants and recommended that military officials, notably retired major general Jovito Palparan, be held liable under the principle of command responsibility for killings in their areas of assignment." San Juan, Jr. wrote that later, in February 2007, UN Special Rapporteur Philip Alston implicated the Philippine police and military as responsible for the crimes. Alston charged in his report that Arroyos propaganda and counter-insurgency strategy encourage or facilitate the extra-judicial killings of activists and other enemies of the state.
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E.

and that "the AFP remains in a state of almost total denial of its

need to respond effectively and authentically to the significant number of killings which have been convincingly attributed to them".
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In her 2006 State of the Nation address, then-president Arroyo condemned political killings "in the harshest possible terms" and urged witnesses to come forward.
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The Philippine government, headed since 2010 by the elected President Benigno Aquino III, is fighting insurgents such as Islamic groups and the Communist New People's Army.