Characterization Tests I.

Principle Involved Classification tests, which are simple chemical reactions that produce color changes or form precipitates, can be used to differentiate alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones and also to provide further structural information. The color of the mixture plays an important role in these experiments. Bromine Test - In this test, a presence of unsaturation is indicated by the disappearance of the brown color of Bromine. Baeyer's Test - This test is used to determine the presence of double or triple bond. It indicates a positive test by turning into brown color. Ignition Test - The Ignition test is a test for aromaticity. One takes a sample of their unknown, places it in an open flame and observes what happens. The presence of an aromatic ring will usually lead to the production of a sooty yellow flame in the test. Nitration Test - Aromaticity of the compound was determined through nitration. All of the test compounds are liquid and colorless and observed to have a plastic like odor. Basic Oxidation - Potassium permanganate is an inorganic compound and a very strong oxidizing agent. It is used in the determination of the total oxidizable organic material in an aqueous sample. The value determined is known as the permanganate value. Di-chromate Test - Primary and Secondary alcohols are oxidized by K2Cr2O7 to carboxylic acids and ketones respectively. If there is no change in the orange solution, it is formed by ketone, but when the orange solution turns green, therefore, the added solution is an aldehyde. Di-nitro phenyl hydrazine (DNPH) Test - This is the simplest test for an aldehyde or ketone. The formation of precipitate indicates a positive test. The reaction has two uses in testing an aldehyde or ketone. First, you can use it to test for a carbon-oxygen double bonllow pred. You can only get an orange or yellow precipitate from a carbon-oxygen double bond in an aldehyde or ketone. Second, you can use it to identify a specific aldehyde or ketone. Tollens' Test - A positive test is the deposition of a silver mirror which is given by most aldehydes, but not ketones. If there is no change in the colorless solution, unknown reagent is a ketone. Fehling's Test - The presence of aldehydes but not ketones is detected by the reduction of the deep blue solution of copper (II) to a red precipitate in this test. A postive result indicates a green suspension and a red precipitate. Lucas Test - This test is used to differentiate primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols. If Lucas reagent reacts with primary alcohols then a cloudy appearance develops only on heating. Secondary alcohols give a cloudy appearance after 5 min on reacting with the Lucas reagent. Tertiary alcohols give a cloudy appearance immediately on reacting with Lucas reagent.

II.

Procedure in terms of Schematic Diagram

III. Data and Results Test Theoretical Result Nitration Test Yellow ppt or oil Basic Oxidation Brown ppt Baeyers Test Ignition Test Bromine Test Iodoform Test Dichromate Test DNPH Test Tollens Test Fehlings Test Lucas Test Brown ppt Yellow sooty flame Colorless Green-aldehyde Red-orange-aldehyde/ketone Silver mirror Reduction of deep blue color and red ppt Turbid fast

Actual Result Brown ppt Brown ppt Yellow sooty flame Red-orange Green Colorless/NVR Silver mirror Deep blue

Remarks/Interpretation Positive/alkylated aromatic Positive/unsaturated aromatic Positive/highly unsaturated aromatic Negative/saturated Positive/aldehyde Negative/3o Positive/aldehyde Negative/ketone

Unknown: Propanol IV. V. Discussion of the Results Conclusion and Recommendation I conclude that reactions of hydrocarbons vary depending on the reactants used. We can identify which hydrocarbons due to their differences in their reaction in different reactants. I recommend that each test must be done carefully so that there will be much less error. The error from the experiment may come from the impurities of the substance used. VI. Answer to guide questions Give a brief rationale behind the formation of positive results in the following test: DNPH test For this test, there is no visible reaction for the unknown substance, therefore, the result is negative. Tollens test - Most Aldehydes reduce Ammoniacal Silver Nitrate to give a precipitate of Silver metal (the silver mirror). Dichromate test - This is an Oxidation/Reduction (REDOX) reaction in which Chromium +6 is reduced (gains electrons) to Chromium +3 and the Aldehyde is oxidized by gaining an oxygen and loosing electrons. The Sulfuric Acid also supplies the Sulfate ion (SO4-), which reacts with the reduced Cr+3 to form Chromous Sulfate, a green precipitate. Fehlings test The deep blue color of the mixture is not reduced, so the result is negative. Iodoform test We did not perform this test. Lucas test Bromine test A positive result should have a colorless solution but, we had red-orange solution.

Baeyers test This test used KMnO4 to oxidize the carbon-carbon double or triple bond and then, the double bond is replaced by a hydroxyl group. Nitration test -

VII. References http://van.physics.illinois.edu http://www.chem.umass.edu http://ncsu.edu/project/chemistrydemos/Organic/Breathalyzer.pdf https://dspace.ist.utl.pt/bitstream/2295/50905/1/Testes%20de%20a%C3%A7ucaresalunos.pdf http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/carbonyls/oxidation.html http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/carbonyls/addelim.html#top http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/carbonyls/iodoform.html#top Fieser,L.F.1998. Organic Experiments,8th Ed. Boston:Houghton Mifflin Company. pp. 349353 Clayden, J., Greeves, N., et al. (2000) Organic Chemistry Oxford