Professional Documents
Culture Documents
To Find the Root Cause, You Must Look Beyond Gas Pedals
The mechanical issues plaguing eight Toyota models are not the result of human resource professionals assuming product design roles and producing faulty accelerator pedals and onboard computers, but anyone who has studied failure analysis knows that the breaking point of a product or service is seldom the underlying or root cause of the failure. Using the sinking of the Titanic as an example, the damage caused by the hull colliding with the iceberg ultimately sank the ship, but the collision was the result of a series of poor decisions to travel too fast given weather conditions. While hull design flaw contributed to catastrophe, the root cause of the problem was human error. In any situation where employees fail to perform as expected, investigators must determine if the human error could have been caused by factors beyond the employees control. Such external factors might include actions by senior management, lack of adequate information or job training, faulty inputs to the process, or rewards that incent actions not in line with documented goals. If you believe in accountability, you have to accept that human errors that lead to corporate catastrophes could be the result of faulty HR processes, most notably those related to acquiring, developing, motivating, and managing labor. Returning to the Titanic example, had the owners of the Titanic implemented rewards for safety as well as speed or hired a captain more detailoriented, there would have been no crash that dreaded night.
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safety is paramount, everyone should have been trained on the symptoms of groupthink and how to avoid the excess discounting or ignoring of negative external safety information. Key question If Toyotas training was more effective, would the managers involved have been more successful in convincing executives to act on the negative information received? Hiring The purpose of great hiring is to bring on board top-performing individuals with the high level of skills and capabilities that are required to handle the most complex problems. Poorly designed recruiting and assessment elements can result in the hiring of individuals who sweep problems under the rug and who are not willing to stand up to management. Key questions Did Toyota have a poorly designed hiring process that allowed it to hire individuals who were not experienced in the required constructive confrontation technique? Were their hires poor learners that did not change as a result of company training? The performance management process The purpose of a performance management process is to periodically monitor or appraise performance, in order to identify problem behaviors before they get out of hand. If the performance measurement system included performance factors to measure responsiveness to negative information, Toyota wouldnt be in turmoil today. Key questions Was the performance appraisal and performance monitoring process so poorly designed that they did not identify and report groupthink type errors? Did Toyotas famous high level of trust of its employees go too far without reasonable metrics, checks, and balances? Did HR develop sophisticated metrics that produced alerts to warn senior managers before minor problems got out of control? The corporate culture The role of a corporate culture is to informally drive employee behaviors so that it closely adheres to the companys core values. Because these errors occurred under difficult driving conditions, its hard to blame the production group, which has a well-known reputation for Six Sigma quality in its construction. The negative reports came to functions like government, risk analysis, corporate and customer satisfaction. As a result, it is the culture within the corporate offices that need to be more closely monitored rather than assuming that the culture was aligned. It appears that the corporate culture created leaders so concerned with saving face and so adverse to negative publicity, that they for years postponed making the announcement of a massive recall. Key questions Did HRs failure to measure or monitor the corporate culture contribute to its misalignment? Was the corporate culture (the Toyota Way) so biased toward positive information that employees learned not to make waves, in spite of their professional responsibility to be heard on safety issues? Leadership development and succession The purpose of leadership development and succession planning processes are to ensure that a sufficient number of leaders with the right skills and decision-making ability are placed into key leadership positions. It is likely that the leadership development and the promotion process both failed to create and promote leaders who were capable of confronting problems and making difficult decisions. Key question Was the leadership process at Toyota so outdated that it produced the wrong kind of leaders with outdated competencies, who could not successfully operate in the rapidly changing automotive industry? Retention The purpose of a retention program is to identify and keep top performers and individuals with mission-critical skills. Key question Did the retention program
ignore people that brought up problems and as a result, did these whistleblowers often leave out of frustration? 8. Risk assessment Most HR departments dont even have a risk assessment team whose purpose is to both identify and calculate risks caused by weak employee processes. Clearly HR should have worked with corporate risk management at Toyota in order to ensure that employees were capable of calculating the long-term actual costs of ignoring product failure information. Key question Should HR work with risk-assessment experts and build the capability of identifying and quantifying the revenue impacts of major HR errors, including a high hiring failure rate, a high turnover rate among top performers, and the cost of keeping a bad manager or employee?
Final Thoughts
Toyotas problems are not the result of a single individual making an isolated mistake, but rather due to a companywide series of mistakes that are all related to each other. So many corporate functions were involved, including customer service, government relations, vendor management and PR, that one cannot help but attribute the crash of Toyota to systemic management failure. Unfortunately, in this case, the famous Japanese saying is true. The nail that stands out was not encouraged to be different, but instead it was pounded down to conform. The key lesson that others should learn from Toyotas mistakes is that HR needs to periodically test or audit each of the processes that could allow this type of billion-dollar error to occur. Note: I invite comments about what other h